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2019

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Towards Generating Spatial Referring Expressions In A Social Robot: Dynamic Vs Non-Ambiguous, Cd Wallbridge, S Lemaignan, E Senft, T Belpaeme Jan 2019

Towards Generating Spatial Referring Expressions In A Social Robot: Dynamic Vs Non-Ambiguous, Cd Wallbridge, S Lemaignan, E Senft, T Belpaeme

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

No abstract provided.

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Performance Analysis Of Data Fragmentation Techniques On A Cloud Server, Nelson Santos, Salvatore Lentini, Enrico Grosso, Bogdan Ghita, Giovanni Masala Jan 2019

Performance Analysis Of Data Fragmentation Techniques On A Cloud Server, Nelson Santos, Salvatore Lentini, Enrico Grosso, Bogdan Ghita, Giovanni Masala

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

The advancements in virtualisation and distributed computing have allowed the cloud paradigm to become very popular among users and resources. It allows companies to save costs on infrastructure and maintenance and to focus on the development of products. However, this fast-growing paradigm has brought along some concerns from users, such as the integrity and security of the data, particularly in environments where users rely entirely on providers to secure their data. This paper explores different techniques to fragment data on the cloud and prevent direct unauthorised access to the data. It explores their performance on a cloud instance, where the …

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Formal Application Description Of Autonomous And Cooperative M2m Application Services, Michael Steinheimer, Ulrich Trick, Bogdan Ghita Jan 2019

Formal Application Description Of Autonomous And Cooperative M2m Application Services, Michael Steinheimer, Ulrich Trick, Bogdan Ghita

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

This publication presents a novel concept for designing M2M applications on end user level. A formal description language is introduced that enables formal description of M2M application semantic based on statemachines. The evaluation of several modelling languages for describing statemachine-based application semantic are analysed with the result that UML Statemachine Diagrams form the best fitting approach for the introduced formal description language. The defined concept of behavioural modelling M2M application through end users by means of statemachines forms a generalised, intuitive and platform independent methodology to define the semantic of M2M applications.

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Evaluation Of Landslide Occurrence Using Hydrological Model In Huai Nam Phung Subbasin, Thailand, Rugkiet Chansorn Jan 2019

Evaluation Of Landslide Occurrence Using Hydrological Model In Huai Nam Phung Subbasin, Thailand, Rugkiet Chansorn

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Huai Nam Phung subbasin, which is located at the boundary between Loei and Phetchabun provinces, is the area where landslides occur frequently. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the occurrence of landslides in this area by using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Meteorological data hydrological data and physical properties of soils processed with the Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze the physical data of the study area and use the TOPography based hydrological MODEL (TOPMODEL) combined with the theory of factor of safety in slope stability to simulate the slope stability between 2016 and 2017. According to the satellite imageries …

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In Vitro Safety And Permeation Assessments Of Lidocaine Loaded In Dissolving Microneedle Patch For Ocular Administration, Sirikool Thamnium Jan 2019

In Vitro Safety And Permeation Assessments Of Lidocaine Loaded In Dissolving Microneedle Patch For Ocular Administration, Sirikool Thamnium

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The challenge in ocular drug delivery have brought much attention in pharmaceutical research. Efforts have been made to improve the low bioavailability causing by physiological limitations of ophthalmic drug administration. Topical lidocaine solution is a popular choice for ocular treatment, but less than 5% of topically applied dose reached to the target site. Lidocaine loaded in dissolving microneedle patch was considered a good alternative approach to treating eyes. The study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of the lidocaine loaded in dissolving microneedle administration against human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) as well as ex vivo drug target localization with tissue penetration. …

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Machine Reading Comprehension For Multiclass Questions On Thai Corpus, Theerit Lapchaicharoenkit Jan 2019

Machine Reading Comprehension For Multiclass Questions On Thai Corpus, Theerit Lapchaicharoenkit

