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The Great Bahama Bank. I. General Hydrographical And Chemical Features, C. L. Smith Jan 1940

The Great Bahama Bank. I. General Hydrographical And Chemical Features, C. L. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

The Bahama Islands are characterized by the presence of thousands of square miles of shallow sea (<5 fathoms) lying between the various islands. The most extensive of these are the Great Bahama, Little Bahama and Exuma Banks (cf. Fig. 44). A certain amount of discussion has arisen concerning these areas, both in relation to their geological formation and to chemical changes taking place in the water.

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Composition Of Sea Water, John Lyman, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1940

Composition Of Sea Water, John Lyman, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

The principle of constant ratios between the salts in ocean water unaffected by land drainage was laid down by Forchhammer in 1864, and firmly established by Dittmar (1884) . Dittmar's examination of 77 samples, collected from all the oceans of the world by H .M.S. Challenger in 1873-76, was so comprehensive, and his results so consistent, that some of his values are used to this day.

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Tables Of Sigma-T, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1939

Tables Of Sigma-T, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

It is frequently necessary to plot a1 curves (equal density at zero pressure) as functions of the temperature and salinity. In such cases it is desirable to know the values of temperature and salinity corresponding to even intervals in density….

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Notes On The Determination Of Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1939

Notes On The Determination Of Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The oxygen dissolved in sea water is usually determined by the classical method of Winkler. Probably because of the large number of investigators who have used this method, there have developed various modifications in the method of collecting samples, in the standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution, and in the titration of the samples. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss these various methods, the sources of possible error, and to present the best procedure for standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution.

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The Determination And Occurrence Of Aluminum In Sea Water, Helmut M. Haendler, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1939

The Determination And Occurrence Of Aluminum In Sea Water, Helmut M. Haendler, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of aluminum ions in sea water has long been an accepted fact, but there are few figures available on the concentrations in which the element exists and in particular under varying conditions….

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Relation Between Variations In The Intensity Of The Zonal Circulation Of The Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action, C. G. Rossby, H. C. Willett, Messrs. J. Holmboe, J. Namias, L. Page, R. Allen Jan 1939

Relation Between Variations In The Intensity Of The Zonal Circulation Of The Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action, C. G. Rossby, H. C. Willett, Messrs. J. Holmboe, J. Namias, L. Page, R. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

This paper attempts to interpret, from a single point of view, several at first sight independent phenomena brought into focus through the synoptic investigations carried on at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the last few years….

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Some Physical Factors Which May Influence The Productivity Of New England's Coastal Waters, C. O'D. Iselin Jan 1939

Some Physical Factors Which May Influence The Productivity Of New England's Coastal Waters, C. O'D. Iselin

Journal of Marine Research

Of recent years physical oceanographers have gradually gained a more satisfactory understanding of the circulation problem. \Yhile it is true that most of this advance has resulted from studying the deep, oceanic currents, nevertheless, the newer principles also can be applied to the more difficult conditions found near the coast....

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Consideration Of The Depth Of The Motionless Surface Near The Grand Banks Of New Foundland, Floyd M. Soule Jan 1939

Consideration Of The Depth Of The Motionless Surface Near The Grand Banks Of New Foundland, Floyd M. Soule

Journal of Marine Research

In physical oceanography the admitted limitations of the Bjerknes circulation theorem sometimes are lost sight of and therefore the current trend of inquiring emphasis on these limitations is encouraging. The intelligent interpretation of dynamic calculations and the determination of absolute current directions and velocities therefrom, depend upon a knowledge of the location and shape of a motionless reference surface. In the past the arbitrary selection of isobaric surfaces for reference has been the resort to an approximation found useful in the absence of more definite knowledge regarding the true location and shape of such a motionless surface or surfaces. In …

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Sea Level Departures Of The California Coast As Related To The Dynamics Of The Atmosphere Over The North Pacific Ocean, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1939

Sea Level Departures Of The California Coast As Related To The Dynamics Of The Atmosphere Over The North Pacific Ocean, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

