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Estuaries

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The Instability Of A Thermal Ocean Circulation, A. R. Robinson Jan 1962

The Instability Of A Thermal Ocean Circulation, A. R. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A thermally driven meridional vortex in a diffusive ocean of finite depth is shown to be unstable. The dispersion relation at marginal stability is obtained approximately.


Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part Ii. Tsunamis, Gaylord R. Miller, Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland Part Ii. Tsunamis, Gaylord R. Miller, Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

During the Chilean tsunami of 22 May 1960, precise readings of sea level were digitally recorded every 15 seconds by the La Jolla low-frequency wave instrument. The tsunami remained above background for a week. The record gave a good opportunity to measure the decay of tsunami energy as a function of frequency. Energy is reduced by 1/e about once each half day. The decay is somewhat more rapid at high frequen cies and at high energy densities. The total energy of the tsunami is estimated to be of the order of 3 x 1023 ergs.


Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland. Part Iii The Decay Of Tsunamis And The Dissipation Of Tidal Energy, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller, Frank E. Snodgrass Jan 1962

Long-Period Waves Over California's Continental Borderland. Part Iii The Decay Of Tsunamis And The Dissipation Of Tidal Energy, Walter H. Munk, Gaylord R. Miller, Frank E. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

The characteristic damping (energy e-folding) time derived from the decay of the tsunami "pulse" can be compared to the dissipation time of the lunar semidiurnal tides as inferred from the discrepancies in the orbital motions of the Moon, Sun, and Mercury. The times are comparable, of the order of ½ day, and this suggests that the same processes are responsible for the dissipation of the tide waves and tidal waves.


A Similarity Solution For Circulation In An Estuary, Maurice Rattray Jr., Donald V. Hansen Jan 1962

A Similarity Solution For Circulation In An Estuary, Maurice Rattray Jr., Donald V. Hansen

Journal of Marine Research

A set of partial differential equations and boundary conditions is written to describe flow and mixing in a simple class of estuaries. Two sets of similarity transformations are given which, with the appropriate boundary conditions, reduce the partial differential equations to a pair of simultaneous ordinary differential equations. One of these sets of transformations is used to obtain an approximate solution that is physically realistic.


Distribution Of Dissolved Oxygen In The Summer Thermocline, Joseph L. Reid Jr. Jan 1962

Distribution Of Dissolved Oxygen In The Summer Thermocline, Joseph L. Reid Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In summer the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen is nearly always found at a depth corresponding to the lower part of the winter mixed layer. This subsurface maximum is widespread and in some areas may exceed the surface concentration by an increment of more than one milliliter per liter. It is shown that at and above the depth of the summer maximum the oxygen concentration remains very near the saturation concentration throughout the year, and hence depends principally upon the temperature. Seasonal variations in the thermal structure are shown to account for the formation of the subsurface maximum in summer.


Mass Spectrometric Determination Of Lithium In Seawater, Tsaihwa J. Chow, E. D. Goldberg Jan 1962

Mass Spectrometric Determination Of Lithium In Seawater, Tsaihwa J. Chow, E. D. Goldberg

Journal of Marine Research

Lithium concentrations in Pacific Ocean waters to depths of over 4,000 m have been determined using isotope dilution techniques with a mass spectrometer. Values varied about 170 µg/L and showed a covariance with the salinity.


Some Properties Of Thermocline Equations In A Subtropical Gyre, Henry Stommel, Jacqueline Webster Jan 1962

Some Properties Of Thermocline Equations In A Subtropical Gyre, Henry Stommel, Jacqueline Webster

Journal of Marine Research

The functional dependence of solutions of a theoretical model of the subtropical oceanic thermocline upon the physical parameters and boundary conditions is exhibited: (1) in a limited range by a boundary layer approximation; and (2) in a wider range by numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations.


Species Diversity In Net Phytoplankton Of Raritan Bay, Bernard C. Patten Jan 1962

Species Diversity In Net Phytoplankton Of Raritan Bay, Bernard C. Patten

Journal of Marine Research

The annual diversity cycle in Raritan Bay net phytoplankton is described, using entropyrelated diversity indices. A theory of diversity change during succession is developed. Mean diversity levels in the estuary increased downbay in association with diminishing pollution, and the spatial pattern was strikingly related to general patterns of water mass circulation.


