Digital Commons Network^™

Traumatic Brain Injury In Pregnancy: A Single Level I Trauma Center Experience, Hector Fuentes Plata, Nisha K Dabhi, Shankar P Gopinath, Spyridoula Tsetsou

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is less common in pregnancy than in the general population; however, it poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management. These include the potential teratogenicity of medications, radiation exposure from imaging modalities, physiological changes associated with pregnancy, and obstetric complications that may arise. Although there are general guidelines for trauma in the obstetric patient, they are not specific to TBI, and most recommendations are based on low-level evidence or institutional experiences.

We conducted a retrospective review of the hospital trauma registry over a 10-year period. We included all the patients admitted to our neurosurgical intensive care unit …

Complexity And Health Care Utilization In Infant Eskd, Ashna R Pudupakkam, Michael C Braun, Catherine Joseph, Poyyapakkam R Srivaths, Sarah J Swartz, Shweta S Shah

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Key Points:

1. Infant ESKD is associated with significant health care utilization including hospitalizations, subspecialty care, and financial expenditures.

2. Further investigation of health care utilization in infant ESKD can help guide the appropriate allocation of resources to support care delivery.

Background: Dialysis in neonates with ESKD is often associated with multiple comorbidities and the need for more intensified dialysis regimens. With recent advances in prenatal interventions and infant-specific KRT, survival of neonates with ESKD has improved over the past decade. Little is known, however, about the impact on the health care system of improved survival in this population. Our primary aim …

Peritoneal Immunosurgery: Immunotherapy Augmented Surgery For The Treatment Of Peritoneal Cancers, Ada I Ozcan, Arianexys Aquino López, Mary K Mckenna, Malcolm K Brenner, Alastair M Thompson

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Peritoneal malignancy often indicates disruptions in multiple physiological systems resulting from widespread cancer. The heterogenous origin and dynamic nature of peritoneal cancer make it difficult to treat with standard approaches that fit into guidelines. We describe how successful treatment should address the underlying pathology, the systemic response to surgical treatments and target the immune perturbations that facilitate the establishment and propagation of this multifaceted disease.

Nonexposed Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection Of Residual Disease After Definitive Chemoradiation For Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer, Brennan W Gioe, Bryan C Luu, Michael M Ittmann, George Chen, Yvonne H Sada, Wasseem Skef

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Salvage endoscopic resection of residual esophageal neoplasia for patients that prefer to avoid surgery or are poor surgical candidates has been reported. We report a case of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma with residual disease after definitive chemoradiotherapy, that was treated with nonexposed endoscopic full thickness resection. This endoscopic resection achieved negative margins, with postresection surveillance endoscopy and imaging showing no evidence of disease. This case highlights the potential use of salvage endoscopic resection as a therapy for residual gastric cancer after chemoradiation in patients where surgery is not an option.

Plasma Proteome Correlations With Liver Stiffness In Pediatric Cholestasis Implicate Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition, Benjamin L Shneider, Rupa S Kanchi, Sandra L Grimm, Sridevi Devaraj, Juliet Emamaullee, Jeremy Schraw, Philip J Lupo, Jorge A Bezerra, Kathleen M Loomes, John C Magee, Ronald J Sokol, Kasper S Wang, Alyssa Kriegmeier, Evelyn Hsu, Jean P Molleston, Philip Rosenthal, Rohit Kohli, Saul J Karpen, Simon P Horslen, M Kyle Jensen, Arianna Barbetta, Cristian Coarfa

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Pediatric cholestatic liver diseases can be characterized by rapidly progressive fibrosis. A multicenter cross-sectional analysis of vibration-controlled elastography in biliary atresia (BA), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT), and Alagille syndrome (ALGS) was leveraged to interrogate the plasma proteome relative to liver stiffness measurements (LSM).

Methods: Slow off-rate modified aptamer scanning profiling of >7000 proteins in plasma from 187 children with BA (n=93), A1AT (n=31), ALGS (n=46), and healthy pediatric controls (n=17) was performed, and correlations with LSM were undertaken.

