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2013

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Grounding The Counterculture: Post-Modernism, The Back-To-The-Land Movement, And Authentic Enviroments Of Memory, Jonathan Bowdler Jan 2013

Grounding The Counterculture: Post-Modernism, The Back-To-The-Land Movement, And Authentic Enviroments Of Memory, Jonathan Bowdler

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis will explore the regional and cultural dimensions of the Back-to-the-Land movement during the 1970s in an effort to move scholarship away from applying theoretical constructs such as post-modernism to diverse social movements. By drawing on the three main Back-to-the-Land publications, namely the Whole Earth Catalog, Mother Earth News, and the Foxfire books, this paper will demonstrate the varying impulses and regional nuances of the movement as well as the continuity and discontinuity of the back-to-nature tradition in America. Particular emphasis will be placed on the ways in which the Southern homesteading experience has been masked within the scholarship …

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Perspectives On Ethanol Toxicity In Medaka Embryogenesis And Possible Protection By Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng): Histological And Biochemical Analysis, Mona Hamdi Haron Jan 2013

Perspectives On Ethanol Toxicity In Medaka Embryogenesis And Possible Protection By Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng): Histological And Biochemical Analysis, Mona Hamdi Haron

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Alcohol is recognized as a classic teratogen capable of inducing a wide range of developmental abnormalities. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy may produce permanent brain damage in the fetus and is associated with the development of a life-long behavioral, social, and cognitive disorder now known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The most clinically recognizable form of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) which is characterized by specific features including facial dysmorphogenesis, mental dysfunction, growth retardation, and cardiovascular and limb defects. Due to ethical constraints, human studies of FASD are very limited. Therefore our current understanding of FASD is mainly based …

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Sirna Therapy In Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Identification Of Target Genes And Potential Therapeutic Implications., Benjamin Himes Jan 2013

Sirna Therapy In Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Identification Of Target Genes And Potential Therapeutic Implications., Benjamin Himes

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary brain malignancy, carries a grim prognosis; survival statistics have scarcely improved in decades. Even with the development of temozolomide, the current front-line chemotherapeutic agent for GBM, improvement in long-term survival has been minimal, with recurrence virtually assured. One explanation for the persistence of this disease is the presence of a stem-like cell population within GBM (glioblastoma stem cells, or GSCs). These cells are capable of self-renewal, tumor initiation, and are resistant to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that derangement in the expression of genes critical for the maintenance of GSCs could eliminate these cells outright, …

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Art Therapy For Enhancing Academic Experience Of Male High School Freshmen, Kelvin Antonio Ramirez Jan 2013

Art Therapy For Enhancing Academic Experience Of Male High School Freshmen, Kelvin Antonio Ramirez

Expressive Therapies Dissertations

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of group art therapy interventions in improving social and emotional issues for male high school freshmen. The Behavioral Assessment System for Children Second Edition (BASC-2) was used to measure academically tracked high school freshman (n = 80) receiving the 12 week intervention in a group setting in comparison to an academically matched control group (n=76). Independent sample t-tests compared participants in the Honor, Average and At Risk Tracks who received art therapy versus participants who did not. The findings indicate that for participants in the honors track, those receiving art …

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Preparation Of Phosphonoterephthalic Acids Via Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Of Aromatic Iodoesters, Nathaniel Ivan, Vladimir Benin, Alexander Morgan Jan 2013

Preparation Of Phosphonoterephthalic Acids Via Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Of Aromatic Iodoesters, Nathaniel Ivan, Vladimir Benin, Alexander Morgan

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The current article reports in detail the preparation of two phosphonoterephthalic acids: 2-phosphonoterephthalic acid (1) and 2,5-diphosphonoterephthalic acid (2). Efficient, scalable syntheses have been developed for both compounds based on Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions of iodinated terephthalate esters. Phosphonoterephthalic acids are potentially useful as flame-retardant additives or as monomers for the construction of acid-pendant polymer chains.

