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Estuaries

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Gravitational Circulation In Straits And Estuaries, Donald V. Hansen, Maurice Rattray Jr. Jan 1965

Gravitational Circulation In Straits And Estuaries, Donald V. Hansen, Maurice Rattray Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

A coupled set of partial differential equations and associated boundary conditions is written to describe circulation and salt-flux processes for estuaries in which turbulent mixing results primarily from tidal currents. Similarity solutions, motivated by characteristic salinity distributions observed in estuaries, are obtained for this set of equations and are compared with observational data....

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Nitrite Distribution In Peru Current Waters, Warren S. Wooster, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Izadore Barrett Jan 1965

Nitrite Distribution In Peru Current Waters, Warren S. Wooster, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Izadore Barrett

Journal of Marine Research

Studies of the nitrite-nitrogen distribution off the western coast of South America have shown significant concentrations in surface waters (up to 0.5 µg-at/l) and a widespread primary maximum near the top of the thermocline. Below the surface layer, where the oxygen minimum contains less than 0.2 ml/l of dissolved oxygen, a secondary maximum was present south of 10°S, within 1000 km of the coast....

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A Note On The Western Intensification Of The Oceanic Circulation, Joseph Pedlosky Jan 1965

A Note On The Western Intensification Of The Oceanic Circulation, Joseph Pedlosky

Journal of Marine Research

The purpose of this note is to provide a simple physical explanation for the westward intensification of the oceanic circulation found in the several dynamically different existing theoretical models (e.g. Stommel 1948, Carrier and Robinson 1962). It has the advantage of showing why the western oceanic boundary is singled out as the boundary-layer region that closes the interior Sverdrup solution.

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Meridional Distribution Of Temperture-Salinity Characteristics Of Pacific Ocean Surface Water, Ronald J. Lynn Jan 1964

Meridional Distribution Of Temperture-Salinity Characteristics Of Pacific Ocean Surface Water, Ronald J. Lynn

Journal of Marine Research

This paper describes the meridional distribution of the temperature-salinity (t-s) characteristics of Pacific Ocean surface water in a sector between 120° W and 180°, and from the Aleutian Island Arc to the Antarctic ice….

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Sedimentation In The Gulf Of Paria During The Holocene Transgression; A Subsurface Acoustic Reflection Study, Tjeerd H. Van Andel, Peter L. Sachs Jan 1964

Sedimentation In The Gulf Of Paria During The Holocene Transgression; A Subsurface Acoustic Reflection Study, Tjeerd H. Van Andel, Peter L. Sachs

Journal of Marine Research

A subsurface acoustic reflection study has been carried out in the Gulf of Paria with an Edo UQN Echo-sounder and a Precision Graphic Recorder of The Alden Electronics and Impulse Recording Equipment Co., Inc. Using a very short ping length for maximum resolution, penetration below the bottom in excess of 0.03 sec (45 m) was commonly obtained in water depths up to 100 m....

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A Hydraulically Actuated Safety Device, Peter L. Sachs Jan 1964

A Hydraulically Actuated Safety Device, Peter L. Sachs

Journal of Marine Research

A hydraulically actuated safety device has been built and has proved effective in reducing accidental, premature operation of oceanographic samplers. It consists of a cylinder, a piston, and a shear actuated by the piston. Increasing hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the piston shears a pin at a predetermined depth, thus arming instruments sensitive to sudden motion.

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The General Oceanic Circulation; Some Computations, A Working Hypothesis, And Proposed Tests, El Sayed Mohamed Hassan Jan 1964

The General Oceanic Circulation; Some Computations, A Working Hypothesis, And Proposed Tests, El Sayed Mohamed Hassan

Journal of Marine Research

An analytic solution for the three-dimensional structure of horizontal velocity has been computed for a parallelepipedic model ocean with certain restrictions. Observed features that repeated themselves when the model parameters were changed have been generalized, and it is hypothesized that some of the persistent features obtained from the computations exist in the real ocean.

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Thermocline Structure In The Equatorial Pacific, W. D. Forrester Jan 1964

Thermocline Structure In The Equatorial Pacific, W. D. Forrester

Journal of Marine Research

Forty-seven temperature sections taken in the equatorial region from at least 2°N to 2°S between 97°W and 178°E have been used to study the spreading of the thermocline in order to acquire further information about possible seasonal and longitudinal variations in the Equatorial Undercurrent. As evidenced by the spreading of the isotherms, the Undercurrent appears to be confined between 2°N and 2°S and to have its core near the 20°C isotherm, with both the isotherms and the current core shoaling eastward....

