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A New Method For The Chemical Determination Of Radium In Sea Water, Yukio Sugimura, Hiroyuki Tsubota Jan 1963

A New Method For The Chemical Determination Of Radium In Sea Water, Yukio Sugimura, Hiroyuki Tsubota

Journal of Marine Research

In a method for the determination of radium in sea water, radium is coprecipitated with calcium carbonate from the sea water and redissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid; it is then isolated by precipitation with barium rhodizonate, followed by separation on an ion exchange column. The radium compound is then dried and ignited on a platinum disk, and its radioactivity is measured with an α-spectrometer. The average recovery of radium from sea water is 94.0 ± 2.0%.

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Uniclamp, A Load-Bearing Termination For Oil-Well, Logging-Type Cables, F. H. Fisher, C. S. Mundy Jan 1963

Uniclamp, A Load-Bearing Termination For Oil-Well, Logging-Type Cables, F. H. Fisher, C. S. Mundy

Journal of Marine Research

Uniclamp, a simple, durable, and easily installed device used currently for oceanographic work permits mechanical loads to be attached to an oil-well, logging-type cable containing coaxial electrical leads, and it has the desirable feature of bearing loads up to the ultimate strength of the armored cable. This clamp secures the armor between a slightly tapered hollow spindle within the cable and a similarly tapered external block. This device is easy to dismantle and to reuse.

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Ocean-Wave Measurement By Sonar, C. G. Mcilwraith, S. D. Hays Jan 1963

Ocean-Wave Measurement By Sonar, C. G. Mcilwraith, S. D. Hays

Journal of Marine Research

A bottom-mounted, narrow-beam active sonar has been designed, built, and operated to measure wave height in the open ocean. Experiments were carried out at a depth of 44 m. The apparatus is capable of measuring wave height at depths ranging from 6 to 67 m without modification, and to 150 m with a minimum of development. The amplitude resolution of the wave measurements was about 1 cm, and the spatial resolution on the surface of the ocean was approximately 60 cm. The wave data have been processed by digital methods, and the autocorrelation functions and power spectra of the ocean …

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On The Approximations Involved In Transforming The Equations Of Motion From A Spherial Surface To The Β-Plane. I. Barotropic Systems, George Veronis Jan 1963

On The Approximations Involved In Transforming The Equations Of Motion From A Spherial Surface To The Β-Plane. I. Barotropic Systems, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

The consequences arising from the consideration of geostrophy in a rotating barotropic fluid are re-examined. It is shown that geostrophy implies that the horizontal divergence must vanish. A simple case of a fluid flow that is not geostrophic is also investigated, showing that the potential vorticity (defined in terms of variables parallel to the axis of rotation) is conserved. The approximations involved in transforming this conservation principle to one having terms of locally normal variables are then investigated....

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Distribution Of Salinity And Dissolved Oxygen On Surfaces Of Uniform Potential Specific Volume In The South Atlantic, South Pacific, And Indian Oceans, Bruce A. Taft Jan 1963

Distribution Of Salinity And Dissolved Oxygen On Surfaces Of Uniform Potential Specific Volume In The South Atlantic, South Pacific, And Indian Oceans, Bruce A. Taft

Journal of Marine Research

Maps are presented that show the distributions of the salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth of four potential specific-volume anomaly surfaces: 125, 100, 80, and 60 cl/t. Evidence indicates an anticyclonic circulation of water at intermediate depth in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Only in the South Pacific does water from the Circumpolar Current penetrate to low latitudes in a relatively unmixed condition. In the South Atlantic and South Indian oceans there is no counterpart for the poleward directed Peru-Chile Undercurrent. Low-salinity water from the Banda and Timor seas penetrates to the western South Indian Ocean on the 125-cl/t surface....

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A Note Concerning Topography And Inertial Currents, H. P. Greenspan Jan 1963

A Note Concerning Topography And Inertial Currents, H. P. Greenspan

Journal of Marine Research

A simple steady dynamical model of inertial currents incorporating the effects of bottom topography is studied. The results of this analysis and those of preceding investigations indicate that topography may exert considerable influence on the structure of the Gulf Stream, on its separation point from the coastline, and on its subsequent meander pattern.

