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Plankton Harvesting, R. F. Shropshire Jan 1944

Plankton Harvesting, R. F. Shropshire

Journal of Marine Research

During the past several years proposals have been made from time to time that new sources of either bulk food material or specialized extracted products could be developed if it were possible to utilize the tremendous amounts of plankton which exist in sea water, thereby increasing the general supply and alleviating certain shortages....

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Folliculinids On Oyster Shells, E. A. Andrews Jan 1944

Folliculinids On Oyster Shells, E. A. Andrews

Journal of Marine Research

Drifting oyster larvae often survive by fastening their shells to those of preceding generations, making shell aggregates. Many other permanently sedentary organisms also attach themselves to oyster shells; thus arise oyster shell communities, in which we may find bacteria, diatoms, red, green and brown algae, protozoans, sponges, hydroids, actinians, bryozoa, pelecypods and ascidians as fixed permanent dwellers.

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A Preliminary Report On The Fouling Characteristics Of Ponce De Leon Tidal Inlet, Daytona Beach, Florida, B. R. Richards, William F. Clapp Jan 1944

A Preliminary Report On The Fouling Characteristics Of Ponce De Leon Tidal Inlet, Daytona Beach, Florida, B. R. Richards, William F. Clapp

Journal of Marine Research

In December 1941, the writers visited the exposure location of the North Florida Test Service on Ponce de Leon Inlet, near Daytona Beach, Florida, for the purpose of examining the extent of borer attack in this locality, and to determine the station's suitability for exposure tests on treated piling and for tests in the related field of marine fouling. Arrangements were effected for exposing a series of gum pine blocks throughout the year 1942 to record the progressive borer attack, and simultaneously, to record the growth of all marine fouling organisms prevalent at this location.

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A Theory Of Surface Water Motion Deduced From The Wind-Induced Motion Of The Physalia, Alfred H. Woodcock Jan 1944

A Theory Of Surface Water Motion Deduced From The Wind-Induced Motion Of The Physalia, Alfred H. Woodcock

Journal of Marine Research

For many years the author has wondered why the Portuguese Manof-war (Physalia pelagica Bosc.) is so oriented physically that it is consistently driven by the wind about forty-five degrees to the left of the direction in which the wind is blowing (Figure 46, left). Records kept of this leftward tendency showed little variation in distribution or time, within the limits shown in Table I. In the literature concerning this animal no explicit reference to this question of its motion relative to the wind and water has been found.

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The Vertical Stability Of The Coast At Boston In The Light Of Recent Tide Observations, H. A. Marmer Jan 1944

The Vertical Stability Of The Coast At Boston In The Light Of Recent Tide Observations, H. A. Marmer

Journal of Marine Research

Since August 1921 the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey has had an automatic tide gauge in operation in Boston Harbor. Periodically the elevation of the tide staff, to which the observations are referred, has been checked by leveling it to a number of bench marks. These observations now cover a little over 22 years and furnish definite data for use in the study of the vertical stability of the coast.

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The Photometric Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water With A Strychnidine Reagent, B. M.G. Zwicker, R. J. Robinson Jan 1944

The Photometric Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water With A Strychnidine Reagent, B. M.G. Zwicker, R. J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The routine determination of small concentrations of nitrate in water containing considerable chloride ion is limited to a few special procedures. Indirect reductive methods are usually avoided since natural waters contain other nitrogeneous substances. Direct estimations have been restricted to a few colorimetric procedures.

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Studies On The Chemical Preservation Of Water Samples, Claude E. Zobell, Barbara Fay Brown Jan 1944

Studies On The Chemical Preservation Of Water Samples, Claude E. Zobell, Barbara Fay Brown

Journal of Marine Research

During the storage of water samples collected from the sea, rivers or lakes, increased bacterial activity causes changes in the organic, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrate or phosphate content or the H-ion concentration of the water (Waksman and Carey, 1935 ; ZoBell and Anderson, 1936)....