An Analogy To The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Henry Stommel Jan 1962

An Analogy To The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Henry Stommel

Journal of Marine Research

Introduction. In a survey article (Stommel 1957), the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was crudely pictured as a simple convergent poleward geostrophic flow at longitudes far removed from Drake Passage, with a higher order dynamical process through Drake Passage; however, no theoretical model was presented to describe analytically the nature of the flow through Drake Passage....


On The Radial Spreading Of Water Waves, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen Jan 1962

On The Radial Spreading Of Water Waves, R. E. Meyer, M. C. Shen

Journal of Marine Research

The axially symmetrical spreading of waves into water at rest and of uniform depth at large distances from the centre of the disturbance is studied. The long-wave equations provide a plausible first approximation, but on grounds differing from those previously advanced for their justification. In particular, the wave length need not be large compared with the depth. The approximate solution of the nonlinear equations is derived for the initial phase of the motion in which the amplitude is small, assuming that any bores occurring are weak at the large radii considered.


A New Internal Curved-Gate Core Retainer, John E. Sanders Jan 1962

A New Internal Curved-Gate Core Retainer, John E. Sanders

Journal of Marine Research

The new type of core retainer described here uses two in ternal curved gates cut from cylindrical sections. The radius of curvature of the gates is identical to the inside diameter of the sampling tube. Small levers connect from gates to an external sliding sleeve that moves up and down on the outside of the cutting head attachment. The external sleeve remains in its up-position during penetration and the internal curve gates are held open.


Note To Subscribers, Authors, And Associate Editors, Yngve H. Olsen Jan 1961

Note To Subscribers, Authors, And Associate Editors, Yngve H. Olsen

Journal of Marine Research

History. For many years prior to 1937, Professor Albert E. Parr, then Director of the Bingham Oceanographic Foundation, felt that there was a distinct need in this country for a publication that would serve as a vehicle for short articles on "marine biology and oceanography". In 1937 these aspirations were realized with establishment of the Sears Foundation through generous gifts from Mr. Henry Sears. The primary function of the Sears Foundation, then as now, has been publication of the Journal of Marine Research and Memoirs of the Sears Foundation.


Units For Specific Volume Of Sea Water, Martin J. Pollak Jan 1961

Units For Specific Volume Of Sea Water, Martin J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

Considerable confusion has developed in oceanographic literature concerning the appropriate units to be used in reporting specific volume and its ancillary parameters, specific-volume anomaly and thermosteric anomaly (specific-volume anomaly at in situ temperature and salinity and atmospheric pressure). The problem revolves around the question, should specific volume and its anomalies be given in terms of liters or cubic centimeters as the unit of volume....


The Isotherm Follower, E. C. Lafond Jan 1961

The Isotherm Follower, E. C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

The isotherm follower is an instrument that is capable of seeking out a given isotherm in the sea, locking on to the isotherm, following it up and down, and recording its depth with respect to time. This instrument has been employed singly and in triangular arrangements of three to provide the speed and direction of internal waves. It has proven to be valuable in determining the nature of vertical oscillations of sea temperature.


The Low Frequency Components Of The Spectrum Of Wind-Generated Waves, O. M. Phillips, E. J. Katz Jan 1961

The Low Frequency Components Of The Spectrum Of Wind-Generated Waves, O. M. Phillips, E. J. Katz

Journal of Marine Research

This paper is concerned with the dynamical processes involved in the growth of the lower frequency spectral components of wind-generated waves. Some calculations of Miles (1960) are extended, leading to the concept of a transition frequency for a given fetch as the frequency above which energy is supplied to the waves by the instability (or sheltering) mechanism and below which it is supplied by the resonance mechanism....


The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod Jan 1961

The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod

Journal of Marine Research

The marine plankton diatom, Skeletonema costatum, was isolated from local waters and cultured in enriched sea water. The effects of light, temperature, salinity, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen on its growth and photosynthesis were determined separately and simultaneously. The effects of exocrine production by Skeletonema and grazing by copepods also wer e tested . The experimental results were used in developing an index of the photosynthetic potential of the diatom for seasonal hydrographic conditions found in the continental shelf waters south of Long Island....