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On The Approximations Involved In Transforming The Equations Of Motion From A Spherical Surface To The Β-Plane. Ii. Baroclinic Systems, George Veronis Jan 1963

On The Approximations Involved In Transforming The Equations Of Motion From A Spherical Surface To The Β-Plane. Ii. Baroclinic Systems, George Veronis

Journal of Marine Research

When the hydrodynamic equations of motion for large-scale geophysical flows are transformed from a spherical surface to the p-plane, the validity and usefulness of the resulting simplified system of equations are subject to certain restrictive conditions. These conditions are investigated and are found to be considerably weaker for baroclinic flows than for barotropic flows. In particular, if the locally horizontal component of the earth's rotation vector is to be neglected, it is necessary that the ratio of a characteristic vertical to a characteristic horizontal scale be much smaller than the tangent of the latitude....

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Some Features Of The Deep Water In The Gulf Of Mexico, H. J. Mclellan, W. D. Nowlin Jan 1963

Some Features Of The Deep Water In The Gulf Of Mexico, H. J. Mclellan, W. D. Nowlin

Journal of Marine Research

In the central Gulf of Mexico, 52 stations having depths greater than 1500 m were occupied within a seven-week period. The data for waters below sill depth (2000 m) show that the ranges of potential temperature and salinity are very limited, although weak vertical gradients indicate a slight positive stability....

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Long Surf, D. V. Ho, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen Jan 1963

Long Surf, D. V. Ho, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen

Journal of Marine Research

Theoretical investigations by the authors on surf due to long swell are summarized and presented here in a form unencumbered by mathematical technicalities. The conclusions derived thus far are mainly qualitative, but in some respects the r esults are quite detailed and differ radically from results of earlier investigations; some new observations are also presented....

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An Expendable Bathythermograph, Robert A. Rasmussen Jan 1963

An Expendable Bathythermograph, Robert A. Rasmussen

Journal of Marine Research

An in expensive bathythermograph comprising an expendable, radio-telemetering buoy and the associated shipboard apparatus is described, and some of the problems to be encountered in its development are considered briefly. Estimates of attainable specifications of an operational buoy, based on experience gained in the development of a crude laboratory model, are also presented.

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The Diversity Of Phytoplanktonic Populations In Oceanic, Coastal, And Estuarine Regions, Edward M. Hulburt Jan 1963

The Diversity Of Phytoplanktonic Populations In Oceanic, Coastal, And Estuarine Regions, Edward M. Hulburt

Journal of Marine Research

In the deep ocean north of Bermuda, during spring and summer, conditions for growth are poor, but physical conditions, such as high salinity and great depth, are favorable to the marine phytoplankton. The dominant species in a sample constitute a modest proportion of the cells counted, and a considerable diversity of species is observed....

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A New Method For The Microdetermination Of Chlorophyll C In Sea Water, T. R. Parsons Jan 1963

A New Method For The Microdetermination Of Chlorophyll C In Sea Water, T. R. Parsons

Journal of Marine Research

A method developed for the microdetermination of chlorophyll c by conversion of chlorophyll c to pheophytin c is described. This method is found to be more sensitive and specific than previously reported methods for the determination of this pigment and is suitable for open-ocean samples of only a few liters in volume.

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Thermal Circulation On A Rotating Sphere; With Application To The Oceanic Thermocline, Allan R. Robinson, Pierre Welander Jan 1963

Thermal Circulation On A Rotating Sphere; With Application To The Oceanic Thermocline, Allan R. Robinson, Pierre Welander

Journal of Marine Research

We consider the thermal boundary layer beneath the surface of a differentially heated fluid portion of a rotating sphere, i.e., a region in which thermal conductivity is important but viscosity is negligible. A general three-dimensional similarity transformation is performed, and features of the related temperature and flow fields are studied. It is found that an upwelling of cold water into the boundary layer region from below is always necessary, that horizontal advection of heat is relatively negligible, and that a strong relation exists between boundary layer depth and surface-forcing function. The solutions are examined for numbers characteristic of the main …

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Estimation Of Per Cent Polarization In Deep Oceanic Water, J. E. Tyler Jan 1963

Estimation Of Per Cent Polarization In Deep Oceanic Water, J. E. Tyler

Journal of Marine Research

An isotropic model is used to describe and estimate the % polarization in a horizontal direction in the ocean at near-asymptotic depth. It is found that when the radiance distribution is described by a fourth power ellipse the % polarization = ε2, where ε is the eccentricity of the ellipse.