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Thermal And Diurnal Changes In The Vertical Distribution Of Eggs And Larvae Of The Pilchard (Sardinops Caerulea), Ralph P. Silliman Jan 1943

Thermal And Diurnal Changes In The Vertical Distribution Of Eggs And Larvae Of The Pilchard (Sardinops Caerulea), Ralph P. Silliman

Journal of Marine Research

Knowledge of the vertical distribution of pilchard eggs and larvae is of interest from two standpoints: first, in adding to the general knowledge of the early life of this species in the sea; and second, in defining the vertical range of ite early stages so that regular surveys of the spawning grounds may be designed to sample all strata in which eggs and larvae are to be found. In reference to the second point it was desired if possible to relate vertical distribution to physical characteriEtics of the sea, so that the depth to which nets must be sent might …

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A Note On Some Laboratory Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea Water, R. T. Young Jr. Jan 1943

A Note On Some Laboratory Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea Water, R. T. Young Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Laboratory measurements of the absorption of light by sea water have been reported for surface samples from a number of stations in the Atlantic (1, 2, 3, 4). The work of Clarke and James (4), which includes results on 12 stations, both in and off shore for wave-lengths 3650-8000 Å, is of particular interest....

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The Ratio Of Carbon Dioxide Consumption To Oxygen Evolution In Sea Water In The Light, Marston C. Sargent, James C. Hindman Jan 1943

The Ratio Of Carbon Dioxide Consumption To Oxygen Evolution In Sea Water In The Light, Marston C. Sargent, James C. Hindman

Journal of Marine Research

The production of organic matter in sea water by the phytoplankton community has frequently been computed (Nielsen, 1937; Riley 1941) by measuring the oxygen evolution in bottled sea water samples and calculating the organic matter on the assumption that the phytoplankton organisms produced glucose by photosynthesis according to the equation:...

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The Effect Of Copper Upon The Development Of Bacteria In Sea Water And The Isolation Of Specific Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Donald B. Johnstone, Cornelia L. Carey Jan 1943

The Effect Of Copper Upon The Development Of Bacteria In Sea Water And The Isolation Of Specific Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Donald B. Johnstone, Cornelia L. Carey

Journal of Marine Research

Copper is used extensively in the eradication of various types of disease-producing microorganisms, especially fungi, as well as other organisms which are a nuisance to water supplies, such as algae and certain animal forms. It is also known that traces of copper are essential for the growth of many of the lower forms of life. The extensive literature on the relation of copper to microbial development is largely limited to the above two phenomena. Comparatively little is known, however, of the effect of copper upon a mixed microbiological population consisting of many organisms with different metabolic processes. It is known, …

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A Possible Function Of Bioluminescence, Martin D. Burkenroad Jan 1943

A Possible Function Of Bioluminescence, Martin D. Burkenroad

Journal of Marine Research

It has been found difficult in many cases to conceive a use of the light to the luminescent organism, despite the large number of possibilities of ecological significance which have been suggested (vide Mangold, 1910, pp. 326-32; Kemp, 1910, p. 649; Putter, 1911, p. 487; Harvey, 1920, pp. 81-4 ; Rauther, 1927, pp. 162:...6; Harvey, 1942, pp. 58-87)....

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The Phytoplankton Of The Gulf Of California Obtained By The "E. W. Scipps" In 1939 And 1940, J. Y. Gilbert, W. E. Allen Jan 1943

The Phytoplankton Of The Gulf Of California Obtained By The "E. W. Scipps" In 1939 And 1940, J. Y. Gilbert, W. E. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

The waters of the Gulf of California are fabulously rich in marine life; they fairly teem with multitudes of fish of both commercial and sport varieties. To maintain these large numbers there must be correspondingly huge crops of their ultimate food-the phytoplankton. And, indeed, it was the enormous quantity of these microscopic plants that gave the Gulf its early and descriptive name-the Vermilion Sea. In 1939 and again in 1940 the "E. W. Scripps," research vessel of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, spent several months in these waters and among the data collected on these …

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A Suggested Counting Frame For Intertidal Population Studies, Ralph W. Dexter Jan 1943

A Suggested Counting Frame For Intertidal Population Studies, Ralph W. Dexter

Journal of Marine Research

Many investigators have made population studies on the intertidal region, particularly to determine the zonation of marine life in correlation with tidal levels. These workers for the most part have adopted the commonly used square meter or square foot quadrat, or fraction of same, so successfully employed in the study of terrestrial populations. In some cases, such as extensive, gently sloping beaches and flats this method has been very satisfactory....

