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Articles 5941 - 5970 of 27541
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Detection Of Tobacco Mildew Based On Electronic Nose Technology, Huang Xingyi, Chen Wei
Detection Of Tobacco Mildew Based On Electronic Nose Technology, Huang Xingyi, Chen Wei
Food and Machinery
Mildew is one of the important factors affecting the quality of pipe tobacco. A detection method was developed for identification of moldy pipe tobacco based on electronic nose. Five SnO2 semiconductor gas sensors were selected to construct a sensor array of the electronic nose. Back propagation neural network (BPNN) was employed as the pattern recognition method. Two feature parameters were extracted from response curves of each sensor, and principal component analysis (PCA) and BPNN were used to process feature data of the whole sensor array. The results of PCA showed the obvious separability of moldy and normal pipe tobacco, …
Research On Rapid Identification Methods Of Edible Starch, Tang Xiaolan, He Yan, Huang Yan
Research On Rapid Identification Methods Of Edible Starch, Tang Xiaolan, He Yan, Huang Yan
Food and Machinery
Using ordinary optical microscope technology, by comparing the granule shape and size of kudzu root starch, fern root starch, lotus root starch, lily starch, cassava starch, corn starch, sweet potato starch, potato starch, to identify the source and types of starch, solved the difficult problem of starch adulteration. This method is simple, less equipment investment, easy maintenance, low cost, batch testing, especially suitable for rapid supervision, inspection and a lot of starch samples for detection in business, facilitating the popularization.
Mechanism Of Different Inhibitors On Apple Polyphenol Oxidase In A Model System, Yi Jianhua, Dong Xinling, Zhu Zhenbao, Zhao Xuemeng
Mechanism Of Different Inhibitors On Apple Polyphenol Oxidase In A Model System, Yi Jianhua, Dong Xinling, Zhu Zhenbao, Zhao Xuemeng
Food and Machinery
In order to study the mechanisms of different inhibitors such as 4-HR, oxalic acid, phytic acid, and benzoic acid on apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chlorogenic acid was chosen as substrates in a model apple juice. The results show that the inhibitory mode of 4-HR and oxalic acid were found to be of the competitive type since Km values increased with increasing 4-HR and oxalic acid concentration and Vmax value remained unchanged. Phytic acid was the mixed inhibitor whereas benzoic acid was a noncompetitive inhibitor. This study will provide a theoretical basis for controlling enzymatic browning in apple juice.
Effect Of Chitosan Compound Preservative Combined With Modified Atmosphere Packaging On Quality Of Fresh-Cut Eggplant During Storage, Xie Jing, Wang Tai, Yang Shengping
Effect Of Chitosan Compound Preservative Combined With Modified Atmosphere Packaging On Quality Of Fresh-Cut Eggplant During Storage, Xie Jing, Wang Tai, Yang Shengping
Food and Machinery
Fresh-cut eggplant is popular with consumers because of its instance and hygiene, however, its shelflife is limited. To prolong the shelflife of fresh-cut eggplant, the effects were studied for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, 2% CO2+5% O2+93% N2) and the combined treatment of preservative solution (1.5% chitosan+10% ascorbic acid+1% CaCl2+2% citric acid) and MAP on the quality of fresh-cut eggplant. The quality indices including sensory quality, browning degree, firmness, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and total bacterial counts were detected during 10 days of storage at (10±1) ℃. After 8 days of storage, the L …
Effects Of Controlled Atmosphere, Ozone And 1-Mcp On Chayote Quality During Storage, Li Yu, Qin Wen, Li Jie, Guo Yuanzhao
Effects Of Controlled Atmosphere, Ozone And 1-Mcp On Chayote Quality During Storage, Li Yu, Qin Wen, Li Jie, Guo Yuanzhao
Food and Machinery
Three preservation methods including controlled atmosphere (5% O2+5% CO2+90% N2), ozone(5 mg/L), and 1-MCP(900 nL/L)were used on chayote stored at (9±1) ℃ and relative humidity 90%~95% to investigate the changes of storage quality during storage time. The results showed that the fruits of three treatment groups had maintained better quality compared with the untreated group. Meanwhile, the respiratory climacteric peak of group treated with 1-MCP was 15 days later than other groups which showed up on 15th d. What's more, with the lowest respiration rate at 4.27 mg CO2/(kg·h) on 90 …
Effect Of Cold Shock Treatment On Ripening And Cold Resistance Of Banana Fruits, Qiu Jiarong, Wang Zejin, Zhang Liangqing, Lin Zhenshan