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Previous Thai question answering and machine reading comprehension researches focus on small scale dataset and do not utilize the deep learning approach to build the models. In this research, we develop a Thai machine reading comprehension (MRC) model on Thai MRC dataset provided by NECTEC. This dataset consists of 17,000 question-answer pairs and has two classes of questions, which are factoid and yes-no questions. We use BIDAF as the based MRC architecture. We have performed experiments with 3 different multiclass model designs, which includes special tokens, joint, and cascade model. We also utilize contextual embeddings for Thai language to enhance …

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A Generative Adversarial Network For Generating Realistic Users Using Embedding From Recommendation Systems, Parichat Chonwiharnphan Jan 2019

A Generative Adversarial Network For Generating Realistic Users Using Embedding From Recommendation Systems, Parichat Chonwiharnphan

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

User data has been used by many companies to understand user behaviors and find new business strategies. However, common techniques could not be used when it comes to new products that have not yet been released due to the fact that there are no prior data available. In this work, we propose a framework for generating realistic user data on new products which can then be analyzed for insights. Our model uses Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) with the Straight-Through Gumbel estimator which can also handle discrete-valued outputs. The CGAN is conditioned on product features learned using a recommendation system …

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Thai Stock Return Prediction Using Deep Learning Models With Stock Indicators And Textual Features, Tanawat Chiewhawan Jan 2019

Thai Stock Return Prediction Using Deep Learning Models With Stock Indicators And Textual Features, Tanawat Chiewhawan

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Stock prediction task is notoriously challenging due to the uncertainty and dynamic external factor which influence the stock behavior. Recently, Deep learning research is gaining popularity on this task but often focuses on only a particular type of data; numeric indicators or textual information. Moreover, most researches focus on only a single stock or a market index. In this paper, we aim to predict multiple stock returns using both types of data. The model consists of dual-stage attention recurrent neural network, our proposed stock relation inference framework, and textual features integration. The proposed stock relation inference help tackles multiple time-series …

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Private School Teacher Development Model Based On The Concepts Of Tpack And Productive Pedagogies, Natthawut Katechaiyo Jan 2019

Private School Teacher Development Model Based On The Concepts Of Tpack And Productive Pedagogies, Natthawut Katechaiyo

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The objectives of this research is to 1) study conceptual frameworks of teacher development, TPACK, and productive pedagogies. 2) study the current and desirable states of private school teacher development model based on the concepts of TPACK and productive pedagogies. And 3) develop a private school teacher development model based on the concepts of TPACK and productive pedagogies. This research applied multiphase mixed methods design. The population was 3,776 schools under the office of private education commission and the sample were 163 schools chosen through multi-stages random sampling method based on geographical locations, urban and rural areas, and school size. …

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Simulation Studies In Ferroresonant Phenomena On Distribution Transformers, Phinnakhone Phomvongsy Jan 2019

Simulation Studies In Ferroresonant Phenomena On Distribution Transformers, Phinnakhone Phomvongsy

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Ferroresonance phenomena often appear in any typical distribution systems consisting of drop-out fuse cutouts, overhead lines or power cables and a distribution transformer. Single-pole energization and fuse operation may lead to ferroresonance overvoltages, resulting in electrical equipment damage. The occurrence of ferroresonance depends on several factors including size and length of line, power rating and type of distribution transformer. This thesis presents two case studies involving ferroresonance phenomena. The first case studies the lengths of overhead lines and underground cables which create enough capacitive reactance for ferroresonance. The critical lengths are estimated by hand calculation and computer simulation. The obtained …

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Product Development Of Rice Milk Soap, Jiradej Ekthumrong Jan 2019

Product Development Of Rice Milk Soap, Jiradej Ekthumrong

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The objective of this research is to develop rice into rice milk soap using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in order to add value to the product. The current rice production process can produce some broken rice, which is of low value. In order to increase value, the study is conducted to develop it into rice milk soap product. Quality Function Deployment is used to analyze and develop the product that best answer customer needs. There are data collection on customers through surveys to gain insights used for product development and rough product to market business plan. The result of this …