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Graphic Representation Of Salinity In A Tidal Estuary, Leslie A. Stauber Jan 1943

Graphic Representation Of Salinity In A Tidal Estuary, Leslie A. Stauber

Journal of Marine Research

In any study of organisms in tidal estuarine areas, such as the oyster and its associates, the salinity of the water is of recognized importance as a factor limiting the distribution and controlling the activity (movement, feeding, spawning) of the various species.

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Chlorophyll-Content Of Marine Plankton, Herbert W. Graham Jan 1943

Chlorophyll-Content Of Marine Plankton, Herbert W. Graham

Journal of Marine Research

With the recent progress of oceanography and the accumulation of data regarding the biological and chemical conditions of ocean water many oceanographers have become interested in correlations which relate to_ organic production ·and chemical cycles in the sea (Redfield, 1934; Seiwell, 1935; Harvey, et al, 1935; Fleming, 1940 ; Riley, 1941b). Since such studies require an accurate knowledge of conditions in the sea it is of prime importance to have some method for measuring the potential synthetic capacity of the sea which can be used in survey work as well as at fixed stations.

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Sigma-T Surfaces In The Atlantic Ocean, R. B. Montgomery, M. J. Pollak Jan 1942

Sigma-T Surfaces In The Atlantic Ocean, R. B. Montgomery, M. J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

Wüst (1936) shows the distribution…

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The Bromine-Chlorinity Ratio Of Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Edwin Korpi Jan 1942

The Bromine-Chlorinity Ratio Of Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Edwin Korpi

Journal of Marine Research

Dittmar (3) first showed that a constant ratio apparently exists between the bromides and the total halides in the waters of the several oceans. Some years later Winkler (13) determined the bromine in samples of sea water, and the bromine-chlorinity ratio calculated from his results showed remarkable agreement but were slightly higher than those of Dittmar....

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The Relationship Of Vertical Turbulence And Spring Diatom Flowerings, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1942

The Relationship Of Vertical Turbulence And Spring Diatom Flowerings, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

The causes underlying the initiation of the spring diatom flowering have been a subject of vigorous discussion in recent years. With the gradual accumulation of records it has become quite clear that no one factor controls this peculiar phenomenon. The obvious prerequisite, an abundant supply of nutrient salts in the euphotic zone, is generally satisfi ed during the autumn and early winter, yet a flowering does not in most cases follow immediately....

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On The Energy Exchange Between Sea And Atmosphere, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1942

On The Energy Exchange Between Sea And Atmosphere, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

The present paper is a preliminary report on an investigation of the exchange of heat and water vapor between the sea and atmosphere with particular reference to the regional and seasonal variations in these quantities over the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. The mean annual evaporation over the oceans according to latitude ranges can be considered fairly well established (Wüst, 1936; Mosby, 1936; McEwen, 1938), but there has been no extensive investigation of the seasonal and intra-latitudinal variations....

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Results Of Haddock Tagging In The Gulf Of Maine From 1923 To 1932, William C. Schroeder Jan 1942

Results Of Haddock Tagging In The Gulf Of Maine From 1923 To 1932, William C. Schroeder

Journal of Marine Research

In the hope of throwing some light on their migratory habits 10998 haddock were tagged in the Gulf of Maine from 1923 to 1932 by the United States Bureau of Fisheries vessels Halcyon and Albatross II, during the course of cod marking experiments, made between the months of April and October. This paper gives an account of the recaptures reported from these tagged haddock, together with a brief discussion of rate of growth....

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Table For Density Of Sea Water At 0°C. And Atmospheric Pressure For Values Of Chlorinity Between 18.00 And 20.99 According To Knudsen's Formula, R. B. Montgomery, R. B. Sykes Jr. Jan 1941

Table For Density Of Sea Water At 0°C. And Atmospheric Pressure For Values Of Chlorinity Between 18.00 And 20.99 According To Knudsen's Formula, R. B. Montgomery, R. B. Sykes Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

It is customary to express the density of sea water at atmospheric pressure …

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Potentiometric Analysis Of Sea Water I. Determination Of Chlorinity, Lloyd E. West, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1941

Potentiometric Analysis Of Sea Water I. Determination Of Chlorinity, Lloyd E. West, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

In general the determination of chlorinity of sea water is made by the classical Mohr method except when greater accuracy is desired in which case the more accurate but longer Volhard method is used. When the results are utilized for hydrodynamical considerations the Mohr method is normally used because of its speed in the titration of the numerous samples; but to attain the accuracy required in this exacting work, extreme care is demanded with the shaking during titration and in the proper selection of end point.

