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Detecting And Locating Electronic Devices Using Their Unintended Electromagnetic Emissions, Colin Stagner
Detecting And Locating Electronic Devices Using Their Unintended Electromagnetic Emissions, Colin Stagner
Doctoral Dissertations
"Electronically-initiated explosives can have unintended electromagnetic emissions which propagate through walls and sealed containers. These emissions, if properly characterized, enable the prompt and accurate detection of explosive threats. The following dissertation develops and evaluates techniques for detecting and locating common electronic initiators. The unintended emissions of radio receivers and microcontrollers are analyzed. These emissions are low-power radio signals that result from the device's normal operation. In the first section, it is demonstrated that arbitrary signals can be injected into a radio receiver's unintended emissions using a relatively weak stimulation signal. This effect is called stimulated emissions. The performance of stimulated …
Fiber Inline Pressure And Acoustic Sensor Fabricated With Femtosecond Laser, Yinan Zhang
Fiber Inline Pressure And Acoustic Sensor Fabricated With Femtosecond Laser, Yinan Zhang
Doctoral Dissertations
"Pressure and acoustic measurements are required in many industrial applications such as down-hole oil well monitoring, structural heath monitoring, engine monitoring, study of aerodynamics, etc. Conventional sensors are difficult to apply due to the high temperature, electromagnetic-interference noise and limited space in such environments. Fiber optic sensors have been developed since the last century and have proved themselves good candidates in such harsh environment. This dissertation aims to design, develop and demonstrate miniaturized fiber pressure/acoustic sensors for harsh environment applications through femtosecond laser fabrication. Working towards this objective, the dissertation explored two types of fiber inline microsensors fabricated by femtosecond …
Geochemical And Isotopic Characterization Of Lead In Fugitive Dust From Unsurfaced Roads In Missouri, Emitt C. Witt
Geochemical And Isotopic Characterization Of Lead In Fugitive Dust From Unsurfaced Roads In Missouri, Emitt C. Witt
Doctoral Dissertations
"Eighteen unsurfaced roadways in Missouri's rural Ozark region were sampled to characterize the differences in trace element and isotopic chemistry to determine if there is a human health concern with inhaling and/or ingestion of fugitive dust generated by a moving vehicle. Road reaches were selected to represent those in similar rural areas with and without the presence of mining activity--13 roads were selected in the Viburnum Trend (VT) resource mining area and five were located to the southwest of the mining areas. Samples were collected using a novel cyclonic fugitive dust sampler (patent pending) that collects a composite sample from …
Infiltrated Composite Electrodes For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Aligul Buyukaksoy
Infiltrated Composite Electrodes For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Aligul Buyukaksoy
Doctoral Dissertations
"Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical devices which can convert chemical energy to electrical energy with efficiencies up to 60%. In order for SOFCs to be favorable energy conversion devices, the power obtained from a unit volume should be improved. This corresponds to minimized resistances from SOFC components (composite electrodes and electrolyte). Stability of the generated power is another important issue. Degradation of SOFCs with time due to microstructural processes or chemical reactions that occur at operating conditions; and due to reduction/oxidation cycles caused by the changes in the anode has been an important obstacle that has prevented the …
Numerical Modeling Of Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow In Laser Metal Deposition By Powder Injection, Zhiqiang Fan
Numerical Modeling Of Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow In Laser Metal Deposition By Powder Injection, Zhiqiang Fan
Doctoral Dissertations
"Laser metal deposition is an additive manufacturing technique which allows quick fabrication of fully-dense metallic components directly from Computer Aided Design (CAD) solid models. A self-consistent three-dimensional model was developed for the laser metal deposition process by powder injection, which simulates heat transfer, phase changes, and fluid flow in the melt pool, The governing equations for solid, liquid and gas phases in the calculation domain have been formulated using the continuum model. The free surface in the melt pool has been tracked by the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, while the VOF transport equation was solved using the Piecewise Linear …
On The Effect Of Silicon And Phosphorus During The Precipitation Of Κ-Carbide In Fe-Mn-Al-C Alloys, Laura Bartlett
On The Effect Of Silicon And Phosphorus During The Precipitation Of Κ-Carbide In Fe-Mn-Al-C Alloys, Laura Bartlett
Doctoral Dissertations