Effect Of Cold Shock Treatment On Ripening And Cold Resistance Of Banana Fruits, Qiu Jiarong, Wang Zejin, Zhang Liangqing, Lin Zhenshan
Food and Machinery
Banzai banana was treated by 0 ℃ cold shock 2, 3, 4, 5 h and 3 ℃ cold shock treatment 4, 6, 8, 10 h, stored at (8±0.5) ℃ of 30 d, ripened at (20±0.5) ℃ of the constant temperature box, and the chilling injury symptoms and postripeness were observed. And 3 ℃ cold shock treatment 6 h of banana fruits were regularly sampled and measured cold resistance physiological indexes during the period of (8±0.5) ℃. The results showed that: compared with the control group, 3 ℃ cold shock 6h could significantly reduce the chilling injury index, improve the quality …
Applied Research On Determination Of Mutton's Freshness By Temperature-Time Indicator System Based On Lipase Detection, Tian Pan, Lu Shiling, Guo Sujuan
Applied Research On Determination Of Mutton's Freshness By Temperature-Time Indicator System Based On Lipase Detection, Tian Pan, Lu Shiling, Guo Sujuan
Food and Machinery
Mutton's biochemical, physicochemical and microbial indexes were measured with a temperature-time indicator system based on lipase detection in the cold chain logistics of mutton. These indexes include TVBN, POV, shear force, the total number of microorganisms, pH, muscle color odor, flexibility, organization morphological etc. The results showed that the color of the indicator card was associated with the freshness of mutton directly. When the mutton was at first grade, the pH of the mixed indicator was greater than 7.5, the color was purple, blue, green, blue, turquoise. When at second grade, the pH of mixed indicator was 7.50~6.80, the color …
Study On In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Starfish Asterina Pectinifera Bodywall Polysaccharide Using Electron Spin, Liu Shan, Li Nan, Fu Hui, Xu Zhe, Chang Sijia, Qin Lei, Dong Xiuping, Qi Hang
Study On In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Starfish Asterina Pectinifera Bodywall Polysaccharide Using Electron Spin, Liu Shan, Li Nan, Fu Hui, Xu Zhe, Chang Sijia, Qin Lei, Dong Xiuping, Qi Hang
Food and Machinery
The raw polysaccharide and refined polysaccharide were prepared from the body wall of fresh starfish Asterina pectinifera. The scavenging capacity of the raw polysaccharide and refined polysaccharide on hydroxyl radical,DPPH radical and superoxide anion were detected using electron spin resonance (ESR). The result indicated that the polysaccharide from the body wall of fresh starfish Asterina pectinifera possessed a certain scavenging capacity. And this scavenging capacity was enhanced with concentration rising. The IC50 values of three radical scavenging activities of raw polysaccharide were 59.56,27.29,31.36 mg/mL and the IC50 values of three radical scavenging activities of refined polysaccharide are 44.96,13.97,3051 …
Separation And Purification Of Tea Saponin By Membrane Separation Combined With Macroporous Resin, Cheng Wenjuan, Xie Hairong, Qin Yong, Liu Rong, Deng Zeyuan
Separation And Purification Of Tea Saponin By Membrane Separation Combined With Macroporous Resin, Cheng Wenjuan, Xie Hairong, Qin Yong, Liu Rong, Deng Zeyuan
Food and Machinery
The combination technology of membrane separation technology and macroporous resin purification technology have been adopted to separate and purify tea saponin. Tea saponin extractive was preliminarily purified and concentrated by flowing through ceramic membrane and 360 Da nanofiltration membrane in sequence, the yield and purity of tea saponin is 62.1% and 79%, respectively. On the basis of static adsorption and desorption as well as dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments, the macroporous resin AmberliteXAD7HP was selected for further purification. the The optimum conditions for purification of tea saponin using macroporous resin were established by single factor tests as follows: the sample …
Study On Inteneration And Sterilization Of Areca By High-Temperature Dry Steam Treatment, Li Zhi, Xu Huanhuan, Deng Jianyang, Jiang Xuewei, Li Hao
Study On Inteneration And Sterilization Of Areca By High-Temperature Dry Steam Treatment, Li Zhi, Xu Huanhuan, Deng Jianyang, Jiang Xuewei, Li Hao
Food and Machinery
The effects were studied for the inteneration of areca hull and sterilization of endophytes in areca using high-temperature with dry steam treatment. The results showed that the optimal conditions were 110 ℃, 0.05 MPa, 15 min, which would intenerate areca fiber better and would not affect other characteristics of qualities. Under the same conditions, it also had a bacteria reduction or sterilization effect, which providing a new harmless and more effective method replacing the atmospheric cooking.