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Discussion Of Spectrophotometric Determination Of Marine-Plant Pigments, With Revised Equations For Ascertaining Chlorophylls And Carotenoids, T. R. Parsons, J. D.H. Strickland Jan 1963

Discussion Of Spectrophotometric Determination Of Marine-Plant Pigments, With Revised Equations For Ascertaining Chlorophylls And Carotenoids, T. R. Parsons, J. D.H. Strickland

Journal of Marine Research

A number of discrepancies in the spectrophotometric determination of plant pigments with the Richards with Thompson method have been reported. A revised set of equations for the determination of plant chlorophylls and a new equation for the approximate estimation of plant carotenoids are presented.

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Consequences Of Small Storage Capacity In Nannoplankton Pertinent To Measurement Of Primary Production In Tropical Waters, Howard T. Odum, Robert J. Beyers, Neal E. Armstrong Jan 1963

Consequences Of Small Storage Capacity In Nannoplankton Pertinent To Measurement Of Primary Production In Tropical Waters, Howard T. Odum, Robert J. Beyers, Neal E. Armstrong

Journal of Marine Research

A theory based on the performance of an electrical analogue circuit for balanced ecosystems relates respiration to the storage of labile organic matter during daytime photosynthesis. A very small storage capacitance and time constant may be introduced into the circuit to simulate a nannoplanktonic sygtem. It is found that respiration approaches photosynthesis during the day and almost ceases at night. Consequently, the usual carbon14 measurements of net production, and the conventional light-and-dark-bottle oxygen measurements of net production and nighttime respiration greatly underestimate gross photosy~thesis of tropical seas. An example of this phenomenon is shown in a planktonic brine microcosm.

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Direct Measurements Of A Small Surface Eddy Of Northern Baja Califirnia, Joseph L. Reid Jr., Richard A. Schwartzlose, Daniel M. Brown Jan 1963

Direct Measurements Of A Small Surface Eddy Of Northern Baja Califirnia, Joseph L. Reid Jr., Richard A. Schwartzlose, Daniel M. Brown

Journal of Marine Research

An extensive study of surface currents off northern Baja California, using parachute drogues, has confirmed the inshore sweep of surface waters that has been a major feature of the geostrophic flow in this area. Calculations of geostrophic flow from concurrent density measurements are in excellent agreement with the drogue trajectories, and an extra hydrographic cast made at the center of an eddy that was indicated earlier by the drogue movements confirms the remarkable small-scale coherence of the density and velocity fields....

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The Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets In A System Of Estuaries, Thomas L. Hopkins Jan 1963

The Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets In A System Of Estuaries, Thomas L. Hopkins

Journal of Marine Research

In a study of variability in copepod catch during a tidal cycle at 17 stations in the St. Andrew Bay System of Florida, the coefficient of variation (c. v.) for the total copepod count of a single oblique tow was found to be 43%. The c. v. for counts of three different species ranged between 51-56%. The least variation occurred in the index of community diversity (c. v. 17%). Tests of catch variance against estimates of error arising from collecting and counting the copepods indicate that, at most stations, variation in catch resulted from irregular distribution of the plankton in …

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Evaluation Of An Automatic Technique For Counting Unicellular Organisms, Sayed Z. El-Sayed, Byung D. Lee Jan 1963

Evaluation Of An Automatic Technique For Counting Unicellular Organisms, Sayed Z. El-Sayed, Byung D. Lee

Journal of Marine Research

The Coulter counter, originally designed for high-speed counting of blood cells, was used in this study for quantitative estimation of several species of unicellular algae. Tests of the instrument's reliability and the reproducibility of its counts have given satisfactory results. The instrument is also well suited for use in the study of growth curves of unicellular algae. The instrument's limitations and sources of error are discussed.