"Implementation of lightweight high manganese and aluminum steels for use in high energy absorbing applications requires a detailed knowledge of how alloying additions and impurities affect age hardening and high strain rate fracture properties. Dynamic fracture toughness is an important design criterion but has not been reported previously in these alloys. In addition, previous studies have shown that silicon and phosphorus increased the strength and aged hardness; however, the mechanism was unknown. This research mainly focuses on the effect of silicon and phosphorus on the precipitation of Κ-carbide and alloy partitioning during aging. Short range ordering, SRO, of Fe-Al-C into …
Phytoforensics On Energetics: Novel Plant Tissue Measure Approach And Modeling, Yuan Yuan
Phytoforensics On Energetics: Novel Plant Tissue Measure Approach And Modeling, Yuan Yuan
Doctoral Dissertations
"Explosives and energetics are common soil and groundwater pollutions. This research was to develop novel phytoforensics approaches on energetics. Four different plants species, including woody perennial trees and monocot grasses, were planted both in soil and sand reactors with continuous exposure to a mixture of explosives in the greenhouse. Time dependent assessments were carried out to determine kinetic mechanisms of uptake, transport and accumulation. Plant concentrations were analyzed by both traditional solvent extraction and novel sap analysis methods. A dynamic soil-plant system model was developed to quantify the relationship between tissue concentration and soil pore water concentration for non-volatile organic …
Processing, Microstructural Evolution And Electrochemical Performance Relationships In Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Ayhan Sarikaya
Processing, Microstructural Evolution And Electrochemical Performance Relationships In Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Ayhan Sarikaya
Doctoral Dissertations
"The relationships between the processing parameters, microstructures and electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) components were investigated. The operating regimes (i.e., reducing vs. oxidizing) as well as the elevated temperatures (e.g. 800°C) for their operation introduce several material challenges. Therefore, composite materials are employed to withstand operating conditions while providing sufficient electrochemical performance for fuel cell operation. Analyses on lanthanum-strontium manganite (LSM) - yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) compositions (45 vol%-55 vol%) by impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that two competing polarization mechanisms (i.e. charge-exchange and surface adsorption-diffusion of oxygen) limit performance. Optimization of microstructures resulted in total resistances as low …
Recycling Of Electronic Waste: Printed Wiring Boards, Alex Luyima
Recycling Of Electronic Waste: Printed Wiring Boards, Alex Luyima
Doctoral Dissertations
"Pyrolysis and leaching are the dominant techniques applied in the recycling of waste printed wiring boards (PWBs). Waste PWB pyrolysis is a highly polluting technology and produces brominated pyrolysis oils in addition to hydrogen bromide (HBr) gas. Moreover, leaching as a treatment process of waste PWBs is not well investigated. In this work, the pyrolysis of waste PWBs has been studied with the aim of reducing the amount of brominated oils and HBr gas evolved. The effects of powder inorganic chemicals (CaO, CaCO₃, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, Y-Zeolite, and ZSM-5) additions on the pyrolysis of waste PWBs has been studied through experiments …
Risk Analysis: Comparative Study Of Various Techniques, Hanan Mohammad Altabbakh
Risk Analysis: Comparative Study Of Various Techniques, Hanan Mohammad Altabbakh
Doctoral Dissertations
"Researchers in the safety field are facing more challenges everyday with the expanding modern socio-technical systems. Safety analysis such as hazard analysis, accident causation analysis, and risk assessment are being revisited to overcome the shortcoming of the conventional safety analysis. With increasingly complex human system interaction in today's modern systems, new safety challenges are being faced that needed to be assessed and addressed. Managers and engineers face the challenge to choose from the vast amount of techniques available and utilize the correct one. Indeed, new or improved risk assessment tools that can address these complexities are needed. One of the …
Shear And Fracture Behavior Of High Performance Concretes, Mahdi Arezoumandi
Shear And Fracture Behavior Of High Performance Concretes, Mahdi Arezoumandi
Doctoral Dissertations
"Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Like other materials, it has been improved over time. Nowadays, with continued development of science and technology, a new generation of concretes is produced and is termed high performance concretes. A review of previously published work indicates that very few studies (in some cases none) have addressed the structural behavior of full-scale, high performance concrete elements. This study investigated the shear and fracture behavior of two types of high performance concrete - high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) and self-consolidating concrete (SCC). The HVFAC incorporates up to 70% cement replacement …