Effect Of Decoloring Process On The Quality Of Fish Skin Collagen Peptides, Zhang Meng, Wang Baozhou, Chen Jun, Weng Wuyin
Effect Of Decoloring Process On The Quality Of Fish Skin Collagen Peptides, Zhang Meng, Wang Baozhou, Chen Jun, Weng Wuyin
Food and Machinery
Collagen peptides from tilapia skin were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis with protamex, and effects of activated carbon and macroporous adsorption resin on decolorizing of peptides were investigated. Based on the decolorizing rate and peptide loss, the optimum decolorizing conditions of collagen peptides were determined by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum decolorizing conditions of activated carbon were pH 4.5, 2% (m/V) activated carbon dosage, decolorizing time of 60 min and protein concentration of 50 mg/mL. Under those conditions, the decolorizing rate and peptide loss of collagen peptides were 92.66% and 11.23%, respectively. However, the decolorizing effect of macroporous …
Effects Of Non-Starch Polysaccharides In Wheat Bran On Quality Of Baking Products, Wang Li, Yang Wei, Qian Haifeng, Zhang Hui, Qi Xiguang
Effects Of Non-Starch Polysaccharides In Wheat Bran On Quality Of Baking Products, Wang Li, Yang Wei, Qian Haifeng, Zhang Hui, Qi Xiguang
Food and Machinery
The effects of non-starch polysaccharides in wheat bran, arabinoxylans and β-glucan, on the quality of baking products were summarized. Their structure characteristics, physicochemical properties and physiological functions of the two non-starch polysaccharides were introduced. Their effects on the quality of baking products were also summarized on the base of analyzing their rheological properties, nutrition, sensory quality, and storage. At last, the related mechanisms were discussed.
Mathematical Biology Seminar | Industrial Fermentation, Aug 28, Ohio University College Of Arts & Sciences
Mathematical Biology Seminar | Industrial Fermentation, Aug 28, Ohio University College Of Arts & Sciences
All Forum Articles
No abstract provided.