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Quality Function Deployment (Qfd) For Designing Rock Sugar Chopping Machine, Janejira Pannavatkulthon Jan 2019

Quality Function Deployment (Qfd) For Designing Rock Sugar Chopping Machine, Janejira Pannavatkulthon

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The objective of this research is to study and apply the principles of quality function deployment to design rock sugar chopping machine for selected sugar factory in order to increase productivity of current chopping process. The design of machine is analyzed using House of Quality which is a part of quality function deployment methodology. The data collection was conducted by on-site investigation and face-to-face interview with the owner of sugar factory. It is found that the main problem of this factory is inadequate of in-house production capacity and the bottleneck of manufacturing processes is chopping process. The result of this …

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Assessing Feasibility Of Water Accounting Toolkit For In A Poultry Processing Plant, Kantinant Silabhusith Jan 2019

Assessing Feasibility Of Water Accounting Toolkit For In A Poultry Processing Plant, Kantinant Silabhusith

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In this project, we will be looking into the use of a toolkit called water accounting as applied to a food processing plant and determine its effectiveness as a toolkit for monitoring water usage in a factory. The main objective of this thesis report is to 1. Recommend reducing water consumption by applying the water accounting toolkit. 2. Provide a standardized tool for the case study company to measure their sustainability progress and communicate that information clearly. This report will also discuss the extent in which the company can reduce their water consumption and their various methods in which to …

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Automatic Method For Avian Red Blood Cell And Heterophil Counting Using Iterative Thresholding, Tanapat Autaiem Jan 2019

Automatic Method For Avian Red Blood Cell And Heterophil Counting Using Iterative Thresholding, Tanapat Autaiem

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Thailand is one of the top broiler exporters. Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counting is one of the most basic methods for health screening process. Because the mammalian and avian blood is different, the mammalian blood analyzing techniques cannot be used, so the counting is done manually. This thesis proposes an automatic counting method for avian RBCs and heterophils, the most common type of avian WBC. The detection of avian RBC is challenging because of elliptic nucleated cell, the possibility of overlapped cells, and various staining. Otsu’s multiple thresholding method is used to automatically extract nuclei …

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Improvement Of Inventory Policy For Furniture Fittings Manufacturer, Natchaya Suntipiromkul Jan 2019

Improvement Of Inventory Policy For Furniture Fittings Manufacturer, Natchaya Suntipiromkul

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The objective of this research is to improve the management of inventory in a furniture fittings manufacturer so that shortage and overstock could be reduced. Based on our initial investigations, such inventory problems were caused not only by inefficient production planning but also a lack of inventory control system that linked those plans with the stocks of raw material required. To better address the issues, two different models have been therefore proposed, namely more accurate demand forecasting models for products with different demand patterns and inventory control models for raw materials of those products. Regarding the development of more accurate …

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Tracking System Design For A Production Warehouse Of Automobile Condensers, Kittisak Lertkajornkitti Jan 2019

Tracking System Design For A Production Warehouse Of Automobile Condensers, Kittisak Lertkajornkitti

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In order to survive in a harshly competitive market, a company needs to enhance not only its core operational efficiency but also the performance of other business functions, including the supportive ones. As such, in this thesis, we will explore how we could improve the performance of one important supportive operation in a Thai automobile condenser manufacturer, namely the warehousing process, using RFID tracking technology. RFID tracking technology is brought into consideration by the company’s management team due to its current warehousing issues, including inventory mismatch, inventory misplacement, and faulty delivery. We found that the root cause of these problems …

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Application Of Battery Energy Storage System For Frequency Regulation Of Mae Hong Son Microgrid, Arnon Teawnarong Jan 2019

Application Of Battery Energy Storage System For Frequency Regulation Of Mae Hong Son Microgrid, Arnon Teawnarong