Results: There was an abundance of LSM correlated proteins (BA n=2720, A1AT n=694, ALGS n=5968). Interestingly, a distinct plasma proteome was …

Lac-Phe Induces Hypophagia By Inhibiting Agrp Neurons In Mice, Hailan Liu, Veronica L Li, Qingzhuo Liu, Yao Liu, Cunjin Su, Hueyxian Wong, Na Yin, Hesong Liu, Xing Fang, Kristine M Mcdermott, Hueyzhong Wong, Meng Yu, Longlong Tu, Jonathan C Bean, Yongxiang Li, Mengjie Wang, Yue Deng, Yuhan Shi, Olivia Z Ginnard, Yuxue Yang, Junying Han, Megan E Burt, Sanika V Jossy, Chunmei Wang, Yongjie Yang, Benjamin R Arenkiel, Dong Kong, Yang He, Jonathan Z Long, Yong Xu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Lactate-derived N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) was recently identified as an lactate-derived circulating metabolite that reduces feeding and obesity, but mechanisms that underlie the metabolic benefits of Lac-Phe remain unknown. Here we demonstrated that Lac-Phe directly inhibits hypothalamic neurons that express Agouti-related protein (AgRP), resulting in an indirect activation of anorexigenic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). We also found that both AgRP inhibition and PVH activation are required to mediate Lac-Phe-induced hypophagia. Further, we show that Lac-Phe inhibits AgRP neurons via activating the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, and inhibition of the KATP channel blunts effects of Lac-Phe to suppress …

Hyaluronidase-1 Mediates Postprandial Suppression Of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis, Xi Chen, Sophie Dogné, Yanru Deng, Huiqiao Li, Jieyi Meng, Charlise Giang, Jan-Bernd Funcke, Leon G Straub, Michelle Dias, Sundararajah Thevananther, Qiang Tong, Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal, Chandra Shekar R Ambati, Yu'e Liu, Nagireddy Putluri, Xia Gao, Miao-Hsueh Chen, Dongyin Guan, Hari Krishna Yalamanchili, Shangang Zhao, Nathalie Caron, Yi Zhu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Hepatic gluconeogenesis is a critical process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting to support vital organs like the brain and red blood cells. Postprandially, this process is rapidly suppressed to allow for glucose storage as glycogen and lipids in the liver. Failure to suppress gluconeogenesis after meals leads to elevated postprandial glucose levels, a key feature of type 2 diabetes. This dynamic switch is regulated by insulin and glucagon, but insulin resistance impairs this regulation. In this study, we identified a novel mechanism involving postprandial circulating hyaluronan (HA) and lysosomal hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL1) that suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis by rewiring …

Prevalence Of Risk Factors And Severity Level Of Diabetic Retinopathy In Uitm Medical Specialist Centre:An Ordinal Analysis, Aniza Ayuna Che Jani, Zuraida Khairudin, Nornadiah Mohd Razali, Nor Azimah Abd Aziz, Hezlin Aryani Abd Rahman, Nur Syamimi Haji Abu Bakar

Malaysian Journal of Computing (MJoC)

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) has become a major concern as the number of diabetic patients who are diagnosed with DR has been on the rise each year. Hence, the adoption of a strategic approach is needed to determine the factors that contribute to the level of severity in DR patients. This research aims to determine the significant risk factors influencing the severity level of DR as well as to evaluate the classification rate between the severity level of 157 patients at UiTM Private Specialist Centre by employing the Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) analysis. The study revealed that there were 60 (38%) …

Family Income And Polygenic Scores Are Independently But Not Interactively Associated With Cognitive Performance Among Youth Genetically Similar To European Reference Populations, S E Paul, N M Elsayed, S M C Colbert, R Bogdan, A S Hatoum, D M Barch

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Cognitive abilities are heritable and influenced by socioeconomic status (SES). It is critical to understand the association between SES and cognition beyond genetic propensity to inform potential benefits of SES-based interventions and to determine if such associations vary across (i) cognitive domains, (ii) facets of SES, and/or (iii) genetic propensity for different aspects of cognition. We examined the contributions of neighborhood socioeconomic advantage, family income, and polygenic scores (PGS) for domains of cognition (i.e., general cognitive ability, executive function, learning and memory, fluid reasoning) in a sample of children (ages 9-10;

Mitochondrial Dysfunction And Lipid Dysregulation In Yeast Lacking Phosphatidylserine, Alaumy Joshi, Zakery N Baker, Rachel A Stanfield, Dimitris T Kalafatis, David J Pagliarini, Vishal M Gohil

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Mitochondrial membrane phospholipids impact mitochondrial structure and function by influencing the assembly and activity of membrane proteins. Although the specific roles of the three most abundant mitochondrial phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and cardiolipin (CL), have been extensively studied, the precise function of less abundant phosphatidylserine (PS) is not yet determined. Here, we used genetic and nutritional manipulation to engineer a set of yeast mutants, including a mutant completely devoid of PS, to assess its role in mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid homeostasis. To circumvent the confounding effect of downstream PS products, PE and PC, we exogenously supplied ethanolamine that allows …