Model Based Fault Diagnosis And Prognosis Of Nonlinear Systems, Hasan Ferdowsi
Model Based Fault Diagnosis And Prognosis Of Nonlinear Systems, Hasan Ferdowsi
Doctoral Dissertations
"Rapid technological advances have led to more and more complex industrial systems with significantly higher risk of failures. Therefore, in this dissertation, a model-based fault diagnosis and prognosis framework has been developed for fast and reliable detection of faults and prediction of failures in nonlinear systems. In the first paper, a unified model-based fault diagnosis scheme capable of detecting both additive system faults and multiplicative actuator faults, as well as approximating the fault dynamics, performing fault type determination and time-to-failure determination, is designed. Stability of the observer and online approximator is guaranteed via an adaptive update law. Since outliers can …
Numerical Analyses Of Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels Exposed To Dynamic Loading, Zahra Sadat Tabatabaei
Numerical Analyses Of Long Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels Exposed To Dynamic Loading, Zahra Sadat Tabatabaei
Doctoral Dissertations
"The purpose of this research was to evaluate impact and blast performance of long carbon fiber reinforced concrete experimentally and numerically. Experimental tests were conducted on plain concrete (PC), reinforced concrete, and four different types of long carbon fiber reinforced concrete (LCFRC). The results from each test were then compared to one another. This comparison indicates that adding long carbon fibers to concrete both increases the post-cracking behavior of concrete and decreases the spalls in either an impact or blast test. Among all of the fibers tested, Fiber Type B3 outperformed the other fibers, absorbing more energy during impact. Numerical …
Location Based Services In Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Neelanjana Dutta
Location Based Services In Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Neelanjana Dutta
Doctoral Dissertations
"In this dissertation, we investigate location based services in wireless ad hoc networks from four different aspects - i) location privacy in wireless sensor networks (privacy), ii) end-to-end secure communication in randomly deployed wireless sensor networks (security), iii) quality versus latency trade-off in content retrieval under ad hoc node mobility (performance) and iv) location clustering based Sybil attack detection in vehicular ad hoc networks (trust). The first contribution of this dissertation is in addressing location privacy in wireless sensor networks. We propose a non-cooperative sensor localization algorithm showing how an external entity can stealthily invade into the location privacy of …
Exploring Run-Time Reduction In Programming Codes Via Query Optimization And Caching, Venkata Krishna Suhas Nerella
Exploring Run-Time Reduction In Programming Codes Via Query Optimization And Caching, Venkata Krishna Suhas Nerella
Doctoral Dissertations
"Object oriented programming languages raised the level of abstraction by supporting the explicit first class query constructs in the programming codes. These query constructs allow programmers to express operations on collections more abstractly than relying on their realization in loops or through provided libraries. Join optimization techniques from the field of database technology support efficient realizations of such language constructs. However, the problem associated with the existing techniques such as query optimization in Java Query Language (JQL) incurs run time overhead. Besides the programming languages supporting first-class query constructs, the usage of annotations has also increased in the software engineering …
Weight Patterns And Perceptions Among Female University Students Of Karachi: A Cross Sectional Study, Zubaida Sirang, Hassaan Hasan Bashir, Bilal Jalil, Sarah Haroon Khan, Samia Altaf Hussain, Aneeqa Baig, Maryam Taufeeq, Kashif Samad, Muhammad Masood Kadir
Weight Patterns And Perceptions Among Female University Students Of Karachi: A Cross Sectional Study, Zubaida Sirang, Hassaan Hasan Bashir, Bilal Jalil, Sarah Haroon Khan, Samia Altaf Hussain, Aneeqa Baig, Maryam Taufeeq, Kashif Samad, Muhammad Masood Kadir
Community Health Sciences
Background: Body weight and its perception play an important role in the physical and mental well-being of a person. Weight perception is found to be a better predictor of weight management behaviour as compared to actual weight. In Pakistan, studies have been done on the prevalence of weight status but weight perception is still unexplored. The study was done to examine relationships between body weight perception, actual weight status, and weight control behaviour among the female university students of Karachi.
Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out during Sep-Nov 2009 on female students in four universities of Karachi, Pakistan. …
Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna Based On Differentially-Excited Composite Right/Left-Handed (Crlh) Transmission Lines, S. Gupta, Lijun Jiang, C. Caloz
Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna Based On Differentially-Excited Composite Right/Left-Handed (Crlh) Transmission Lines, S. Gupta, Lijun Jiang, C. Caloz
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A new magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna array is proposed which provides a combined electric- and magnetic-dipole response in a planar configuration. The proposed structure is based on Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) transmission lines, which is differentially fed and operated in the zeroth-order regime to provide maximal gain for the combined radiators. The basic principle of the proposed ME-dipole antenna is discussed and demonstrated with full-wave simulation results. © 2013 IEEE.
Integration Of Arbitrary Lumped Multiport Circuit Networks Into The Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Analysis, Ping Li, Li Jun Jiang
Integration Of Arbitrary Lumped Multiport Circuit Networks Into The Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain Analysis, Ping Li, Li Jun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A hybrid electromagnetic (EM) circuit simulator is proposed for incorporating multiport lumped circuit networks through their admittance matrices into the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method. The admittance matrix in the Laplace domain can be derived analytically or obtained from network parameters such as -parameters in the frequency domain. To convert frequency-dependent -parameters into the admittance matrix in the Laplace domain, the vector-fitting technique is employed to facilitate the mapping process. The computational domain of interest is split into two subdomains. One is the EM part solved by the DGTD, and another is the circuit part modeled by the basic I-V …
Enhanced-Resolution Folded C-Section Phaser, S. Gupta, Lijun Jiang, C. Caloz
Enhanced-Resolution Folded C-Section Phaser, S. Gupta, Lijun Jiang, C. Caloz
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A new C-section phasers based on folded coupled-line couplers has been proposed for high-resolution analog signal processing (ASP). The folded configuration of the coupled-line coupler provides a tight coupling in a planar configuration between the input and the coupled port, using sections of relatively small coupling values. It subsequently provides a larger group delay swing in the corresponding C-section phaser required for enhanced resolution ASP. The proposed phaser is demonstrated using full-wave simulations. © 2013 IEEE.