The (Ethylenedinitrilo)-Tetraacetate Titration Of Calcium And Magnesium In Ocean Waters Ii. Determination Of Magnesium, John B. Pate, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1961

The (Ethylenedinitrilo)-Tetraacetate Titration Of Calcium And Magnesium In Ocean Waters Ii. Determination Of Magnesium, John B. Pate, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

M odifications of the EDTA titration of total hardness have been evaluated for use ,n determining magnesium in sea water. In this procedure EDTA is the titrant, Eriochrome Blue Black B the indicator, and ethanolamine the buffer. Various conditions necessary for accurate sea water titrations have been established. A mean magnesium-chlorinity ratio of 0.06689 was obtained when 30 sea water samples were titrated.


Comparison Of Norpac Temperature Sections With Average Bt Sections Along The Same Tracks, Margaret K. Robinson Jan 1961

Comparison Of Norpac Temperature Sections With Average Bt Sections Along The Same Tracks, Margaret K. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The NORPAC ATLAS (NORPAC Comm., 1960), now in press, contains horizontal and vertical charts of oceanographic data collected on the NORPAC Expedition, the first multi-nation synoptic survey of the North Pacific Ocean. Vertical BT temperature sections, included in the NORPAC ATLAS, were prepared by the author....


The Measurement Of Dehydrogenase Activity In Marine Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr., Judith Sandberg Jan 1961

The Measurement Of Dehydrogenase Activity In Marine Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr., Judith Sandberg

Journal of Marine Research

A method for the estimation of respiratory potential in marine biological material is discussed. The method, which depends upon photometric assay for a dehydrogenase enzyme by the reduction of tetrazolium salt, showed that activity measurements are positively, linearly, related to oxygen consumption measurements. Respiratory potential may be measured immediately upon securing the material, or at a later time.


Amino Acids In Samples Of Surface Sea Water, Mitsunobu Tatsumoto, W. T. Williams, J. M. Prescott, Donald W. Hood Jan 1961

Amino Acids In Samples Of Surface Sea Water, Mitsunobu Tatsumoto, W. T. Williams, J. M. Prescott, Donald W. Hood

Journal of Marine Research

Both paper and ion exchange chromatographic techniques have been used to identify and make a partial quantitative estimate of amino acids in surface water samples collected in four subtropical regions. The most abundant of the 18 amino acids identified were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine. In general, basic amino acids, possibly except for lysine, seem to be in low concentration. The amino acid composition of hydrolysates of proteinaceous material in sea water varies in the samples. These differences may be important in the ecology of marine organisms.


A Multipurpose Large Volume Sea-Water Sampler, R. H. Bodman, L. V. Slabaugh, V. T. Bowen Jan 1961

A Multipurpose Large Volume Sea-Water Sampler, R. H. Bodman, L. V. Slabaugh, V. T. Bowen

Journal of Marine Research

The need for large volumes of sea-water, from all depths, for radioisotope studies with carbon-14, tritium or fission-products, has resulted in the development of a variety of sampling devices….


Dissolved Nitrogen In West Greenland Waters, D. C. Nutt, L. K. Coachman, P. F. Scholander Jan 1961

Dissolved Nitrogen In West Greenland Waters, D. C. Nutt, L. K. Coachman, P. F. Scholander

Journal of Marine Research

The nitrogen tension in several water masses in the West Greenland coastal region departs only about 5% from the value of the atmosphere. Significantly higher values of nitrogen tension were found in the upper layers of waters near glacier fronts. These values are attributed to the solution of gases trapped in the glacier ice and released to the water under considerable hydrostatic pressure.


A Multiple-Detector Irradiance Meter And Electronic Depth-Sensing Unit For Use In Biological Oceanography, Robert W. Holmes, James M. Snodgrass Jan 1961

A Multiple-Detector Irradiance Meter And Electronic Depth-Sensing Unit For Use In Biological Oceanography, Robert W. Holmes, James M. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

The underwater irradiance meter or submarine photometer described here is designed to operate in the upper 100 to 150 m. It permits direct measurement of the downward blue-green irradiance (480 mµ) to a depth of 100-120 m on a clear day in water with an attenuation coefficient in the blue-green region of the spectrum of approximately 0.04/m. The meter can accommodate as many as five individual detector units as well as an associated depth-sensing element....