Development Of The Crispr/Cas9 System For Targeted Gene Disruption In Aspergillus Fumigatus, Kevin Fuller, Shan Chen, Jennifer J. Loros, Jay C. Dunlap
Development Of The Crispr/Cas9 System For Targeted Gene Disruption In Aspergillus Fumigatus, Kevin Fuller, Shan Chen, Jennifer J. Loros, Jay C. Dunlap
Dartmouth Scholarship
Low rates of homologous recombination have broadly encumbered genetic studies in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. The CRISPR/Cas9 system of bacteria has recently been developed for targeted mutagenesis of eukaryotic genomes with high effi- ciency and, importantly, through a mechanism independent of homologous repair machinery. As this new technology has not been developed for use in A. fumigatus, we sought to test its feasibility for targeted gene disruption in this organism. As a proof of principle, we first demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 can indeed be used for high-efficiency (25 to 53%) targeting of the A. fu- migatus polyketide synthase gene (pksP), …
Effect Of Shock Wave Frequency On Treatment Outcomes In Patients With Renal Stone Treated By Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy, Samir Ali Muter, Ziad Hammad Abd, Hasan Ali Rasheed, Noorulhuda Mukhlif Najm Al-Ani
Effect Of Shock Wave Frequency On Treatment Outcomes In Patients With Renal Stone Treated By Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy, Samir Ali Muter, Ziad Hammad Abd, Hasan Ali Rasheed, Noorulhuda Mukhlif Najm Al-Ani
Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: since the introduction of ESWL in treatment of renal stones, it remained the first option for most renal and ureteric stones, with a success rate ranging from 60% to 90%. Multiple variables can affect treatment outcome, including those related to the machine, dose administered, and factors related to the patient; the exact role of most of these factors is still under study. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of shock wave frequency on treatment outcomes in terms of success and complication rates. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 139 patients with radio-opaque renal stones, presented to the Urology consultancy clinic during the …
Lung Cancer In Non- Smoker Patients In Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Hamza Abdullah Al Sabah, Asaad Abdal Hameed, Abdulla Janger Alfarttoosi
Lung Cancer In Non- Smoker Patients In Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Hamza Abdullah Al Sabah, Asaad Abdal Hameed, Abdulla Janger Alfarttoosi
Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Despite the predominance of tobacco smoking as its presumed etiology, lung cancer is also a significant health problem in those with no history of smoking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of lung cancer in non smokers patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrograde across-sectional study conducted at Baghdad teaching hospital during the period from 14th February 2012 to 8th January 2013. Including 100 patients with proved lung cancer all were never smokers.Medical records of those patients were revised, data were collected regarding sociodemographic characteristics of patients and medical history in addition to the clinical …
Effect Of Hand Deformities On Hand Function In A Sample Of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Khudair Z. Al-Bidri, Mohammed S. Al-Omran
Effect Of Hand Deformities On Hand Function In A Sample Of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Khudair Z. Al-Bidri, Mohammed S. Al-Omran
Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease that commonly affects the small joints of the hands and feet, and results in irreversible joint damage, deformity, and functional impairment. Hand function is an important domain of the health status of RA patients. Assessment of hand function, therefore, is an essential part in the follow-up of RA patients and in gauging their response to treatment. Numerous measures were developed to evaluate the hand function. One widely accepted measure includes simple clinical tests: Key grip, ball grasp, pen grasp, pinch grip and grip strength. OBJECTIVE: This study aims …
Removal Of Terrestrial Doc In Aquatic Ecosystems Of A Temperate River Network, Wilfred M. Wollheim, Robert J. Stewart, G. R. Aiken, K. D. Butler, N. B. Morse, Joseph E. Salisbury
Removal Of Terrestrial Doc In Aquatic Ecosystems Of A Temperate River Network, Wilfred M. Wollheim, Robert J. Stewart, G. R. Aiken, K. D. Butler, N. B. Morse, Joseph E. Salisbury
Faculty Publications
Surface waters play a potentially important role in the global carbon balance. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes are a major transfer of terrestrial carbon to river systems, and the fate of DOC in aquatic systems is poorly constrained. We used a unique combination of spatially distributed sampling of three DOC fractions throughout a river network and modeling to quantify the net removal of terrestrial DOC during a summer base flow period. We found that aquatic reactivity of terrestrial DOC leading to net loss is low, closer to conservative chloride than to reactive nitrogen. Net removal occurred mainly from the hydrophobic …
Some Issues In Unsupervised Feature Selection Using Similarity., Partha Pratim Kundu Dr.
Some Issues In Unsupervised Feature Selection Using Similarity., Partha Pratim Kundu Dr.
