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Light Penetration In The Caribbean Sea And In The Gulf Of Mexico, George L. Clarke Jan 1938

Light Penetration In The Caribbean Sea And In The Gulf Of Mexico, George L. Clarke

Journal of Marine Research

The growing interest in the intensity of light beneath the surface of the ocean from both the physical and the biological points of view has resulted in further efforts to obtain reliable measurements under widely differing conditions and in a variety of locations. For the most part, however, these measurements have been made in northern waters and have been confined largely to coastal regions. There has resulted a paucity of precise observations in the tropical parts of the ocean. The work of Grein (1913-14) in the Mediterranean produced highly irregular results (cf. Atkins, 1932). Certain visual observations have been made …

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A Bathythermograph, Athelstan F. Spilhaus Jan 1938

A Bathythermograph, Athelstan F. Spilhaus

Journal of Marine Research

In the study of the homogeneous layer in the ocean, Rossby1 found it desirable to have an instrument which would provide a continuous record of temperature against pressure in the surface layers of the ocean. A preliminary instrument named an "oceanograph" was constructed and used during the summer of 1934. The manifold uses to which such an instrument could be put presaged a widespread employment of the apparatus. This, however, did not come about because of certain inherent difficulties in Rossby's design. The record was made on a large smoked foil, and thus entailed the attachment of multiplying linkages to …

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On The Process Of Upwelling, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1938

On The Process Of Upwelling, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

The phenomenon of upwelling which is present along many coasts has been discussed from various points of view. A general explanation of the phenomenon has been given by application of Ekman's theory of winddriven currents (Thorade, 1909; McEwen, 1912), and emphasis has been put on the velocity of the vertical motion (McEwen, 1934) or on the depth from which water is brought to the surface (Gunther, 1936; Sverdrup, 1930)....

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Fluctuations In Monthly Sea Level On Eastern U.S. Coast As Related To Dynamics Of Western North Atlantic Ocean, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1938

Fluctuations In Monthly Sea Level On Eastern U.S. Coast As Related To Dynamics Of Western North Atlantic Ocean, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

In the determination of the pressure and velocity distributions in the oceans, very little use has heretofore been made of the observations of sea level available from the many permanent tidal stations. Insofar as the tidal stations have been interconnected by accurate leveling surveys, such observations would aid in the determination of absolute pressure and velocity distributions....

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Some Energy Relations Between The Sea Surface And The Atmosphere, George F. Mcewen Jan 1938

Some Energy Relations Between The Sea Surface And The Atmosphere, George F. Mcewen

Journal of Marine Research

Interrelations between processes of radiation, convection, and evaporation near the sea surface are determined quantitatively, for the North P acific Ocean. The object was to investigate these processes of heat changes as a whole rather than to consider any one of them in detail. In particular, revised values of a coefficient giving the time rate of temperature change were determined for use in a method of calculating surface currents from temperature. Observations of a twenty-year series of North Pacific Ocean surface temperatures in an eastern area extending from latitude 20° to 50° were selected so as to be least influenced …

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On The Hydrographic Mechanism Of The So-Called Brown Zones Associated With Tidal Glaciers, C. H. Hartley, M. J. Dunbar Jan 1938

On The Hydrographic Mechanism Of The So-Called Brown Zones Associated With Tidal Glaciers, C. H. Hartley, M. J. Dunbar

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of zones of muddy, ice-free water at the sea faces of tidal glaciers has been recorded from Alaska (Gilbert, 1910), and from Spitzbergen (Stott, 1936). In view of their great significance in local ecology an understanding of the causes of these so-called "Brown Zones" seemed desirable and the problem of their establishment was first attacked hydrographically by the Oxford University Expedition to Spitzbergen, in 1933....

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Bacteria As Food For Certain Marine Inverebrates, Claude E. Zobell, Catharine B. Feltham Jan 1938

Bacteria As Food For Certain Marine Inverebrates, Claude E. Zobell, Catharine B. Feltham

Journal of Marine Research

Because of their ability to convert dissolved organic matter into cell substances and to synthesize protoplasm below the depths to which radiant energy penetrates sea water, bacteria may play an important role in the nutrition of marine animals. It has been well established experimentally that bacteria serve as an important source of food supply for protozoa (Luck et al, 1931) but it is not definitely known to what extent they may play a role in the nutrition of higher forms of animal life....

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Studies On The Isolation Of Bacteria-Free Cultures Of Marine Phytoplankton, Claude E. Zobell, J. Harold Long Jan 1938

Studies On The Isolation Of Bacteria-Free Cultures Of Marine Phytoplankton, Claude E. Zobell, J. Harold Long

Journal of Marine Research

Physiological studies on phytoplankton such as nitrogen assimilation requires the use of pure cultures. It is a matter of relative ease to separate the various forms and cultivate them under artificial conditions but difficulty is frequently encountered in freeing the phytoplankton of contaminating bacteria.