The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Warren S. Wooster, Malvern Gilmartin Jan 1961

The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Warren S. Wooster, Malvern Gilmartin

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of a southward-moving undercurrent along the west coast of South America, underlying the Peru Current at depths of several hundred meters, has been established by direct measurements with parachute drogues, by calculations of geostrophic motion, and by analysis of the distributions of salinity and dissolved oxygen....


Pycnoclines Created By Mixing In An Aquarium Tank, Townsend Cromwell Jan 1960

Pycnoclines Created By Mixing In An Aquarium Tank, Townsend Cromwell

Journal of Marine Research

The experiments described in this paper were carried out by the author before his death in an airplane crash near Guadalajara, Mexico, 2 June 1958. We had planned to collaborate in studying the results from the standpoint of possible model similarity between events in the experimental tank and in the ocean, possibly repeating some of the experiments or devising new ones. But I was unable to find many of the pertinent numerical data in Mr. Cromwell's files.


Salinity Effects In Estuauies, M. R. Abbott Jan 1960

Salinity Effects In Estuauies, M. R. Abbott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper examines the relative importance, in the equation of motion, of the convective acceleration terms and of the extra pressure gradient due to a longitudinal gradient of salinity up an estuary. For estuaries in which the latter is the most important, a criterion is given for the direction of mean water velocity just above the bed.


Boundary Layer Effects In Estuaries, M. R. Abbott Jan 1960

Boundary Layer Effects In Estuaries, M. R. Abbott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper is concerned with the velocity in the boundary layer of an estuary during a tidal cycle; the estuary considered has negligible salinity effect. The problem reduces to solving the usual non-steady boundary layer equations if it is assumed that (a) flow is two-dimensional, with a horizontal bed at any cross-section, and (b) little variation in breadth of the estuary in the boundary layer region. Further, the eddy viscosity is considered constant; thus the boundary layer equations are the same as those for a laminar layer except that they have an enhanced coefficient of viscosity due to turbulence....


Tripyridyltriazine, A Reagent For The Determination Of Iron In Sea Water, Peter Collins, Harvey Diehl Jan 1960

Tripyridyltriazine, A Reagent For The Determination Of Iron In Sea Water, Peter Collins, Harvey Diehl

Journal of Marine Research

Iron, in the parts per billion range in which it occurs in sea water, can be determined spectro-photometrically with 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ). The intense violet compound formed by TPTZ and the ferrous ion is extractable into nitrobenzene if sodium perchlorate be added to the solution. The extraction affords a means of concentrating the iron from a large sample into a small volume of nitrobenzene for spectrophotometric measurement....


On The Use Of Time Series Concepts And Spectral And Cross-Spectral Analyses In The Study Of Long-Range Forecasting Problems, Willard J. Pierson Jr. Jan 1960

On The Use Of Time Series Concepts And Spectral And Cross-Spectral Analyses In The Study Of Long-Range Forecasting Problems, Willard J. Pierson Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Monthly values of sea surface temperature anomalies and wind anomalies for an area of the North Atlantic Ocean are studied as a vector Gaussian process. The covariances and the spectra and cross-spectra provide information on the nature of the interaction of ocean and atmosphere. The long period fluctuations are found to be fairly coherent. Indications are that the sea surface temperature can be predicted for one month into the future on the basis of past values with a 50 % reduction of variance. Prediction problems are discussed.


Magnesium, Strontium, And Barium Concentrations And Calcite-Aragonite Ratios Of Some Recent Molluscan Shells, Karl K. Turekian, Richard L. Armstrong Jan 1960

Magnesium, Strontium, And Barium Concentrations And Calcite-Aragonite Ratios Of Some Recent Molluscan Shells, Karl K. Turekian, Richard L. Armstrong

Journal of Marine Research

Approximately 100 recent molluscan shells have been analyzed spectrographically for Mg, Sr and Ba; their calcite-aragonite ratios were determined by X-ray diffraction. The methods are described in detail. The most important parameter controlling the concentration of these trace elements in calcium carbonate shells appears to be generic association rather than water temperature or calcite-aragonite ratio of the shell. As a group, snails are higher in Mg and lower in Sr and Ba than clams....