Doctoral Theses
Pattern recognition is what humans do most of the time, without any conscious effort, and fortunately excel in. Information is received through various sensory organs, processed simultaneously in the brain, and its source is instantaneously identified without any perceptible effort. The interesting issue is that recognition occurs even under non-ideal conditions, i.e., when information is vague, imprecise or incomplete. In reality, most human activities depend on the success in performing various pattern recognition tasks. Let us consider an example. Before boarding a train or bus, we first select the appropriate one by identifying either the route number or its destination …
Yinyang Bipolar Quantum Geometry And Bipolar Quantum Superposition Part Ii—Toward An Equilibrium-Based Analytical Paradigm Of Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Biology, Wen-Ran Zhang, Francesco Marchetti
Yinyang Bipolar Quantum Geometry And Bipolar Quantum Superposition Part Ii—Toward An Equilibrium-Based Analytical Paradigm Of Quantum Mechanics And Quantum Biology, Wen-Ran Zhang, Francesco Marchetti
Computing: Faculty Publications
In Part I of this paper, YinYang bipolar quantum agent (BQA), bipolar quantum geometry (BQG) and 2-dimensional generic bipolar quantum superposition are introduced with a geometrical and logical exposition of Dirac 3-polarizer experiment. While the exposition qualifies BQG as a geometry of light, it is shown in this paper that the logical exposition can be extended to an analytical paradigm of quantum mechanics and quantum biology. It is shown that BQG as the geometry of light is also the geometry of Nature with a logical unification of matter and antimatter atoms into a bipolar quantum cellular automaton (BQCA) through multidimensional …
Water Expert: A Conceptualized Framework For Development Of A Rule-Based Decision Support System For Distribution System Decontamination, J. L. Gutenson, A. N. S. Ernest, J. R. Fattic, L. E. Ormsbee, A. A. Oubeidillah, X. Zhang
Water Expert: A Conceptualized Framework For Development Of A Rule-Based Decision Support System For Distribution System Decontamination, J. L. Gutenson, A. N. S. Ernest, J. R. Fattic, L. E. Ormsbee, A. A. Oubeidillah, X. Zhang
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications
Significant drinking water contamination events pose a serious threat to public and environmental health. Water utilities often must make timely, critical decisions without evaluating all facets of the incident. The data needed to enact informed decisions are inevitably dispersant and disparate, originating from policy, science, and heuristic contributors. Water Expert is a functioning hybrid decision support system (DSS) and expert system framework that emphasizes the meshing of parallel data structures in order to expedite and optimize the decision pathway. Delivered as a thin-client application through the user's web browser, Water Expert's extensive knowledgebase is a product of inter-university collaboration …
Population Dynamics Of Empoasca Fabae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) In Central Iowa Alfalfa Fields, L. A. Weiser Erlandson, John J. Obrycki
Population Dynamics Of Empoasca Fabae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) In Central Iowa Alfalfa Fields, L. A. Weiser Erlandson, John J. Obrycki
Entomology Faculty Publications
Adults and nymphs of Empoasca fabae Harris (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and adults of predatory species in the families Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, Chrysopidae, and Hemerobiidae were sampled in Iowa alfalfa fields from June to September in 1999 and 2000. The relationship between each predatory taxa and E. fabae was examined using regression analysis. In 2000, all predators were found to be positively correlated with the presence of E. fabae during all periods sampled and most likely contributed to mortality. Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthoridae) was the most numerous insect predatory species; population numbers ranged from 0 to 1 and 0.1 to 3.7 …
Yinyang Bipolar Quantum Geometry And Bipolar Quantum Superposition Part I—A Background Independent Geometrical And Logical Exposition Of Dirac 3-Polarizer Experiment, Wen-Ran Zhang, Francesco Marchetti
Yinyang Bipolar Quantum Geometry And Bipolar Quantum Superposition Part I—A Background Independent Geometrical And Logical Exposition Of Dirac 3-Polarizer Experiment, Wen-Ran Zhang, Francesco Marchetti
Computing: Faculty Publications