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Checkup, Lehigh Valley Health Network Jan 2013

Checkup, Lehigh Valley Health Network

Checkup

No abstract provided.

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People And Plants In A Rust Belt City: A Critical Analysis Of Urban Agriculture In Cleveland, Ohio Using A Sustainable Development Framework, Erika Takeo Jan 2013

People And Plants In A Rust Belt City: A Critical Analysis Of Urban Agriculture In Cleveland, Ohio Using A Sustainable Development Framework, Erika Takeo

Senior Independent Study Theses

The purpose of this study was to take a critical snapshot of Cleveland, Ohio's urban agriculture movement using a sustainable development lens. Twenty-one representatives of a variety of urban agriculture projects (including community gardens, market farms, non-profits, vineyards, and orchards) participated by filling out a written survey, being interviewed by the researcher, and providing a tour of their project's site. Most of these projects started in 2010 or later. Trends across all projects were first analyzed according to a traditional sustainability framework, finding that Cleveland's urban agriculture scored well environmentally, poorly economically, and mixed socially. However, the traditional sustainability framework …

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A Phase 1b Study Of Humanized Ks-Interleukin-2 (Huks-Il2) Immunocytokine With Cyclophosphamide In Patients With Epcam-Positive Advanced Solid Tumors, Joseph P. Connor, Mihaela C. Cristea, Nancy L. Lewis, Lionel D. Lewis Jan 2013

A Phase 1b Study Of Humanized Ks-Interleukin-2 (Huks-Il2) Immunocytokine With Cyclophosphamide In Patients With Epcam-Positive Advanced Solid Tumors, Joseph P. Connor, Mihaela C. Cristea, Nancy L. Lewis, Lionel D. Lewis

Dartmouth Scholarship

BackgroundHumanized KS-interleukin-2 (huKS-IL2), an immunocytokine with specificity for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), has demonstrated favorable tolerability and immunologic activity as a single agent.MethodsPhase 1b study in patients with EpCAM-positive advanced solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of huKS-IL2 in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Treatment consisted of cyclophosphamide (300mg/m2 on day 1), and escalating doses of h

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2013-2014 Southern Illinois University Bulletin Carbondale Campus (Undergraduate Bulletin), Southern Illinois University Carbondale Jan 2013

2013-2014 Southern Illinois University Bulletin Carbondale Campus (Undergraduate Bulletin), Southern Illinois University Carbondale

SIU Bulletins and Course Catalogs Archives

No abstract provided.

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2013-2014 Southern Illinois University Bulletin Carbondale Campus (Graduate Catalog), Southern Illinois University Carbondale Jan 2013

2013-2014 Southern Illinois University Bulletin Carbondale Campus (Graduate Catalog), Southern Illinois University Carbondale

SIU Bulletins and Course Catalogs Archives

No abstract provided.

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The Criminalization Of Pregnant Substance Abusers And The Implications For Reproductive Rights, Brittani Mclemore Jan 2013

The Criminalization Of Pregnant Substance Abusers And The Implications For Reproductive Rights, Brittani Mclemore

Theses & ETDs

This thesis will explore the criminalization of pregnant substance abuse and the effects on perceptions of motherhood. Specifically, it employs Foucault's theory of biopower to understand how legislation, the prison-industrial complex, and the medicalization of pregnancy allow the state to define and assume responsibility for "unfit mothers." Such occurrences are portrayed as operating for the benefit of the fetus. However, I posit that these initiatives are better understood as responses to economic and social anxieties. I then assess the implications of criminalizing pregnant substance abuse for reproductive rights.