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Mae Hong Son microgrid in an isolated mode has low inertia. Therefore, when a disturbance occurs, the system frequency is subjected to a large deviation, which may lead to a blackout. The installation of a battery energy storage system (BESS) will improve the frequency response performance of the microgrid system in both islanding and grid-connected modes. The objective of this thesis is to investigate and compare BESS control methods for providing primary and secondary frequency response. The results show that the control of BESS for providing primary frequency response using virtual droop and virtual inertia approaches can reduce the frequency …

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An Implementation Of Stock Allocation Plan Of Retail Store Based On Cluster Analysis, Punnakrit Natekijcharoen Jan 2019

An Implementation Of Stock Allocation Plan Of Retail Store Based On Cluster Analysis, Punnakrit Natekijcharoen

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This thesis presents an implementation of cluster analysis on retail store clustering so that better cluster-based stock allocation plans could be effectively devised and efficiently executed. For the case study company, stock allocation is one of its key strategic decisions as improper stock allocation, especially during special occurrences with high sale volumes, may lead to loss of sales – and so overstocking at some stores/clusters. Based on our initial investigations, we find that the current clustering technique is somewhat inefficient as it simply divides the stores into four groups with equal members based on store’s sales performance. Besides, the coefficient …

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An Interlanguage Study Of Lexical Priming And The Acquisition Of English Vocabulary By L1 Thai Learners, Suparuthai It-Ngam Jan 2019

An Interlanguage Study Of Lexical Priming And The Acquisition Of English Vocabulary By L1 Thai Learners, Suparuthai It-Ngam

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The present study explored English vocabulary acquisition of L1 Thai learners. The lexical priming, which implies the lexical access, was examined to illustrate the vocabulary acquisition. The organization of the mental lexicon and the lexical processing of Thai learners were examined using the lexical priming experiments. The factors affecting the vocabulary acquisition were also investigated through qualitative approach. The present interlanguage study is a cross-sectional research that compared the English vocabulary acquisition of the learners with different degrees of language exposure. The sample groups were selected by stratified random sampling. They were Thai undergraduates who were living in Thailand. The …

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Co-Creating Built Environment For Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Ban Moh, Mahasarakham Province, Chainun Prompen Jan 2019

Co-Creating Built Environment For Sustainable Development: A Case Study Of Ban Moh, Mahasarakham Province, Chainun Prompen

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Co-creation has been used widely in many fields, including innovation design, service design, and district development. In Thailand, many development projects apply co-creation as an approach to development. However, the academic knowledge about co-creating built environment in Thailand is limited and remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to understand the processes and practices of co-creating built environment in the context of Thailand through the description and analysis of cases. The four case studies described here include the Chantaboon riverfront community in Chantaburi Province, Ban Pred Nai community in Trat Province, Ban Mun Kong project in Samut Prakan Province, and Pru …

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Policy For Sustainable Informal Transport - A Case Study Of Feeder Services In Bangkok, Thailand, Chutaporn Amrapala Jan 2019

Policy For Sustainable Informal Transport - A Case Study Of Feeder Services In Bangkok, Thailand, Chutaporn Amrapala

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

One informal public transport service in Bangkok is Silor (SR), given the meaning in Thai as four-wheeler. SR facilitates urban mobility both in terms of major travel mode and feeder bus and mass transit lines in the city. This research aims to investigate service characteristics and challenges of SR service, identify factors affecting the use and non-use of SR, explore travel behavior and attitudes to determine service delivery gaps in order to propose policy recommendations for the better functioning of SR service. Interviews are conducted through questionnaire survey to collect data from supply side, including drivers and regulators, and demand …

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A Neural Network-Based Method For Solving A Dynamic Investment And Consumption Problem With Transaction Costs And Stochastic Volatility, Kittipong Noonoi Jan 2019