Preliminary Investigation Of Nitrogen Rate Influence On Irrigated Bermudagrass Forage Production, Bronc Finch, Lance Blythe

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) forage production recommendations are often developed in natural environments with available water limitations, often resulting in highly variable responses and lower average responses. As farmland ownership changes and agriculture and irrigation technologies become more affordable the amount of irrigated hay production has increased. While much of the agronomic management does not differ between rain-fed and irrigated environments, nutrient use and uptake dynamics may. This requires a reevaluation and potential adjustment of current recommendations to allow for increased yield potential of irrigated production systems without detrimental impacts on the system. The objective of this study was to identify …

Influence Of Maternal Chitosan Feeding During The Transition Period On Lactational Performance Of Jabal Akhdar Goats And Performance Of Respective Kids, Hani M. El-Zaiat, Malek Q. Alissai

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

The present study aimed to examine the effects of maternal CHI supplementation on biochemical metabolites profile, lactational performance of Jabal Akhdar goats and their kids’ growth performance during the transition period. Twelve Jabal Akhdar Omani pregnant does (with 13 ± 1.50 months and 32.0 ± 3 kg live BW) were allotted in one of three treatment groups (four does/treatment). Goats were offered an experimental diet composed of 650 g kg/head/day of concentrate mixture and free access to Rhodes grass hay. Goats were administered orally with 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg DM of CHI for 60 days (i.e. four weeks before …

Effects Of Chitosan Supplement On In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production And Fermentation Profile Using Ruminant Conventional Diet, Hani M. El-Zaiat, Hamza Y. Al Hattali

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

Chitosan is a nontoxic biopolymer with antimicrobial activities that can modify rumen fermentation patterns. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan on in vitro ruminal fermentation profile, methane (CH4) production, and nutrient degradability. A control total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated as a 50:50 concentrate to forage ratio. This study employed gas production (GP) system in a completely randomized design with four treatment levels and six replications. Chitosan levels were included at 0 (control), 100, 200, or 300 g/kg of diet dry matter. After 24 h of fermentation, ruminal net GP (P …

A Pilot Study Of Seaweed Cultivation In Oman, Khalid Khalifa Nasser Al Subhi, Mohamed Khalfan Al Wahaibi

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

The global seaweed farming industry is experiencing rapid growth, driven by its capacity to address critical challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and food security. This study assesses the feasibility of establishing a sustainable seaweed farming sector in Oman, where the industry is currently underdeveloped despite the country’s vast coastal resources. We identify optimal seaweed species for cultivation in Omani waters and evaluate advanced farming techniques using systems such as Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Our findings suggest that seaweed cultivation in Oman, using (RAS) and (IMTA), holds significant promise and demonstrates seaweed cultivation’s potential …

Consumption Of Plant-Based Meat As An Alternative To Animal Meat: Empirical Evidence On Behavioral Intentions, Deena Al Kalbani, Mohammed Al Rizeiqi, M. R. Razzak, Ismail Al-Bulushi, Adil S. Al-Busaidi, I. Khan, P. Pathare

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

Empirical evidence indicates that rising consumption of animal meat negatively could contribute to climate change and public health. As a result, meat alternatives such as plant-based meat (PBM) have emerged as a potential solution. However, there seems to be a dearth of insights regarding significant drivers of people’s behavioral intentions (BI) towards PBM. This study leverages the theory of planned behavior to determine whether attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control influence BI towards PBM. Survey data was collected from 380 respondents in Oman to test the relationships between the constructs in the research framework. The results indicated that attitude …

Omani Endogenous Plants: A Review Of Phytochemical Analysis And Antioxidant Activities, Al Aufi Najwa, Waly I. Mostafa

Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences

Herbal medicines have been used for centuries across various cultures to treat a wide range of illnesses. In recent years, growing research supports the bioactive properties of medicinal plants, including antibacterial, antioxidants, antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. This review focuses on seven common endogenous Omani plants—Rumex vesicarius (Humeidh), Pteropyrum scoparium (Sidaf), Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Sazab or Sinan al-Tais), Portulaca oleracea (Baqla or Rjla/Purslane), Fagonia indica (Al-Shukaa), Dodonaea viscosa (Shatt), and Prosopis cineraria (Al Ghaf)—and evaluates their antioxidant and phytochemical properties in the context of chronic disease prevention. The findings highlight the potential of these plants as natural alternatives for managing chronic …

Tassel Turning Versus Tossing In The Towel: An Analysis Of Undergraduate Student Persistence And Challenges, Josie Ambur

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Pamela McMullin-Messier, Bernadette Jungblut