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A Genotyping Analysis Of The Major Histocompatibility Complex In Two Polar Species: Genetic Diversity In The Arctic Fox And Southern Elephant Seal, Krystaal Mcclain Jan 2013

A Genotyping Analysis Of The Major Histocompatibility Complex In Two Polar Species: Genetic Diversity In The Arctic Fox And Southern Elephant Seal, Krystaal Mcclain

Theses & ETDs

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is part of the immune system in all vertebrates, potentially providing protection from a wide range of pathogens, and thus increasing individual fitness. The insight into species ability for long-term survival is key for conservation as populations with high diversity in the immune system may have increased survival to novel pathogens and changing environments. Conversely, when diversity is lost, the ability of a species to cope with new diseases and parasites could be reduced resulting in lower survival rates and increased infection. Historically, extreme cold temperatures in polar environments have prevented an influx of pathogens, …

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Standardized Care Of The Late Preterm Infant In Upper Midwest Hospitals, Michelle Susanne Foy Jan 2013

Standardized Care Of The Late Preterm Infant In Upper Midwest Hospitals, Michelle Susanne Foy

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

Standardizing care or critical pathways have delivered evidence-based care in adult medicine and have positive patient outcomes. Some aspects of standardized care have been used in neonatology, but less often in caring for the late preterm infant (gestational week 34-37 weeks). With each level of care nursery, Level-I, level-II or level-III, there can be a wide range of how to care for the late preterm infant. The purpose of this study was to determine if nurseries or various levels of care had established standards of care specific to the late preterm infant and what barriers existed that prohibited standards of …

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Foot Dimensions As A Tool For Gender Determination In Kenyan Adults, Maureen W. Waithaka Jan 2013

Foot Dimensions As A Tool For Gender Determination In Kenyan Adults, Maureen W. Waithaka

Master of Medicine in Anatomic Pathology

Introduction: Anthropometry has gained popularity over the years as a reliable method to determine gender. In forensic investigation, there are cases where gender cannot be readily determined using anatomy such as in mass casualty disasters with dismemberment and commingling of limbs. Kenyan descriptive data of foot dimensions is lacking as are formulae for estimating gender. Proven differences in foot dimensions across races prevent application of formula obtained using different populations necessitating generation of local data and formulae. Objectives: To describe the foot lengths, breaths and navicular heights of a representative adult Kenyan population, both male and female, and derive from …

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Revealing Fires And Rich Diets: Macro- And Micro-Archaeobotanical Analysis At The Hatahara Site, Central Amazonia, Caroline Fernandes Caromano, Leandro Matthews Cascon, Eduardo Góes Neves, Rita Scheel-Ybert Jan 2013

Revealing Fires And Rich Diets: Macro- And Micro-Archaeobotanical Analysis At The Hatahara Site, Central Amazonia, Caroline Fernandes Caromano, Leandro Matthews Cascon, Eduardo Góes Neves, Rita Scheel-Ybert

Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America

Numerous questions in Amazonian archaeology place great emphasis on the relationships between human groups and their environments, traditionally drawing inferences from ethnographic analogies. This analytical expedient is justified by the supposedly weak preservation potential of plant remains in the Amazonian environment; however, it is also rooted in a lack of collecting and systematic research of such botanical remains. This paper presents results of archaeobotanical studies undertaken at the Hatahara site, located in Central Amazonia. Analysis of macro and microbotanical remains produced direct evidence of relationships between humans and plants in pre-colonial Central Amazonia. Observation of microbotanical assemblages extracted from artifacts …

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Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2013 Jan 2013

Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2013

Louisiana Agriculture

No abstract provided.

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Impact Of Obesity On Il-12 Family Gene Expression In Insulin Responsive Tissues, Heesun Nam, Bradley S. Ferguson, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Ron F. Morrison Jan 2013

Impact Of Obesity On Il-12 Family Gene Expression In Insulin Responsive Tissues, Heesun Nam, Bradley S. Ferguson, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Ron F. Morrison

Faculty Publications

Mounting evidence has established a role for chronic inflammation in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, as genetic ablation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines elevated in obesity improves insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo. Recent evidence further highlights interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines as prospective inflammatory mediators linking obesity to insulin resistance. In this study, we present empirical evidence demonstrating that IL-12 family related genes are expressed and regulated in insulin-responsive tissues under conditions of obesity. First, we report that respective mRNAs for each of the known members of this cytokine family are expressed within detectable ranges in WAT, skeletal …