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A Portable Hydraulic Diver-Operated Dredge-Sieve For Sampling Subtidal Macrofauna, C. Everett Brett Jan 1964

A Portable Hydraulic Diver-Operated Dredge-Sieve For Sampling Subtidal Macrofauna, C. Everett Brett

Journal of Marine Research

The dredge-sieve is a diver-operated device for sampling macrofauna of the marine benthos. Although it was constructed to sample infauna, it is effective in procuring softbottom epifauna as well. It is an adaptation of the "gold sucker" (made commercially for SCUBA divers), which sucks up bottom material through a large L-shaped tube. Suction is created according to the aspirator principle, with a jet of water injected from a powered pump and hose....

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Topography And Lithology Of The Mendocino Ridge, D. C. Krause, H. W. Menard, S. M. Smith Jan 1964

Topography And Lithology Of The Mendocino Ridge, D. C. Krause, H. W. Menard, S. M. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

Twenty-two slope-corrected bathymetric profiles of the Mendocino Ridge between 125°W and 129°W are presented, and the method of their development is discussed. The crest of this Ridge lies at an average depth of 2000 m, falling off to 3200 m on the north and to 4400 m on the south. A short, steep scarp, fresh dredge-haul material lacking manganiferous crusts, and earthquake epicenters suggest recent faulting on the north....

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The Determination And Distribution Of Particulate Aluminum And Iron In The Costal Waters Of The Pacific Northwest, Timothy Joyner Jan 1964

The Determination And Distribution Of Particulate Aluminum And Iron In The Costal Waters Of The Pacific Northwest, Timothy Joyner

Journal of Marine Research

The simultaneous spectrophotometric analysis of aluminum and iron with a mixed reagent consisting of ferron and orthophenanthroline was used for the determination of these elements in particulate matter filtered from seawater. The aluminum associated with suspended clay minerals may be used as a sensitive measure of the distribution of runoff plumes in coastal areas. In the coastal waters of Washington and British Columbia, aluminum-rich runoff plumes were enriched also with particulate iron.

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The Cross Spectrum Of Sea Level At San Francisco And Honolulu, Gordon W. Groves, Bernard D. Zetler Jan 1964

The Cross Spectrum Of Sea Level At San Francisco And Honolulu, Gordon W. Groves, Bernard D. Zetler

Journal of Marine Research

Continuous series of tide records from 1905 to 1956 at San Francisco and Honolulu were reduced to smoothed values at 32-hour intervals. The cross spectrum of the resulting seri es was computed by the Tukey method for 750 narrow-frequency bands at intervals of 0.0005 cycles per day. The curves of spectral-energy density vary smoothly with frequency; the only significant peaks occur at tidal frequencies....

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Radioactivity And Its Relationship To Oceanic Food Chains, Charles Osterberg, William G. Pearcy, Herbert Curl Jr. Jan 1964

Radioactivity And Its Relationship To Oceanic Food Chains, Charles Osterberg, William G. Pearcy, Herbert Curl Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Gamma-ray spectra of some primary producers (single-cell plants), filter-feeding herbivores, and carnivores, assigned to trophic levels I, II, and III–V, respectively, were prepared from marine samples taken in the Pacific off Oregon during 1961–1962. These organisms had been exposed in their natural environment to both fission produ cts from fallout and neutron-induced radionuclides from reactors on the Columbia River....

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Sea-Level Variations At Iceland And Bermuda, David M. Shaw, William L. Donn Jan 1964

Sea-Level Variations At Iceland And Bermuda, David M. Shaw, William L. Donn

Journal of Marine Research

Data from tide gauges at Iceland and Bermuda combined with data on atmospheric pressure at both stations plus hydrographic serial observations at Bermuda are utilized to analyze sea-level variations in both regions. Residual sea-level anomalies (raw sea-level anomaly minus barometric and steric effects) are computed and discussed for Bermuda. The analysis, which indicates a periodicity of four months, is regarded as very tentative....