Considerable attention is being directed at the present time toward fluctuations in sea level as related to the dynamics of the oceans and, to a lesser degree, the dynamics of the atmosphere. Most of the work along these lines, however, has been concerned with seasonal rather than nonperiodic variations. Nevertheless, an analysis of sea level data compiled over a period of many years at four California tidal stations indicates that non-periodic fluctuations of considerable magnitude also occur. Since these fluctuations are probably the direct or indirect result of variations in certain meteorological elements, it becomes of interest to investigate the …

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A Discussion Oof Physical Factors Governing The Distribution Of Microorganisms In The Atmosphere, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1939

A Discussion Oof Physical Factors Governing The Distribution Of Microorganisms In The Atmosphere, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

The preceding paper by Rittenberg, together with the number of articles on the same subject which have appeared recently, indicate an ever increasing interest on the part of biologists in the atmosphere as a medium for the dispersal of bacteria, molds, spores and pollens. Meteorologists, on the other hand, are interested in the results of such biological investigation to the extent that they show certain mixing processes within the atmosphere and the movements of air masses. In view of the large quantity of data which has already been accumulated by the biologists, it becomes of considerable interest to consider some …

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Investigations On The Microbiology Of Marine Air, Sydney C. Rittenberg Jan 1939

Investigations On The Microbiology Of Marine Air, Sydney C. Rittenberg

Journal of Marine Research

All the viable microorganisms in the air have been transferred to the atmosphere either from the land or the sea. A comparison of the micro-flora of marine air with that of normal sea water and of land areas should indicate the major source of organisms in the atmosphere over the ocean.

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Distribution Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments And Its Availability To Further Decomposition, D. Q. Anderson Jan 1939

Distribution Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments And Its Availability To Further Decomposition, D. Q. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

It has been shown, in previous contributions (1) from this Institution, that the organic matter of the marine bottom has a characteristic chemical composition, similar in many respects to the humus of field and garden soils. This organic matter is not inert but can undergo slow but gradual oxidation, a process shown (2) to be largely biological in nature. In shallower bottoms and closer to land, the organic matter was found to be oxidized more readily than that of deep seas. The non-nitrogenous constituents decomposed more readily than the nitrogenous substances, with the result that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the …

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The Correlation Of Water Movements And Disperal Of Pelagic Larval Stages Of Certain Littoral Animals, Especially The Sand Crab, Emerita, Martin W. Johnson Jan 1939

The Correlation Of Water Movements And Disperal Of Pelagic Larval Stages Of Certain Littoral Animals, Especially The Sand Crab, Emerita, Martin W. Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

The great role played by water currents in the dispersal of marine animals has long been recognized and put to use in the explanation of animal distribution both planktonic and benthic. Conversely the pelagic animals may in some instances be very useful as indicators of the source or nature of the water movements. Many years ago, Cleve (1900) recognized this fact in his investigations of passively floating life but failed to fully distinguish between geographic and biological groups (Gran 1902). evertheless the principle of his hypothesis is good as expressed by Cleve-Eulser (1928) in the following: "regular biological analysis of …

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Variations Of Sea Level On The Pacific Coast Of The United States, Eugene C. Lafond Jan 1939

Variations Of Sea Level On The Pacific Coast Of The United States, Eugene C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal Sea Level Variations.----The mean sea level during any period can be derived from the average of the hourly tide heights. These tide heights are obtained from records of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey permanent tide gauges, which are located in the principal harbors along the west coast, except the La Jolla gauge which is situated on the open coast.

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Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea-Water Off The Coast Of Southern California, R. T. Young Jr. Jan 1939

Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea-Water Off The Coast Of Southern California, R. T. Young Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In a series of papers (7a, b, c, d, e) Pettersson has described the construction and use of a transparency meter and has given the results of transparency measurements at several stations in Swedish waters. Two of the main difficulties in determining the transparency of sea-water by measuring submarine daylight arise from fluctuations of the surface intensity and from the rapid decrease of intensity with depth. The transparency meter uses an artificial source of light, thus ensuring constant intensity. The present paper reports transparency measurements for 23 stations off the coast of Southern California.