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Infection Structure-Specific Expression Of Β-1,3-Glucan Synthase Is Essential For Pathogenicity Of Colletotrichum Graminicola And Evasion Of Β-Glucan-Triggered Immunity In Maize, Ely Oliveira-Garcia, Holger B. Deising Jan 2013

Infection Structure-Specific Expression Of Β-1,3-Glucan Synthase Is Essential For Pathogenicity Of Colletotrichum Graminicola And Evasion Of Β-Glucan-Triggered Immunity In Maize, Ely Oliveira-Garcia, Holger B. Deising

Faculty Publications

β -1,3-Glucan and chitin are the most prominent polysaccharides of the fungal cell wall. Covalently linked, these polymers form a scaffold that determines the form and properties of vegetative and pathogenic hyphae. While the role of chitin in plant infection is well understood, the role of β-1,3-glucan is unknown. We functionally characterized the β -1,3-glucan synthase gene GLS1 of the maize (Zea mays) pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, employing RNA interference (RNAi), GLS1 overexpression, live-cell imaging, and aniline blue fluorochrome staining. This hemibiotroph sequentially differentiates a melanized appressorium on the cuticle and biotrophic and necrotrophic hyphae in its host. Massive β-1,3-glucan contents …

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Chitin-Glucan Fiber Effects On Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein: A Randomized Controlled Trial, H. E. Bays, J. L. Evans, K. C. Maki, M. Evans, V. Maquet, R. Cooper, J. W. Anderson Jan 2013

Chitin-Glucan Fiber Effects On Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein: A Randomized Controlled Trial, H. E. Bays, J. L. Evans, K. C. Maki, M. Evans, V. Maquet, R. Cooper, J. W. Anderson

Faculty Publications

Background/objectives: Elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) may promote inflammation, and is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and worsening complications of diabetes mellitus. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chitin-glucan (CG), alone and in combination with a potentially anti-inflammatory olive oil (OO) extract, for reducing OxLDL in subjects with borderline to high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Subjects/methods: This 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a novel, insoluble fiber derived from the Aspergillus niger mycelium, CG, evaluated 130 subjects free of diabetes mellitus with fasting LDL-C 3.37-4.92 mmol/l and glucose ≤6.94 mmol/l. …

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Categorical Analysis Of The Impact Of Aerobic And Resistance Exercise Training, Alone And In Combination, On Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Neil M. Johannsen, Damon L. Swift, Carl J. Lavie, Conrad P. Earnest, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church Jan 2013

Categorical Analysis Of The Impact Of Aerobic And Resistance Exercise Training, Alone And In Combination, On Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Neil M. Johannsen, Damon L. Swift, Carl J. Lavie, Conrad P. Earnest, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church

Faculty Publications

Objective-Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Age-predicted, sex-stratified, and maximal MET cut points have been developed to determine the risk of CVD events and mortality in low CRF categories. We examined the proportion of Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in IndividualsWith Type 2 Diabetes (HART-D) participants above these cut points before and after 9 months of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), or a combination of both (ATRT). RESEARCH DESIGNANDMETHODSdParticipants from the HART-D study (n = 196) who were randomly assigned to exercise training …

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Genetic Control Of Traits Associated With Phosphorus Use Efficiency In Maize By Reml/Blup, Júlio César Dovale, Roberto Fritsche-Neto Jan 2013

Genetic Control Of Traits Associated With Phosphorus Use Efficiency In Maize By Reml/Blup, Júlio César Dovale, Roberto Fritsche-Neto