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On Statistical Estimation Of Monthly Extreme Sea-Surface Temperatures Along The West Coast Of The United States, Gunnar I. Roden Jan 1963

On Statistical Estimation Of Monthly Extreme Sea-Surface Temperatures Along The West Coast Of The United States, Gunnar I. Roden

Journal of Marine Research

The statistical properties of monthly extreme sea-surface temperatures have been investigated . The root mean square amplitudes of the annual oscillatiops are of the order of 2°C in southern California, 1°C in northern California, and 4°C in southeastern Alaska; those of the nonannual oscillations vary mostly between 0.9°C and 1.3°C and are largely independent of latitude. The average persistence of the nonannual extre,ne temperature oscillations is between three and seven months....

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An Investigation Of Stable Waves Along A Velocity Shear Boundary In A Two-Layer Sea With A Geostrophic Flow Regime, Alyn C. Duxbury Jan 1963

An Investigation Of Stable Waves Along A Velocity Shear Boundary In A Two-Layer Sea With A Geostrophic Flow Regime, Alyn C. Duxbury

Journal of Marine Research

The physical characteristics of a certain class of stable perturbations in an idealized oceanic current regime are investigated theoretically and compared with some observed featur es of the Gulf Stream. The mathematical model envisages an idealized two-layer fluid with a deep lower layer that remains essentially in static balance. T he upper layer, when in equilibrium, is characterized by a region of uniform geostrophically balanced current (hence of nonuniform thickness); adjoining this is a second region of uniform thickness that is at rest....

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Available Nitrogen And Phosphorus And The Biochemical Cycle In The Atlantic Off New England, Ralph F. Vaccaro Jan 1963

Available Nitrogen And Phosphorus And The Biochemical Cycle In The Atlantic Off New England, Ralph F. Vaccaro

Journal of Marine Research

The importance of ammonia as a sourc:e of available nitrogen for phytoplanktonic populations off New England has been evaluated for August and January 1962. During August, when only trace amounts of nitrate persist in the photic layer, ammonia appears to be the major source of available nitrogen. Therefore, meaningful estimates of the relative amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus being assimilated at such times require consideration of the nitrogen occurring as ammonia....

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Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part I. Background Spectra, Frank E. Snodgrass, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part I. Background Spectra, Frank E. Snodgrass, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller

Journal of Marine Research

"Long" ocean waves, with frequencies between 0.2 and xo cycles per hour (cph), have been recorded simultaneously at La Jolla on the California coast and at San Clemente Island, about rno km seaward. The spectral power is greatest at the lowest frequencies but remains fairly uniform (about 5 x 10-2 cm2/cph) between 0.7 and 10 cph. Comparison of the Island and shore records shows that at the lowest frequencies (below 0.7 cph) the two records are consistently in phase and are highly coherent, as might be expected; above 0.7 cph they are out of phase, and the coherence is low....

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The Life Cycle Of Sagitta Elegans In Arctic And Subarctic Seas, And The Modifying Effects Of Hydrographic Differences In The Environment, M. J. Dunbar Jan 1962

The Life Cycle Of Sagitta Elegans In Arctic And Subarctic Seas, And The Modifying Effects Of Hydrographic Differences In The Environment, M. J. Dunbar

Journal of Marine Research

Sagitta elegans arctica of the Canadian eastern Arctic waters has a life span of two years. Its breeding cycle is two-phase, or alternating, and the population consists of two distinct groups breeding in different years. The spawning period is long, extending from July into the winter, probably up to February. Winter spawning is taken to imply that the breeding behaviour is not timed to coincide with the maximum abundance of food, but that the cycle is determined by the growth limitations imposed by the low temperature....