A Neural Network-Based Method For Solving A Dynamic Investment And Consumption Problem With Transaction Costs And Stochastic Volatility, Kittipong Noonoi

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Optimal investment and consumption problem with proportional transaction costs known as Davis \& Norman problem is a challenging portfolio free-boundary problem to solve. According to the HJB equation, see Davis and Norman (1990), there are three optimal regions i.e. no-trade region, buy region, and sell region in which different actions are prescribed. However, the two boundaries separating the three regions are unknown and it is crucial to discover them in order to obtain the optimal policy. Nonetheless, under a special class of model in which the excess return of stock is assumed to be positively linear in variance reflecting the …

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A Reinforcement Learning Model For Lending Problems With Limited Budget And Insufficient Data, Radaporn Autravisittikul Jan 2019

A Reinforcement Learning Model For Lending Problems With Limited Budget And Insufficient Data, Radaporn Autravisittikul

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Traditional lending policy requires sufficient data for making lending decisions, therefore, some small companies could not access to the fund. In this study, we propose a decision making model that can decide whether to accept or reject a sequence of unfamiliar loan applications while having a limited budget. Our model does not have any knowledge about the incoming loans, therefore, it can predict the default probability with low accuracy at the beginning. The model can learn by observing the outcomes of the accepted loans. The model's budget increases every time the model accepts a fully paid loan and decreases when …

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Correlation Development Of Wax Deposition Prediction From Fang Oil Field, Aung Thwin Thu Aye Jan 2019

Correlation Development Of Wax Deposition Prediction From Fang Oil Field, Aung Thwin Thu Aye

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In petroleum industry, wax deposition is a critical operational challenge. It occurs in various locations in the petroleum production chain including well tubing. Hexane, chemical inhibitor, is used to prevent the wax problem of oil from Fang oilfield by the measurement of pour point, wax appearance temperature (WAT) and wax deposition. An increasing shear rate can reduce WAT and the deposited amount increases with lowering the temperature in Fang crude oil. Moreover, the non-linear regression analysis of Fang crude oil with and without hexane in different conditions are done for all three tests. Those regression analysis equations can predict WAT …

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Ore Reserve Estimation By Using A Geostatistical Tool At Heinda Mine,Tanintharyi Region,Union Of Myanmar, Aye Min Tun - Jan 2019

Ore Reserve Estimation By Using A Geostatistical Tool At Heinda Mine,Tanintharyi Region,Union Of Myanmar, Aye Min Tun -

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Heinda mine is one of major tin producers in Myanmar. The mine has been operated for over 100 years. The mine falls at Latitude 14° 8’ N and Longitude 98° 27’ E, approximately about 45 kilometers to the east of Dawei. The ore reserve is the principal factor of mining venture. The aim of this study is to improve the ore reserve estimation by using geostatistical method (ordinary kriging) compared with conventional method (polygonal method) In geostatistical evaluation, it involved variogram analysis, variogram modelling and kriging estimation. The exponential variogram modelling was used to calculate the ordinary kriging estimation. The …

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Pre-Feasibility Study On Granite Quarry For Aggregate: A Case Study At Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, Bee Ziyivang Jan 2019

Pre-Feasibility Study On Granite Quarry For Aggregate: A Case Study At Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, Bee Ziyivang

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study aims to develop long term mine planning and design, equipment requirement calculation, and financial model analysis of mining and crushing plant. The ore reserve estimation and pit design carried out by using MineSight software (Ver. 9.50). A discounted cash flow model (DCF) and sensitivity analysis used to evaluate the financial project. Based on our study, the open-pit mining method was advisable for mine planning and design. Ore reserve estimated to 48.4 Mtons under the mining operation of 2.4 Mtos per year. The project time frame is 22 years which spends 21 years for operation and one year for …

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Effectiveness Evaluation Of Fluorescent Tracer In Shaly-Sandstone Reservoir, Harid Pataveepaisit Jan 2019