A New Efie Method Based On Coulomb Gauge For The Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis, Xiaoyan Y.Z. Xiong, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Wei E.I. Sha, Yat Hei Lo
A New Efie Method Based On Coulomb Gauge For The Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis, Xiaoyan Y.Z. Xiong, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Wei E.I. Sha, Yat Hei Lo
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
To solve the low-frequency breakdown inherent from the electric field integral equation (EFIE), an alternative new form of the EFIE is proposed by using the Coulomb-gauge Green's function of quasi-static approximation. Di®erent from the commonly adopted Lorentz-gauge EFIE, the Coulomb-gauge EFIE separates the solenoidal and irrotational surface currents explicitly, which captures inductive and capacitive responses through electrodynamic and electrostatic Green's functions, respectively. By applying existing techniques such as the loop-tree decomposition, frequency normalization, and basis rearrangement, the Coulomb-gauge EFIE also can remedy the low-frequency breakdown problem. Through comparative studies between the Lorentz-gauge and Coulomb-gauge EFIE approaches from mathematical, physical and …
The Numerical Steepest Descent Path Method For Calculating Physical Optics Integrals On Smooth Conducting Quadratic Surfaces, Yu Mao Wu, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Wei E.I. Sha, Weng Cho Chew
The Numerical Steepest Descent Path Method For Calculating Physical Optics Integrals On Smooth Conducting Quadratic Surfaces, Yu Mao Wu, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Wei E.I. Sha, Weng Cho Chew
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper, we use the numerical steepest descent path (NSDP) method to analyze the highly oscillatory physical optics (PO) integral on smooth conducting parabolic surfaces, including both monostatic and bistatic cases. Quadratic variations of the amplitude and phase functions are used to approximate the integrand of PO integral. Then the surface PO integral is reduced into several highly oscillatory line integrals. By invoking the NSDP method, these highly oscillatory PO line integrals are defined on the corresponding NSDPs. Furthermore, the critical point contributions for the PO integral are exactly extracted and represented based on the NSDPs. The proposed NSDP …
A Systematic Electromagnetic-Circuit Method For Emi Analysis Of Coupled Interconnects On Dispersive Dielectrics, Min Tang, Jiaqing Lu, Junfa Mao, Lijun Jiang
A Systematic Electromagnetic-Circuit Method For Emi Analysis Of Coupled Interconnects On Dispersive Dielectrics, Min Tang, Jiaqing Lu, Junfa Mao, Lijun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents a systematic electromagnetic-circuit method for efficient simulation of coupled interconnects on dispersive dielectrics in the presence of electromagnetic interference. The dispersive substrate of coupled interconnects is characterized by the multiterm Debye or Lorentz formula. According to the differential equations derived from the equivalent circuit modeling of dispersive media, the full-wave finite-difference time-domain algorithm is utilized to capture accurate field in a dispersive substrate. The effects of incident field, under the quasi-TEM assumption, are then represented by the distributed sources along transmission lines. An efficient algorithm based on the waveform relaxation with transverse partitioning (WR-TP) is employed for …
Skin-Effect Loss Models For Time- And Frequency-Domain Peec Solver, Albert E. Ruehli, Giulio Antonini, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Skin-Effect Loss Models For Time- And Frequency-Domain Peec Solver, Albert E. Ruehli, Giulio Antonini, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A challenging and interesting issue for the solution of large electromagnetic problems is the efficient, sufficiently accurate modeling of the broadband skin-effect loss for conducting planes and 3-D shapes. The inclusion of such models in an electromagnetic (EM) solver can be very costly in compute time and memory requirements. These issues are particularly important for the class of signal, power, and noise integrity (NI) problems. In this paper, we concentrate on partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC)-type methods which are suitable for the solution of this class of problems. Progress has been made recently in the design of skin-effect models. The …
Overview Of Large-Scale Computing: The Past, The Present, And The Future, Weng Cho Chew, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Overview Of Large-Scale Computing: The Past, The Present, And The Future, Weng Cho Chew, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This is a brief review of the development of computational electromagnetics (CEM) to partially summarize its achievements, issues, and possibilities. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
Finite-Width Feed And Load Models, Yat Hei Lo, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Weng Cho Chew