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Measurements Of The California Countercurrent At A Depth Of 250 Meters, Joseph L. Reid Jr. Jan 1962

Measurements Of The California Countercurrent At A Depth Of 250 Meters, Joseph L. Reid Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Measurements of the flow at 250 m below the surface were made with parachute drogues laid out at 5-mile intervals on a line 125 nautical miles in length (true bearing 067°) extending landward from 35° 52.0'N, 124° 28.9'W to the 1000-fathom curve at 36° 36'N off Monterey, California. The drogues were followed for 48 hours. A northward flow, about 40 miles in width, with a maximum flow of 0.44 kt at the center, was seen near the coast.

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Production Of Underwater Sound By The White Whale Or Beluga, Delphinapterus Leucas (Pallas), Marie Poland Fish, William H. Mowbray Jan 1962

Production Of Underwater Sound By The White Whale Or Beluga, Delphinapterus Leucas (Pallas), Marie Poland Fish, William H. Mowbray

Journal of Marine Research

The behavior of three captive specimens of Delphinapterus leucas was observed for prolonged periods and their underwater sound production was recorded. Sonic and physical activities of the whales were correlated, and their sounds are compared with those of other cetaceans. Physical analyses for r epresentative sounds from ro distinct categori es are presented for a 47-minute recording period. Frequency components were measured in the infrasonic, sonic and ultrasonic ranges.

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Analyses Of Carbon In Marine Plankton Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr. Jan 1962

Analyses Of Carbon In Marine Plankton Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Total carbon in 19 species of marine organisms and mixed collections was analyzed by combustion in an induction furnace and hy subsequent measurement of evolved carbon dioxide in a gas burette. A system for trapping unwanted combustion products is described. Carbonate carbon was analyzed by treating samples with acid and measuring evolved carbon dioxide. Carbon concentrations were 6.6-46.8% of dry weight and 20.6-57.0% of organic weight. Cnidaria and ctenophores had the lowest carbon concentrations in organic matter.

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Some Dynamic Aspects Of The Distribution Of Planktonic Foraminifera In The Western North Atlantic, Richard Cifelli Jan 1962

Some Dynamic Aspects Of The Distribution Of Planktonic Foraminifera In The Western North Atlantic, Richard Cifelli

Journal of Marine Research

Studies of Foraminifera from plankton tows taken during the four seasons of the year at stations in shelf water, slope water, the Gulf Stream, and Sargasso Sea between Cape Cod and Bermuda in the western North Atlantic have shown that the slope waters generally yielded the highest concentrations of Foraminifera at all seasons, with spring and fall being the most productive seasons....

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Copepods Collected By The Nuclear Submarine Seadragon On A Cruise To And From The North Pole, With Remarks On Their Geographic Distribution, George D. Grice Jan 1962

Copepods Collected By The Nuclear Submarine Seadragon On A Cruise To And From The North Pole, With Remarks On Their Geographic Distribution, George D. Grice

Journal of Marine Research

A brief, non-detailed description is given of an automatic, multiple net plankton sampler used on a submarine cruise between the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans by way of the North Pole. The copepods contained in 90 samples from the Arctic have been identified and their relative abundance determined. The most frequently and widely occurring of the 18 species were Metridia longa, Calanus hyperboreus and C. glacialis. Pseudocalanus minutus, found mostly in the Chukchi Sea region, was the most abundant. From their known geographic distribution, six species are recognized as cosmopolites and 12 as Arctic or cold water species. Of the …

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Observations Of Internal Waves Of Tidal Period Made With Neutrally Buoyant Floats, John A. Knauss Jan 1962

Observations Of Internal Waves Of Tidal Period Made With Neutrally Buoyant Floats, John A. Knauss

Journal of Marine Research

Neutrally buoyant current floats at depths between 500 and 2500 m at 28°12'N, 139°07'W and 28° 48'N, 117° 41'W exhibited a marked periodic motion. The floats moved in clockwise orbits at speeds of 5- 18 cm/sec and with a period of approximately 25 hours. The orbital is approximately equal to the inertial period. Floats tracked simultaneously at different depths were not in phase. With one exception, such motion has not been observed at other latitudes. It is believed that the observed motion was a result of internal waves and that such motions are restricted to a rather narrow belt of …

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