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Distribution Of Diatoms In Relation To The Character Of Water Masses And Currents Off Southern California In 1938, H. U. Sverdrup, W. E. Allen Jan 1939

Distribution Of Diatoms In Relation To The Character Of Water Masses And Currents Off Southern California In 1938, H. U. Sverdrup, W. E. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

In 1938 the" E.W. Scripps" made six cruises at intervals of two months, covering on each cruise the same area off the coast of southern California. The station plan is shown in Figure 37, but not all stations indicated in that figure could be occupied on each cruise owing to unfavorable weather conditions and the short time available for completion of the work. On all cruises observations of temperature, salinity, and oxygen were made between the surface and a depth of 600 meters....

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Studies On The Physics And Chemistry Of Estuarine Waters In Chesapeake Bay, Curtis L. Newcombe, William A. Horne, Boland B. Shepard Jan 1939

Studies On The Physics And Chemistry Of Estuarine Waters In Chesapeake Bay, Curtis L. Newcombe, William A. Horne, Boland B. Shepard

Journal of Marine Research

Estuarine waters are understood to be those water masses which by virtue of their position are directly subject to the combined action of river and tidal currents. They may be considered to reflect certain dominant forces as well as progressive trends that determine their individualistic though changing hydrographic as well as biologic properties. The factors that lend individuality to these bodies may exhibit profound differences in different latitudes and yet, in certain fundamental respects, the waters possess important characteristics in common....

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Lateral Mixing In The Deep Water Of The South Atlantic Ocean, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1939

Lateral Mixing In The Deep Water Of The South Atlantic Ocean, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

The deep-sea circulation of the Atlantic has recently been carefully analyzed by Wiist (1935) who, on the basis of the tongue-like distribution of temperature and salinity, has drawn conclusions as to the direction of flow at different depths. He considers that an exchange of deep :water between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean is maintained by a flow to the north along the bottom of Antarctic water and a flow to the south at lesser depths of North Atlantic deep water and Mediterranean water.

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Periodic Changes In Spectral Scattering And Spectral Transmission Of Daylight In Tidal Water, Wilhelm Jorgenson, C. L. Utterback Jan 1939

Periodic Changes In Spectral Scattering And Spectral Transmission Of Daylight In Tidal Water, Wilhelm Jorgenson, C. L. Utterback

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal changes in the transmission of certain spectral bands of solar radiation in the inshore waters of the Pacific Northwest were reported by Williams and Utterback (1) for the year 1934 and by tterback and l\1iller (2) for the years 1935 and 1936….

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Correlations In Aquatic Ecology With An Example Of Their Application To Problems Of Plankton Productivity, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1939

Correlations In Aquatic Ecology With An Example Of Their Application To Problems Of Plankton Productivity, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Much of the ecological work of the present time is concerned with the direct observation of natural variations in environment and biota, followed by an examination of the relationships between variables and speculation as to their meaning….

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Plankton Studies. Ii. The Western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1939

Plankton Studies. Ii. The Western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

The results of the first paper of this series, a study of the plankton in a tropical shallow water region in the Gulf of Mexico, suggested the desirability of extending the observations to more typically oceanic areas in order to analyze productivity factors in relation to the depth of water and to attempt to estimate the relative productivity of northern and southern seas. Opportunity for such an investigation was obtained during a cruise of the "Atlantis" from the northern coast of Cuba to Woods Hole. Eighteen stations were established during the cruise, and measurements were made at each station of …

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Transport And Convergence Of The North Atlantic Drift Current Computed From The Average January Pressure Distribution, Edward M. Brooks Jan 1939

Transport And Convergence Of The North Atlantic Drift Current Computed From The Average January Pressure Distribution, Edward M. Brooks

Journal of Marine Research

According to Montgomery (1936, 1938), one of the important effects of the wind blowing over the sea surface is its production of positive and negative convergence in the drift current, which is essentially limited to a surface homogeneous layer usually less than 50 meters thick. This convergence results from the net transport of the drift current at right angles to the wind, the magnitude of the transport being such that the deflecting force acting on it exactly compensates the wind stress. Of course, this involves the assumption that the drift current has come to equilibrium with the wind. To avoid …

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On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss Jan 1938

On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss

Journal of Marine Research

The question as to whether the organic matter in the sea bottom is inert or is available as a nutrient for the bottom fauna and bottom-inhabiting bacteria is a problem of special interest in the cycle of life in the sea. A number of marine animals, making up the benthos or the bottom fauna, must depend upon this organic matter for their nutrition while the sea bottom also harbors an extensive bacterial population which require the energy to be derived from various nutrient elements for cell synthesis and respiration.