Finite-Width Feed And Load Models, Yat Hei Lo, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Weng Cho Chew
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
We demonstrate a new method of applying the feed model for the method of moments (MoM) formulation for the electric field integral equation (EFIE). The model is based around a previously reported magnetic ribbon current model which is accurate and allows for a finite width of the feed port. However, with proper approximations, one can reduce the formulation such that the magnetic field operator can be removed in order to simplify computations arising from the curl of the dyadic Green's function and its singularities. We show here that the new feed model can also be used to model a lumped …
An Iterative Source Reconstruction Method Exploiting Phaseless Electric Field Data, Ping Li, Lijun Jiang
An Iterative Source Reconstruction Method Exploiting Phaseless Electric Field Data, Ping Li, Lijun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Conventional equivalent source reconstruction methods (SRM) require both phase and amplitude information of the acquired field data. However, there are situations where the phase information is not available or impractical to obtain. Hence, the development of SRM using phaseless fields is important. In this paper, a novel iterative SRM based on phaseless electric fields is presented. The reconstructed equivalent current source can be electric, magnetic current, or both. They can fit the physical geometry of the radiator. Electric field integral equation (EFIE) is employed to build the relationship between the reconstructed current source and measured fields. It can precisely reproduce …
Tests For Time Domain Em Solvers For Stability And Towards Passivity, G. Antonini, Albert E. Ruehli, D. Romano, L. (Lijun) Jiang
Tests For Time Domain Em Solvers For Stability And Towards Passivity, G. Antonini, Albert E. Ruehli, D. Romano, L. (Lijun) Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Stability issues for time domain integral equation based EM solvers have been a problem for a many years. In this paper, we consider ways to test for stability as well as other criteria towards passivity. The tests are designed to monitor the EM solver while the time domain solution is progressing. Hence, the solution can be terminated and improved with a passivization technique when a violation of the criterion has been detected. Also, the tests help to understand the cause of instabilities and results can be used for passivization. © 2013 IEEE.
Large-Scale Electromagnetic Computation For Modeling And Applications, Qing Huo Liu, Lijun Jiang, Weng Cho Chew
Large-Scale Electromagnetic Computation For Modeling And Applications, Qing Huo Liu, Lijun Jiang, Weng Cho Chew
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The papers in this special issue are devoted to the topic of large-scale electromagnetic computation methods for modeling and applicatoins. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
A Wide-Band Equivalent Source Reconstruction Method Exploiting The Stoer-Bulirsch Algorithm With The Adaptive Frequency Sampling, P. Li, Y. Li, Lijun Jiang, J. Hu
A Wide-Band Equivalent Source Reconstruction Method Exploiting The Stoer-Bulirsch Algorithm With The Adaptive Frequency Sampling, P. Li, Y. Li, Lijun Jiang, J. Hu
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Conventional equivalent source reconstruction methods are only operating at a single frequency point each time. However, for wide-band radiators, their computation cost of the source reconstruction increases with the number of frequency points. In this communication, a wide-band equivalent source reconstruction method (WB-SRM) based on the Neville-type Stoer-Bulirsch (SB) algorithm is developed. Since the SB algorithm is a recursive tabular method, it can perform the interpolation over a broadband using a single rational function without any singularity issue. Supported by the adaptive frequency sampling (AFS) scheme, the number of required sampling data is significantly reduced, which leads to much better …
Extending The Minimal Learning Machine For Pattern Classification, Amauri H.Souza Junior, Francesco Corona, Yoan Miche, Amaury Lendasse, Guilherme A. Barreto
Extending The Minimal Learning Machine For Pattern Classification, Amauri H.Souza Junior, Francesco Corona, Yoan Miche, Amaury Lendasse, Guilherme A. Barreto
Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The Minimal Learning Machine (MLM) Has Been Recently Proposed as a Novel Supervised Learning Method for Regression Problems Aiming at Reconstructing the Mapping between Input and Output Distance Matrices. Estimation of the Response is Then Achieved from the Geometrical Configuration of the Output Points. Thanks to its Comprehensive Formulation, the MLM is Inherently Capable of Dealing with Nonlinear Problems and Multidimensional Output Spaces. in This Paper, We Introduce an Extension of the MLM to Classification Tasks, Thus Providing a Unified Framework for Mult response Regression and Classification Problems. on the Basis of Our Experiments, the MLM Achieves Results that Are …