Bipolar quantum agent (BQA), bipolar quantum geometry (BQG) and bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) are introduced based on bipolar complementarity – a logical extension to Niels Bohr’s particle-wave YinYang duality principle. Complete geometrical background independence is proposed and BQG is proven completely background independent which leads to the notion of bipolar quantum superposition – an equilibrium-based logical approach to superposition. It is shown that the logical linearity of BDL can be unified with the physical nonlinearity of bipolar dynamic equilibrium. It is proven that a single polarized photon as a BQA can be logically channeled through the three polarizers in Dirac’s …
Research Progress On Cold Chain Logistics Technique Of Vegetables, Yan Can, Liu Sheng, Jia Lie, Wang Da, Zhang Xiaofang
Research Progress On Cold Chain Logistics Technique Of Vegetables, Yan Can, Liu Sheng, Jia Lie, Wang Da, Zhang Xiaofang
Food and Machinery
The postharvest vegetables have high respiration rate and are easy to perish at high temperature with high moisture. Therefore, it is very important for postharvest vegetables to precool the temperature approach the appropriate storage temperature. Then the vegetables are stored, transported, sold and preserved in fridges in the condition. Cold chain logistic is a physical method, keeping qualities and prolonging the shelf life of vegetables, and then providing customers with fresh, green, safety, nutrition vegetables. In this review, the author described situations and applications of precooling, storage, transportation and marketing of vegetables at home and abroad, which provide a reference …
Field Test Of A Remote Multi-Path Clads Methane Sensor, Genevieve Plant, Michal Nikodem, Phil Mulhall, Ruth K. Varner, David Sonnenfroh, Gerard Wysocki
Field Test Of A Remote Multi-Path Clads Methane Sensor, Genevieve Plant, Michal Nikodem, Phil Mulhall, Ruth K. Varner, David Sonnenfroh, Gerard Wysocki
Faculty Publications
Existing technologies for quantifying methane emissions are often limited to single point sensors, making large area environmental observations challenging. We demonstrate the operation of a remote, multi-path system using Chirped Laser Dispersion Spectroscopy (CLaDS) for quantification of atmospheric methane concentrations over extended areas, a technology that shows potential for monitoring emissions from wetlands.
Mitochondrial Activity And Cyr1 Are Key Regulators Of Ras1 Activation Of C. Albicans Virulence Pathways, Nora Grahl, Elora G. Demers, Allia K. Lindsay, Colleen E. Harty, Sven D. Wilger, Amy E. Piispanen, Deborah A. Hogan
Mitochondrial Activity And Cyr1 Are Key Regulators Of Ras1 Activation Of C. Albicans Virulence Pathways, Nora Grahl, Elora G. Demers, Allia K. Lindsay, Colleen E. Harty, Sven D. Wilger, Amy E. Piispanen, Deborah A. Hogan
Dartmouth Scholarship
Candida albicans is both a major fungal pathogen and a member of the commensal human microflora. The morphological switch from yeast to hyphal growth is associated with disease and many environmental factors are known to influence the yeast-to-hyphae switch. The Ras1-Cyr1-PKA pathway is a major regulator of C. albicans morphogenesis as well as biofilm formation and white-opaque switching. Previous studies have shown that hyphal growth is strongly repressed by mitochondrial inhibitors. Here, we show that mitochondrial inhibitors strongly decreased Ras1 GTP-binding and activity in C. albicans and similar effects were observed in other Candida species. Consistent with there …
August 28, 2015 Minutes, Swosu Faculty Senate
August 28, 2015 Minutes, Swosu Faculty Senate
Faculty Senate Minutes
SWOSU Faculty Senate August 28, 2015 Approved Minutes
Oswald Research And Creativity Program, Uk Office Of Undergraduate Research
Oswald Research And Creativity Program, Uk Office Of Undergraduate Research
Kaleidoscope
No abstract provided.
Undergraduate Awards And Honors, Uk Office Of Undergraduate Research
Undergraduate Awards And Honors, Uk Office Of Undergraduate Research
Kaleidoscope
No abstract provided.
Undergraduate Research And Travel Fund, Uk Office Of Undergraduate Research
Undergraduate Research And Travel Fund, Uk Office Of Undergraduate Research
Kaleidoscope
eUreKa! offers undergraduate students travel support. The purpose of this support is to help students gain experience in showcasing their work at and participating in professional conferences on a national and sometimes international level. Keep in mind that research takes place in many different forms and in all disciplines: the study of social problems, the creation of a piece of fiction or poetry, the study of a scientific theory or historic period of time, and the solution of engineering and mathematical problems all qualify as research, among many other activities.