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Tides And Tidal Currents In The Gulf Of Panama, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1938

Tides And Tidal Currents In The Gulf Of Panama, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

The following discussion deals with two specific problems: first, the increase in the range of tide between t he en tra nce and the head of the Gulf of P anama; and second, the variations in the tidal current velocities between the entrance and the head of the Gulf. Both phenomena are shown to be related to the bottom topography....

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Radium Content Of Some Inshore Bottom Samples In The Pacific Northwest, C. L. Utterback, L. A. Sanderman Jan 1938

Radium Content Of Some Inshore Bottom Samples In The Pacific Northwest, C. L. Utterback, L. A. Sanderman

Journal of Marine Research

The radium content of ordinary rock formations is quite well established and has been summarized by J efferys (3). However, a comparatively few radium determinations have been made on samples taken from the ocean bottom. Joly (4) has reported twelve radium determinations of surface samples collected from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pettersson (5) has reported on determinations made on twenty-eight samples, most of them taken from the Atlantic Ocean, while Piggott (6) has reported on twenty-eight samples t aken largely from the Pacific Ocean. Evans (1) has reported on one sample taken from off the Coast of California.

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Isopycnic Analysis Of Current Flow By Means Of Identifying Properties, Albert Eide Parr Jan 1938

Isopycnic Analysis Of Current Flow By Means Of Identifying Properties, Albert Eide Parr

Journal of Marine Research

With regard to the identifying properties by which, in the writer's opinion, the actual trajectories of ocean currents can be more confidently traced than by the dynamic topographic method (see preceding acticle, Parr 1938, a) nothing much needs to be said in the present article. To the extent that these properties do serve to identify water masses of the same derivation in the course of their movement and their gradual changes, and do differentiate these water masses from those of other origins, the validity of the conclusions to be drawn from a study of the distribution of these properties would …

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On The Validity Of The Dynamic Topographic Method For The Determination Of Ocean Current Trajectories, Albert Eide Parr Jan 1938

On The Validity Of The Dynamic Topographic Method For The Determination Of Ocean Current Trajectories, Albert Eide Parr

Journal of Marine Research

In a previously published statement (P arr 1937, b) the writer has listed the main reasons why, in the present state-of our knowledge of the actual as distinct from the ideal dynamics of ocean currents, he feels inclined to take greater confidence in the evidence of the actual paths of flow obtained from a study of the identifying properties of the water masses, than in the conclusions reached by present efforts to deduce the trajectories of motion from hydrodynamic calculations and considerations. In this article a further elaboration and elucidation of these objections against the unrestricted use of dynamic methods …

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On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, Ii, C. G. Rossby Jan 1938

On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, Ii, C. G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

In a previous report (Rossby, 1937) the author investigated certain changes in the mass distribution which accompany t he slow lateral diffusion of momentum in a straight parallel current in an unlimited ocean of constant depth. The principal results of this investigation may be st ated as follows:...

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The Occurance And Distribution Of Nitrfying Bacteria In The Sea, Cornella L. Carey Jan 1938

The Occurance And Distribution Of Nitrfying Bacteria In The Sea, Cornella L. Carey

Journal of Marine Research

Of all the phases in the cycle of nitrogen in the sea perhaps that of the oxidation of ammonia has received the most attention, and yet many questions related to this process are still unsettled. Evidences of nitrifying bacteria have been found in marine bottom materials, particularly in shallower waters, but their presence in the water and plankton of the ocean has not been established....

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Plankton Studies I. A Preliminary Investigation Of The Plankton Of The Tortugas Region, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1938

Plankton Studies I. A Preliminary Investigation Of The Plankton Of The Tortugas Region, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with the plankton of two regions----the T ortugas and Long Island Sound----which are both shallow water areas but are otherwise extremely diverse in their ecological characteristics….

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