Faculty Publications

The improvement phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) allows to reach satisfactory yields with lower costs. A breeding strategy for PUE is to increase its components, the phosphorus acquisiton efficiency (PAE) and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUtE). Thus, this study aimed to identify: i) the relative importance of the components of PUE, in high and low phosphorus; ii)the relationship of root system length and shoot dry mass (SDM) with PUE and its components and; iii) the genetic control of traits associated with the PUE. Forty-one hybrid combinations were evaluated in two experimental environments representing contrasting conditions of availability of phosphorus: low (LP) and …

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Relationship Between Heterosis And Genetic Divergence For Phosphorus Use Efficiency And Its Components In Tropical Maize, Débora Santos Caixeta, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, Lorena Guimarães Batista, Humberto Fanelli Carvalho, Júlio César Dovale, Éder Cristian Malta De Lanes, Glauco Vieira Miranda Jan 2013

Relationship Between Heterosis And Genetic Divergence For Phosphorus Use Efficiency And Its Components In Tropical Maize, Débora Santos Caixeta, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, Lorena Guimarães Batista, Humberto Fanelli Carvalho, Júlio César Dovale, Éder Cristian Malta De Lanes, Glauco Vieira Miranda

Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between heterosis and genetic divergence for phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in tropical maize. It was used two groups of genitors, each consisting of seven lines, contrasting with each other in the nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. It was obtained 41 hybrid combinations between these groups, which were evaluated in low phosphorus. Randomized complete block design with two replications was used. For obtaining the components of variance and the breeding values were used REML/BLUP method. In the genotyping of the parental lines were used 80 microsatellite markers. Through the correlation between …

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Nitrogen Uptake And Utilization Efficiency And Enzymatic Activity In Maize Genotypes, Lucimar Rodrigues De Oliveira, Glauco Vieira Miranda, Rodrigo Oliveira Delima, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, João Carlos Cardoso Galvão Jan 2013

Nitrogen Uptake And Utilization Efficiency And Enzymatic Activity In Maize Genotypes, Lucimar Rodrigues De Oliveira, Glauco Vieira Miranda, Rodrigo Oliveira Delima, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, João Carlos Cardoso Galvão

Faculty Publications

The aim of this study was to investigate the employment of components of the nitrogen efficiency use (NUE), and of the activities of the nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase enzymes in the selection of nitrogen use efficient maize genotypes of maize. Ten maize genotypes at V4 stage were evaluated under high and low N. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 10 factorial (two levels of N and ten maize genotypes), in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The following traits were evaluated: N uptake efficiency (NUpE), N utilizationefficiency (NUtE) and N use efficiency (NUE), and activities of …

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Genetic Responses Of Traits Relationship To Components Of Nitrogen And Phosphorus Use Efficiency In Maize, Júlio César Dovale, Ciro Maia, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, Glauco Vieira Miranda, Paulo Cezar Cavatte Jan 2013

Genetic Responses Of Traits Relationship To Components Of Nitrogen And Phosphorus Use Efficiency In Maize, Júlio César Dovale, Ciro Maia, Roberto Fritsche-Neto, Glauco Vieira Miranda, Paulo Cezar Cavatte

Faculty Publications

This study had three objectives: i) to observe maize inbred lines response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition as well as their utilization efficiencies and traits of root morphology in contrasting levels of these nutrients, ii) to study the relationship between root morphology and nutrient use efficiencies for both nutrients, and iii) to identify contrasting parents with components N and P use efficiency for an inheritance study. We evaluated 15 inbred lines in two experiments conducted in contrasting conditions of N and P. We evaluated the shoot, root traits and nutritional efficiencies and observed the genetic variability for most …

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Insulin Receptor-Independent Upregulation Of Cellular Glucose Uptake, R. Krishnapuram, H. Kirk-Ballard, E. J. Dhurandhar, O. Dubuisson, V. Messier, R. Rabasa-Lhoret, V. Hegde, S. Aggarwal, N. V. Dhurandhar Jan 2013