Effectiveness Evaluation Of Fluorescent Tracer In Shaly-Sandstone Reservoir, Harid Pataveepaisit

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In petroleum exploration and production industry, tracer is a compound added to injected fluids, and can be easily detected even in a trace amount. Fluorescein sodium, a chemical tracer that can illuminate upon receiving a specific wavelength of light, was mentioned by several literatures due to its strong fluorescence at low concentration, non-toxicity, and non-biodegradability. In this study, fluorescein sodium in the form of fluorescein solution was evaluated with shaly-sandstone to observe their interactions. The first half of this study focused on the evaluation of the chemical characteristics of fluorescein. First, the detection limit of fluorescein solution in deionized water …

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Pm2.5, Pm10 Air Pollution And Associated Heavy Metals In Traffic Congested And Construction Areas Of Bangkok, Paphinwit Thammasaroj Jan 2019

Pm2.5, Pm10 Air Pollution And Associated Heavy Metals In Traffic Congested And Construction Areas Of Bangkok, Paphinwit Thammasaroj

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The capital city of Thailand, Bangkok, is facing a serious problem caused by overpopulation and traffic congestion. In the this work, particulate matter, both PM2.5 (diameter < 2.5 μm) and PM10 (diameter < 10 μm) were quantified at the road nears construction areas and road with high traffic; compared with a control area. The sampling area comprised of Pattanakarn Road and Srinagarindra Road located on the eastern route, located between the inbound and outbound junction. Mini-volume air sampler was used to collect PM2.5, while cyclone air samplers were used to collect PM10. The samples were collected from November to December 2018, for 12 hours per day for 5 days at each sites. The collected samples were then digested by using microwave digestion for heavy metal components like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Then, they were analyzed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) to quantify the heavy metal concentrations. Video recorders were installed at each sampling areas to monitor the traffic flow and it was found that construction areas were the most crowded. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the construction areas were higher than those in traffic areas with no construction and the background site (a park), which had no impacts from construction and traffic. Heavy metals associated with particulate matter emitted during construction activities is an emerging environmental issue; however, construction activities are required for convenience and development. This study provides important data required to monitor the future trends of air pollution sources.

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Adsorption Of Haloacetonitriles By Carbonized Metal-Organic Frameworks, Phattarawarin Rodbutr Jan 2019

Adsorption Of Haloacetonitriles By Carbonized Metal-Organic Frameworks, Phattarawarin Rodbutr

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This research investigated adsorption efficiency of four including; Chloroacetonitrile (MCAN), Dichloriacetonitrile (DCAN), Bromoacetonitrile (MBAN) and Dibromoacetonitrle (DBAN) on five acid-washed carbonized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (WC-ZIF-8, WC-MIL-53, WC-MIL-88B, WC-UiO-66 and WC-HKUST-1) compared with powder activated carbon (PAC S10). The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, FTIR and XPS. The screening experiment revealed that WC-MIL-88B, WC-ZIF-8, and PAC had highest adsorption capacities for four HANs, respectively. The HANs molecular size and their hydrophobicity influenced the adsorption rates of HANs in the order of DBAN>DCAN>MBAN>MCAN. The adsorption isotherms showed that Di-halogenic HANs (DBAN and DCAN) can …

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Reducing The Defects Of A-Pillar Stamping Partin Automotive Assembly Process, Hassakorn Rojpitinithikorn Jan 2019

Reducing The Defects Of A-Pillar Stamping Partin Automotive Assembly Process, Hassakorn Rojpitinithikorn

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The goal of this research is to minimize defects in the process of automotive assembly. Regarding the one-year defect and value; the biggest defect cost come from portion of the A-Pillar stamping parts. Therefore, by using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to examine it and perform experiments using the Design of Experiment (DOE), we investigated the production process as well as figuring out the cause of the problems that happen in the stamping process. The results found that the issue arose from the design of stamping die, which is the risk of springback problems of parts, is not good …

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