Completing college is no easy feat. All higher education has barriers and obstacles students must face and overcome. Observations have been used to gather various student perspectives that have been compiled alongside research in the field to create a picture of what student barriers look like at Central Washington University specifically. Some of these barriers include navigating academic requirements, challenges with academic advisors, unique challenges first-generation students face, and financial challenges including balancing employment and academics. Within the personal lives of students, there are several internal factors that impact their success such as their …

Characteristics Contributing To The Risk Of Diabulimia In Adults Living In The United States, Danielle Van Hout, Nicole Stendell-Hollis, Tafere Gebreegziabher Belay, Kelly Pritchett

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Nicole Stendell-Hollis, PhD, RDN; Tafere G Belay, PhD; Kelly Pritchett, PhD, RDN, CSSD

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors that contribute to the risk of diabulimia by using the validated Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised (DEPS-R)¹ screening tool in adults living in the U.S., as well as to examine differences in individuals at-risk and not-at-risk for diabulimia. This observational study included a 30-question Qualtrics survey containing the DEPS-R distributed via various social media outlets and flyers on the CWU Ellensburg campus. Participants were required to be 18 years or older, diagnosed with …

Focus Group Interview: Perspectives Of Virtual Dietary Counseling Method’S Post Covid-19 Pandemic, Maria Mendoza

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Nicole Stendell-Hollis, PhD; Tafere Belay, PhD; Katy Williams; Jessica Tyrrell

The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions related to different delivery methods of dietary counseling. This qualitative research study will examine the perceptions related to different methods of dietary counseling (telephone calls, video calls, or face-to-face visits). Focus group one contained provider participants (N = 7), which were all RDNs and focus group two hosted patient participants (N = 6). Semi structured interviews were performed asking subjects about any personal experiences related to receiving or providing nutrition education, positive or negative, as they participated in …

Prevalence Of Diabetes Related To Acculturation, Dietary Quality, And Sedentary Lifestyle In Mexican Americans: National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 To 2018, Kivima Acevedo

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): David Gee, PhD; Kathaleen Briggs Early, PhD, RDN, CDCES; Katy Williams, MS, RDN

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of diabetes in Mexican American adults (MA-adults) and how risk factors like acculturation, dietary quality, and sedentary lifestyle contribute to the rising rates of diabetes, using the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2018 data. Methods: We analyzed the NHANES data of MA-adults and Non-Hispanic White adults (NHW-adults) (n= 10670) for the association of diabetes and its risk factors (dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle) by acculturation levels. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). …

From Old English Genitives To Modern English Possessives: Tracing Grammar Evolution Through Biogrammar And Grammatical Biology, Charles X. Li

Journal of the Symposium of University Research and Creative Expression

Project Mentor(s): Charles X. Li, PhD

This paper presents a biologically grounded and historically informed framework, Biogrammar, as a means to explain grammatical evolution and cognitive processing. It compares Biogrammar with two foundational theories in the study of language: the Nature-Nurture Hypothesis and Chomsky’s Universal Grammar. As a case study, the paper examines the historical evolution of English plural and genitive constructions, focusing on morphological developments such as the -as/-es mergers, his-genitives, group genitives, and the rise of the of + noun phrase pattern. These diachronic changes are interpreted as evidence of grammar functioning as a biologically adaptive system shaped …

The Representation Of The Grandmother In Arab American Fiction: Alia Younis’S The Night Counter As A Case Study, Asmaa Belbachir, Eman Mukattash

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

The increasing phenomenon of long-living grandparents and their novel roles and positions within both family and society in today’s world has inspired authors to produce literary works that address this subject. This article, in turn, aims to offer a clear representation of the grandmother’s character in Alia Younis’s The Night Counter (2009) by analyzing the various roles that the grandmother’s character plays in the lives of her grandchildren. As an Arab-American, Younis has an extensive background in the structure, norms, and values of the Arab Lebanese family, which are reflected in the novel. By choosing the grandmother as a central …

Factors Influencing Decisions On Dental Services Among Caregivers Of The Elderly In Buriram Province, Thailand, Jeerasak Thipsoonthornchai

Journal of Health Research

Background: Dependent elderly individuals face challenges in accessing dental services. Caregivers play a key role in facilitating this access. This study explored factors influencing caregivers’ decisions to bring bedridden elderly individuals to receive dental care.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 540 randomly selected caregivers from a total of 1,216 in Buriram province. Data collected included caregiver demographics (age, gender, education, income, household size, living arrangements, and transportation used) and factors affecting access to public dental services. A structured interview tool assessed five dimensions: service adequacy (α = 0.776), service access (α = 0.864), convenience (α = 0.720), ability …