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Explosion-Generated Waves In Water Of Variable Depth, Wm. G. Van Dorn Jan 1964

Explosion-Generated Waves In Water Of Variable Depth, Wm. G. Van Dorn

Journal of Marine Research

This study shows that the theory of geometric optics adequately predicts the behavior of a dispersive wave system radiating from a large chemical explosion over sloping bottom topography. The phase and amplitude of an equivalent wave train (reconstructed from the observed data for uniform depth equal to that at the explosion site) are shown to be consistent with the phase and amplitude predicted by theory for the wave system produced by an initial parabolic crater in the water....

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A Study Of Production In The Gulf Of Mexico, J. H. Steele Jan 1964

A Study Of Production In The Gulf Of Mexico, J. H. Steele

Journal of Marine Research

Theoretical reasons are given to show that midwater chlorophyll maxima may be due to an increase in the chlorophyll content of the plants rather than to an accumulation of plants due to sinking. Data from the Gulf of Mexico are used to support this explanation.

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Volcanism And Clay Minerals In The Southeastern Pacific, M. N.A. Peterson, J. J. Griffin Jan 1964

Volcanism And Clay Minerals In The Southeastern Pacific, M. N.A. Peterson, J. J. Griffin

Journal of Marine Research

The distribution of clay mineral suites in surficial sediments of the southeastern Pacific is clearly r elated to variations in the composition of volcanic contributions to the sediments. The ratio of alkali feldspar plus quartz to plagioclase has been used to characterize the volcanic contributions. Sediments in areas of dominantly acidic volcanism contain clay mineral suites that are largely of detrital origin, mainly "illite" and chlorite....

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The Spacing Of Windrows Of Sargassum In The Ocean, Alan J. Faller, Alfred H. Woodcock Jan 1964

The Spacing Of Windrows Of Sargassum In The Ocean, Alan J. Faller, Alfred H. Woodcock

Journal of Marine Research

The spacing of bands of Sargassum in the Atlantic Ocean is shown to be dependent upon the wind speed. These bands are indicative of the presence of helical vortices in the surface waters, and the data support Langmuir's contention that the vortices are wind-driven.

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Some Distributional Features Of Mesopelagic Fishes Off Oregon, William G. Pearcy Jan 1964

Some Distributional Features Of Mesopelagic Fishes Off Oregon, William G. Pearcy

Journal of Marine Research

Over 200 collections made between June 1961 and August 1962 with a six-foot Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at various depths down to 1000 m (mostly down to 200 m) along three latitudes off Oregon have provided preliminary data on species composition, sampling variability, diurnal vertical migrations, depth distribution, and seasonal and geographic variations of adult and large juvenile mesopelagic fishes....

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On The Arbitrary Suppression Of Vertical Motion In Wind-Driven Oceanic Models, A. R. Robinson Jan 1964

On The Arbitrary Suppression Of Vertical Motion In Wind-Driven Oceanic Models, A. R. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

1. Introduction. There has appeared in the oceanographic literature a series of articles in which the response of a three-dimensional ocean to a distribution of surface wind-stress has been investigated under the assumption that the vertical velocity may be entirely neglected in considering the vertical distribution of horizontal flow (hereafter referred to as the w = 0 assumption). The resulting circulation contains features that are contradictory to the flow in more orthodox models....

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Chlorinity Determination In Estuarine Waters By Physical Measurement, Hulen B. Williams, Vincent Farrugia, Anthony Ekker, Elard L. Haden Jan 1964

Chlorinity Determination In Estuarine Waters By Physical Measurement, Hulen B. Williams, Vincent Farrugia, Anthony Ekker, Elard L. Haden

Journal of Marine Research

The differential refractometer has been used as an effective instrument for chlorinity determination. Results obtained through its application have been compared with those derived from the use of less sensitive refractometers and with those obtained from specific conductivity measurements. The advantages of differential refractive-index measurements when applied to water in an estuarial brackish marsh basin are demonstrated....

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The Equations Of Continuity For Seawater And River Water In Estuaries, Robert S. Arthur Jan 1964

The Equations Of Continuity For Seawater And River Water In Estuaries, Robert S. Arthur

Journal of Marine Research

Conservation equations for a mixture of fluids with two components are reviewed. Equations of continuity for sea (salt) water and for river (fresh) water in a turbulent mixing process in an estuary are developed. One source of error in certain similar equations in the literature is the omission of the turbulent diffusion flux.