Insulin Receptor-Independent Upregulation Of Cellular Glucose Uptake, R. Krishnapuram, H. Kirk-Ballard, E. J. Dhurandhar, O. Dubuisson, V. Messier, R. Rabasa-Lhoret, V. Hegde, S. Aggarwal, N. V. Dhurandhar

Faculty Publications

Background:Cellular glucose uptake can be enhanced by upregulating Ras signaling in either insulin-dependent or -independent manner. In presence of insulin and intact insulin signaling, Ras has a negligible role in glucose uptake. Conversely, when insulin signaling is impaired in obesity or diabetes, the insulin-independent Ras pathway may be valuable for enhancing glucose disposal. We previously reported that Ad36, a human adenovirus, enhances cellular glucose uptake by upregulating the Ras/Glut4 pathway. Here, we investigated if Ad36-upregulated Ras via the insulin-independent pathway, to enhance glucose uptake. Furthermore, uncontrolled upregulation of Ras is linked with oncogenic cell transformation, if the tumor-suppressor gene p53 …

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Ethanol Production Potential Of Sweet Sorghum Assessed Using Forage Fiber Analysis Procedures, Kun Jun Han, William D. Pitman, Misook Kim, Donal F. Day, Montgomery W. Alison, Michael E. Mccormick, Giovanna Aita Jan 2013

Ethanol Production Potential Of Sweet Sorghum Assessed Using Forage Fiber Analysis Procedures, Kun Jun Han, William D. Pitman, Misook Kim, Donal F. Day, Montgomery W. Alison, Michael E. Mccormick, Giovanna Aita

Faculty Publications

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is widely recognized as a highly promising biomass energy crop with particular potential to complement sugarcane production in diversified cropping systems. Agronomic assessments have led to identification of four cultivars well suited for such sugarcane-based production systems in southern Louisiana. Sweet sorghum biofuel production systems are currently being developed, and research producing large sample numbers requiring ethanol yield assessment is anticipated. Fiber analysis approaches developed for forage evaluation appear to be useful for screening such large numbers of samples for relative ethanol yield. Chemical composition, forage fiber characteristics, digestibility, and ethanol production of sweet …

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Good Genes From Asia-Contributions And Opportunities Of Asian Origin Crops To U.S. Horticulture: An Introduction To The Workshop, Yan Chen, Jayesh B. Samtani Jan 2013

Good Genes From Asia-Contributions And Opportunities Of Asian Origin Crops To U.S. Horticulture: An Introduction To The Workshop, Yan Chen, Jayesh B. Samtani

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Turn The Beat Around: Deactivating Implanted Cardiac-Assist Devices, Lars Noah Jan 2013

Turn The Beat Around: Deactivating Implanted Cardiac-Assist Devices, Lars Noah

William Mitchell Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Regular Lecture Quizzes Scores As Predictors Of Final Examination Performance: A Test Of Hypothesis Using Logistic Regression Analysis, Oscar Wambuguh, Theo Yonn-Brown Jan 2013

Regular Lecture Quizzes Scores As Predictors Of Final Examination Performance: A Test Of Hypothesis Using Logistic Regression Analysis, Oscar Wambuguh, Theo Yonn-Brown

International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning

Student academic success in school demands acquisition of specific skill sets that emphasize self-assessment, monitoring, adjustment, self-control, and motivation; the courage and ability to adopt efficient learning strategies; and resiliency in case of academic difficulties. As hypothesized, data from the present study demonstrates that student performance in routine lecture quizzes can predict performance in the final examination and successfully completing a course. Course data accumulated from several courses taught by the same instructor in the last five years (n=1294) were used in this analysis. The results generally indicate that: 1) performance in the quizzes is positively correlated with performance in …

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Early Childhood, Human Development Programme Jan 2013

Early Childhood, Human Development Programme

Institute for Educational Development Pakistan (IED-PK) Archives

A guide to early childhood development, highlighting the importance of brain growth, nutrition, care, and learning opportunities from pregnancy to age eight.

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