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Analysis Of Current Profiles By A Study Of Pycnomeric Distortion And Identifying Properties, A. E. Parr Jan 1938

Analysis Of Current Profiles By A Study Of Pycnomeric Distortion And Identifying Properties, A. E. Parr

Journal of Marine Research

It has, of course, always been recognized that one of the greatest uncertainties of dynamic oceanographic calculations is that which results from the necessity of selecting without definite evidence a surface of assumed zero motion to which the calculated relative velocities can be referred for evaluation in absolute terms....

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The Relation Of Dissolved Oxygen To Nitrogen In Some Atlantic Waters, Norris W. Rakestraw, Victor M. Emmel Jan 1938

The Relation Of Dissolved Oxygen To Nitrogen In Some Atlantic Waters, Norris W. Rakestraw, Victor M. Emmel

Journal of Marine Research

The use of the oxygen content of sea water to indicate the state of biological activity has become such common practice that one is apt to lose sight of the fact that it is subject to certain qualifications….

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On The Evaporation From The Oceans, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1937

On The Evaporation From The Oceans, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

In a preceding paper… the author attempted a computation of the evaporation from the sea on the basis of the assumptions that: 1. A boundary layer exists next to the surface within which transport of water vapor takes place by ordinary diffusion. 2. Above the boundary layer the transport of water vapor takes place by eddy conductivity. 3. The eddy conductivity, A, is, according to laboratory results, a linear function of the altitude above the sea and depends upon the roughness of the surface….

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The Significance Of The Mississippi River Drainage For Biological Conditions In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1937

The Significance Of The Mississippi River Drainage For Biological Conditions In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Plankton collections and bottom hauls made during the 1935 expedition of the "Atlantis" to the Gulf of Mexico suggested that there is a zone of high productivity in the shallow water area near the mouth of the Mississippi, and since the effect of river outflow on ocean life is a phase of marine biology which has not yet received adequate attention, further investigation seemed desirable.

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Note On The Flow Of Streams In A Rotating System, Athelstan F. Spilhaus Jan 1937

Note On The Flow Of Streams In A Rotating System, Athelstan F. Spilhaus

Journal of Marine Research

Certain similarity of' the observed fl ow in the ocean and in the atmospherr to the behavior of' a wake stream, for which a complete, experimentally verified theory is available (1), led Rossby (2) to initiate the extension of the wake stream idea first to a rotating system and secondly, to a stratified medium. Several interesting predictions were made by Rossby as a result of his theoretica l investigation; and it was the purpose of the experiments carried out by the autho1, to in vestigate to what extent these predictions could be verified in the laboratory. The experiments were of …

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Seasonal Variations In The Surface Waters Of San Juan Channel During The Five Year Period, January 1931 To December 30, 1935, Lyman D. Phifer, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1937

Seasonal Variations In The Surface Waters Of San Juan Channel During The Five Year Period, January 1931 To December 30, 1935, Lyman D. Phifer, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

Although there is a mass of data available on the physical and chemical properties of sea water in various part., of the world, relatively little data may be had from localities where continuous long time observations have been made. At the Oceanographic Laboratories on San Juan Channel near Friday Harbor, Wash., the water body is unique in that it is rather homogeneous for a depth of 100 meters. We propose to demonstrate the yearly and seasonal variations and fluctuations of the physical and chemical properties, and the phytoplankton calendar of this water mass and to determine if long time periodicities …

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The Sex-Ratio In Alternational Hermaphrodites, With Especial Reference To The Determination Of Rate Of Reversal Of Sexual Phase In Oviparous Oysters, Martin D. Burkenroad Jan 1937

The Sex-Ratio In Alternational Hermaphrodites, With Especial Reference To The Determination Of Rate Of Reversal Of Sexual Phase In Oviparous Oysters, Martin D. Burkenroad

Journal of Marine Research

In a population in which the sexual nature of the individuals is not subject to change, the sex-ratio of a given brood as determinable in practice may be different at different times if there is a differential rate of maturation for the two sexes, or a differential death rate. Excluding from present consideration the periods in the life of the population at whi ch these differentials may operate, however, the sex-ratio of the brood at any given time shou ld be identical with that at any other time....

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Preface, A. E. Parr Jan 1937

Preface, A. E. Parr

Journal of Marine Research

The Journal of Marine Research is intended particularly as an outlet for shorter articles on any aspect of scientific marine investigations or ·any subject with a direct or indirect bearing upon the problems of the sea. Due to the intimate connection and mutual relationship between hydrospheric and atmospheric events in nature, and to the virtual identity of dynamic methods and principles in Meteorology and Oceanography, contributions to physical meteorological theory in general and to our knowledge about the relationship between ocean and air, in particular will be considered equally pertinent to marine as to meteorological research, and therefore within the …

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On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, C. G. Rossby Jan 1937

On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, C. G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

The writer (J) recently advanced the hypothesis that the horizontal pressure gradients observed in the current systems of the atmosphere and the ocean to a large extent must be interpreted as reactions to the Coriolis' forces impressed upon these systems by the rotation of the earth. Observational support for this point of view was found in the fact that both the temperature-salinity and oxygen-salinity correlation curves obtained from stations on both sides of the Gulf Stream in the region between Nova Scotia and Bermuda are very nearly identical, even though the individual isotherms may drop as much as 700 meters …

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