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On Stratified Flow Over Bottom Topography, S. J. Jacobs Jan 1964

On Stratified Flow Over Bottom Topography, S. J. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

A rotating stratified fluid is bounded above by a horizontal plane and below by bottom topography in the form of a long ridge on a horizontal plane. Far upstream of the topog - raphy, the flow in the main body of the fluid is uniform and barotropic and is directed at right angles to the depth contours. The equations of motion are transformed so that temperature appears as an independent variable....

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A Tension Recorder For Deep-Sea Dredging And Coring, Peter L. Sachs Jan 1964

A Tension Recorder For Deep-Sea Dredging And Coring, Peter L. Sachs

Journal of Marine Research

The use of a tension meter or dynamometer for deep-sea dredging and coring is common practice on oceanographic vessels (Sigsbee 1880: 159–160, Thomson and Murray 1885: 61–63, Soule 1949: 49–50, Kullenberg 1955). However, in deep water, variations in wire tension that indicate bottom contact are frequently masked by the "background" of tension fluctuations due to the ship's motion....

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Nutrient Regeneration From Phytoplankton Decomposing In Seawater, Edwin V. Grill, Francis A. Richards Jan 1964

Nutrient Regeneration From Phytoplankton Decomposing In Seawater, Edwin V. Grill, Francis A. Richards

Journal of Marine Research

A laboratory model of the regeneration of the inorganic nutrient salts of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon from diatom cells decaying in the dark while subject to bacterial attack was studied. The system was analyzed for phosphate, dissolved and particulate organic phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved and particulate nitrogen, and orthosilicate concentrations. The observations extended over a period of more than one year, but the significant changes appear to have been restricted to the first five months....

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Mass Transport By Water Waves On A Steady Stream, E. J. Katz Jan 1964

Mass Transport By Water Waves On A Steady Stream, E. J. Katz

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents a study of the mass transport induced by the propagation of an infinitesimal disturbance on a steady stream of arbitrary vorticity distribution and direction. The three-dimensional velocity field is related to the scalar pressure field, and the particle trajectories are determined in a Lagrangian analysis that includes terms of the order of the wave slope squared....

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On Dissipation Of Tsunamis And Barotropic Motions By Tidal Currents, Gordon W. Groves Jan 1964

On Dissipation Of Tsunamis And Barotropic Motions By Tidal Currents, Gordon W. Groves

Journal of Marine Research

Only water motion for which the orbital velocity is horizontal and uniform in each vertical column is considered. If there is nonlinear bottom stress, then any mode will be influenced by all other barotropic motions present, the most important of which is the forced tide. In order that all free modes decay, the forced tide must have a unique, conditionally stable solution in the Liapounoff sense....

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A Note On Wave Set-Up, M. S. Longuet-Higgins, R. W. Stewart Jan 1963

A Note On Wave Set-Up, M. S. Longuet-Higgins, R. W. Stewart

Journal of Marine Research

Seaward of the breaker zone, the observations of Saville are in good qualitative agreement with the prediction that the mean surface level is increasingly depressed towards the shoreline…

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Mass Transfer Of Carbon Dioxide Across Sea Surfaces, Yoshio Sugiura, Edward R. Ibert, Donald W. Hood Jan 1963

Mass Transfer Of Carbon Dioxide Across Sea Surfaces, Yoshio Sugiura, Edward R. Ibert, Donald W. Hood

Journal of Marine Research

The rate of mass transfer of carbon dioxide across the sea surface was investigated in the laboratory and at sea. In the laboratory, radioactive tracer techniques were employed using high specific activity C14O2. The equilibrium distribution of CO2 is not affected greatly and the mass transfer measured is very nearly the exchange coefficient....

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Solubilities Of Nitrogen, Oxygen, And Argon In Distilled Water, Cornelius E. Klots, Bruce B. Benson Jan 1963

Solubilities Of Nitrogen, Oxygen, And Argon In Distilled Water, Cornelius E. Klots, Bruce B. Benson

Journal of Marine Research

The solubilities of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in distilled water in the temperature range 2-27°C have been measured with an estimated accuracy approaching 0.1%. Both absolute and solubility ratio techniques were employed. Tabulations are presented and interrelationships among the results are noted.

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