Factors Related To The Health Service Seeking Behaviors Of Buddhist Monks In Chiang Mai, Thailand, Nutthakit Sangkhan, Sineenart Chautrakarn, Waraporn Boonchieng, Surasak Saokaew, Pallop Siewchaisakul

Journal of Health Research

Background: Buddhist monks are considered a vulnerable population in terms of health; however, their health-seeking behaviors (HSB), and associated factors remain underexplored in Thailand. This study aims to investigate HSB and its determinants among Thai Buddhist Monk.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and March 2023 using a self-administered questionnaire. Stratified random sampling was applied. The questionnaire was based on an established HSB model. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with HSB across different levels of illness severity.

Results: A total of 385 monks surveyed, most preferred popular health care for mild illnesses and professional …

Effects Of A Mobile Application-Based Self-Management Program On Health Knowledge, Health Behaviors, And Glycemic Control In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Prapada Watcharanat

Journal of Health Research

Background: Managing diabetes in the elderly is challenging due to limited access to health education and support. While mHealth tools have improved self-management and glycaemic control, evidence in older populations is limited. This study evaluated the impact of a mobile app and telephone follow-up on diabetes knowledge, health behaviours, and HbA1C levels in elderly individuals with diabetes.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design was conducted. A total of 210 elderly individuals with diabetes were recruited and assigned to one of three groups: a mobile application group, a telephone follow-up group, and a control group (70 participants …

Development Of Edible Coatings To Enhance The Functional Properties And Shelf Life Of Food Authors, Sophie O Riordan, Lily Jaiswal, Shiv Shankar

Journal of Academic Research and Innovation

This publication explores the use of edible coatings made from a ternary blend of natural polymers—pectin (1%), gelatin (2%), and sodium alginate (3%)—combined with grapefruit essential oil (GEO) to extend the shelf life of cherry tomatoes (CTs). These natural polymers form flexible, edible films with good barrier properties, while GEO contributes antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. CTs were coated with varying GEO concentrations (0%, 5%, and 10%) and stored in original packaging at room temperature. Results showed that uncoated CTs lasted 7 days, while those with the ternary blend alone lasted 9 days. The addition of 5% and 10% GEO extended …

Development Of Antimicrobial Formulations From Natural Extracts And Zinc Nanoparticles, Mia Keane, Lily Jaiswal, Shiv Shankar

Journal of Academic Research and Innovation

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic bacteria represents a major global health challenge, demanding innovative strategies to address it. This study investigates the development of antimicrobial formulations by combining zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with natural extracts, particularly essential oils (EOs). ZnO NPs possess well-documented antimicrobial properties due to their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt bacterial membranes. Similarly, EOs are rich in bioactive compounds that can damage bacterial structures through mechanisms like membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition. The research focuses on synthesising and characterising ZnO NPs and evaluating their antimicrobial activity—both alone and …

Development Of Antimicrobial Formulations From Natural Extracts And Silver Nanoparticles, Ellen Hoey, Lily Jaiswal, Shiv Shankar

Journal of Academic Research and Innovation

Food waste is a current global issue due to the increasing population and climate change. With this in mind, consumers have become more aware of the need for sustainable food preservation methods and they search for natural products. Traditional preservatives can be toxic/harmful to humans in large doses. The increased demand is for using natural preservatives in food preservation such as essential oils (EOs) and Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In our research a green chemistry method was used to synthesise Silver nanoparticles AgNPs with the amino acid tyrosine. The AgNPs were characterised using UV-Vis, concentration and TEM. The AgNPs had a …

Development Of Biopolymer And Essential Oils-Based Edible Coatings To Enhance The Shelf Life Of Strawberries, Katie Wiseman, Lily Jaiswal, Shiv Shankar

Journal of Academic Research and Innovation

This study investigates the effectiveness of edible coatings in extending the shelf life of strawberries while enhancing their sensory properties too. The primary objective is to preserve the visual appeal, texture, and overall quality of strawberries during storage through the application of a bio-based edible coating. The coating formulation consisted of a ternary blend of pectin, sodium alginate, and gelatin, enriched with thyme essential oil at two concentrations (5% and 10%). Further, strawberries were immersed in the formulated coating solutions and stored under controlled conditions. The results revealed a significant extension in shelf life for coated strawberries up to 9 …

Special Issue, Nanolab Research Centre Students Articles, Preface And Contents, Furong Tian

Journal of Academic Research and Innovation

No abstract provided.