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Sea Level Difference Between Key West And Miami, Florida, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1941

Sea Level Difference Between Key West And Miami, Florida, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

In a previous paper (Montgomery, 1938, p. 177) it was suggested that fluctuations in the drop in sea level from Key West to Miami might indicate fluctuations in strength of the Florida Current. Both stations are located on the left side of the Straits of Florida, Key West near the entrance and Miami 130 nautical miles down the shore at the most constricted section, where it is supposed that the Florida Current runs swiftest....

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Studies On Marine Bacteria. I. The Cultural Requirements Of Heterotrophic Aerobes, Claude E. Zobell Jan 1941

Studies On Marine Bacteria. I. The Cultural Requirements Of Heterotrophic Aerobes, Claude E. Zobell

Journal of Marine Research

The observations of Issatchenko (1914), Benecke (1933), Waksman (1934), ZoBell (1938) and others have established that bacteria are quite widely distributed in the sea where they probably play an important role influencing chemical, physico-chemical, geological and biological processes. However, due primarily to the widely divergent analytical procedures which have been used by various investigators studying the distribution and activities of marine bacteria, the quantitative results obtained by different workers in different parts of the world are not comparable.

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The Angular Distribution Of Characteristic Diffuse Light In Natural Waters, Lester V. Whitney Jan 1941

The Angular Distribution Of Characteristic Diffuse Light In Natural Waters, Lester V. Whitney

Journal of Marine Research

Several investigators have conducted experiments on the angular distribution of light in natural waters (1, 2). It has been found that the direction of maximum light intensity from the sun moves toward the vertical with increase in depth. It has also been found that light becomes more diffuse but remains highly directional with increase in depth....

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Apparatus For Collecting Water Samples From Different Depths For Bacteriological Analysis, Claude E. Zobell Jan 1941

Apparatus For Collecting Water Samples From Different Depths For Bacteriological Analysis, Claude E. Zobell

Journal of Marine Research

Prerequisite to quantitative studies on the occurrence and importance of bacteria in the sea or other natural waters is a satisfactory device for collecting water samples for bacteriological analysis from any desired depth. Such a device must be easily sterilized, susceptible to aseptic manipulation under the most rigorous field conditions, possible to operate at high hydrostatic pressures and it must be made of biologically inert materials....

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Transport Of The Florida Current Off Habana, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1941

Transport Of The Florida Current Off Habana, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

This report is an analysis of four Atlantis sections across the Florida Current in the locality between Key West and Habana. In particular the volume transport of the current is calculated from the mass distribution observed on these four sections. The assumptions for the calculations are critically discussed, making use of records of sea level at Key West.

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Dissolved Nitrogen In The Sea Water Of The Northeast Pacific With Notes On The Total Carbon Dioxide And The Dissolved Oxygen, Randall E, Hamm, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1941

Dissolved Nitrogen In The Sea Water Of The Northeast Pacific With Notes On The Total Carbon Dioxide And The Dissolved Oxygen, Randall E, Hamm, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

This paper deals with a study and discussion of the distribution of dissolved nitrogen in sea water and its relation to the dissolved oxygen and the total carbon dioxide. Previous studies have been made by Buch (1), Knudsen (8, 9), Petterson (11), Jacobsen (7), Hamburg (6), Dittmar (3) and recently by Rakestraw and Emmel (13., 14). Fox (4) published data showing the variation in the concentration of dissolved nitrogen in equilibrium with the nitrogen of the atmosphere at standard pressure for different temperatures and for different concentrations of sea water. Using these data it is possible to calculate the percent …

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Internal Waves In The Gulf Of California, W. H. Munk Jan 1941

Internal Waves In The Gulf Of California, W. H. Munk

Journal of Marine Research

Between February 13 and March 19, 1939 the "E. W. Scripps," research vessel of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography occupied fifty-three oceanographic stations in the Gulf of California. On the basis of observations of temperature and salinity which were taken at every station at a series of depths a chart of the dynamic topography of the surface relative to the 1500-decibar surface was derived, but this chart does not indicate any regular exchange of water between the Gulf and the adjacent part of the Pacific....

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