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As I Recall…January 2012, Lee County Medical Society

As I Recall Column

"As I Recall…" Column written by Dr. Roger D. Scott for the January 2012 Lee County Medical Society Bulletin newsletter. The entire Bulletin is included, but "As I Recall…" is on page 3.

N-Myristoylglutamic Acid Derivative Of 3′-Fluoro-3′- Deoxythymidine As An Organogel, Bhupender S. Chhikara, Rakesh Tiwari, Keykavous Parang

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Designing microbicidal gels of anti-HIV drugs for local application to prevent HIV infection is a subject of major interest. 3′-Fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), was conjugated with a N-myristoylglutamate scaffold. The conjugate showed gelation at 1% (w/w) in different organic solvents, such as toluene, dichloromethane, and chloroform. The gels were opaque and stable at room temperature. The results indicate that myristoyl glutamate derivative of FLT can form an organogel. The gel could have potential application as a topical anti-HIV microbicidal agent.

Prevalence And Characterization Of Multidrug-Resistant And Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli From Pediatric Wards Of A Malaysian Hospital, W.S. Ho, G. Balan, S. Puthucheary, B.H. Kong, K.T. Lim, L.K. Tan, X.P. Koh, C.C. Yeo, Kwai Lin Thong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

The emergence of Escherichia coli resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is of concern as ESC is often used to treat infections by Gram-negative bacteria. One-hundred and ten E. coli strains isolated in 2009-2010 from children warded in a Malaysian tertiary hospital were analyzed for their antibiograms, carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC genes, possible inclusion of the beta-lactamase genes on an integron platform, and their genetic relatedness. All E. coli strains were sensitive to carbapenems. About 46 of strains were multidrug resistant (MDR; i.e., resistant to >= 3 antibiotic classes) and almost half (45) were nonsusceptible to ESCs. Among …

Quorum Quenching Revisited-From Signal Decays To Signalling Confusion, Kar Wai Hong, Chong Lek Koh, Choon Kook Sam, Wai Fong Yin, Kok Gan Chan

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

In a polymicrobial community, while some bacteria are communicating with neighboring cells (quorum sensing), others are interrupting the communication (quorum quenching), thus creating a constant arms race between intercellular communication. In the past decade, numerous quorum quenching enzymes have been found and initially thought to inactivate the signalling molecules. Though this is widely accepted, the actual roles of these quorum quenching enzymes are now being uncovered. Recent evidence extends the role of quorum quenching to detoxification or metabolism of signalling molecules as food and energy source; this includes "signalling confusion", a term coined in this paper to refer to the …

Relationships Of Black-Fly Species Of The Simulium Tuberosum Species-Group (Diptera: Simuliidae) In Peninsular Malaysia, With Keys To Ten Malaysian Species, H. Takaoka, Mohd Sofian-Azirun, R. Hashim, Y. Otsuka, D.M. Belabut, T.P. Ean

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Two species of black flies, Simulium (Simulium) jasmoni Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Belabut, 2012 and S. (S.) tiomanense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Belabut, 2012, described from Tioman Island, Pahang, Malaysia, are placed in two different lineages of the tuberosum species-group in the subgenus Simulium (Simulium) Latreille, and have close similarities to S. (S.) tani Takaoka & Davies, 1995 and S. (S.) brevipar Takaoka & Davies, 1995, respectively, which were the only members of the same species-group in the nearest mainland of Peninsular Malaysia. It is suggested that S. (S.) jasmoni and S. (S.) tani in one lineage, as well as S. (S.) …

Rna Interference Mediated Inhibition Of Dengue Virus Multiplication And Entry In Hepg2 Cells, M.A. Alhoot, S.M. Wang, S.D. Sekaran

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus-host cell interaction initiates when the virus binds to the attachment receptors followed by endocytic internalization of the virus particle. Successful entry into the cell is necessary for infection initiation. Currently, there is no protective vaccine or antiviral treatment for dengue infection. Targeting the viral entry pathway has become an attractive therapeutic strategy to block infection. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silencing the GRP78 and clathrin-mediated endocytosis on dengue virus entry and multiplication into HepG2 cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: HepG2 cells were transfected using specific siRNAs to silence the cellular surface receptor (GRP78) and clathrin-mediated endocytosis …

The Asia-Pacific Journal Of Public Health Celebrates 25 Years, W.Y. Low, C. Binns, A.B.A. Mahmud, E.M. Khoo, Y.L. Wong, J. Koshy

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

No abstract provided.

Antibacterial Evaluation Of Some Schiff Bases Derived From 2-Acetylpyridine And Their Metal Complexes, N.S. Gwaram, H.M. Ali, H. Khaledi, M.A. Abdulla, A.H.A. Hadi, Kwai Lin Thong, C.L. Ching, C.L. Ooi

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

A series of Schiff bases derived from 2-acetylpyridne and their metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectral studies. The complexes were screened for anti-bacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumanni (AC), Klebsiella pneumonie (KB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) using the disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. Based on the overall results, the complexes showed the highest activities against MRSA while a weak antibacterial activity was observed against A. baumanii and P. aeruginosa.

Antiviral Activity Of Baicalein And Quercetin Against The Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Jefree Johari, Aynaz Kianmehr, Mohd Rais Mustafa, Sazaly Abubakar, Keivan Zandi

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease, is endemic to the entire east and southeast Asia, and some other parts of the world. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic available for JE; therefore, finding the effective antiviral agent against JEV replication is crucial. In the present study, the in vitro antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin, two purportedly antiviral bioflavonoids, was evaluated against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication in Vero cells. Anti-JEV activities of these compounds were examined on different stages of JEV replication cycle. The effects of the compounds on virus replication were determined by foci forming unit reduction …

Association Between Anaemia, Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Neglected Parasitic Infections And Socioeconomic Factors In Rural Children Of West Malaysia, R. Ngui, Y. A. L. Lim, L. C. Kin, C. S. Chuen, S. Jaffar

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Given that micronutrient deficiency, neglected intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and poor socioeconomic status are closely linked, we conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the relationship between IPIs and nutritional status of children living in remote and rural areas in West Malaysia. Methods/Findings: A total of 550 children participated, comprising 520 (94.5) school children aged 7 to 12 years old, 30 (5.5) young children aged 1 to 6 years old, 254 (46.2) boys and 296 (53.8) girls. Of the 550 children, 26.2 were anaemic, 54.9 iron deficient and 16.9 had iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). The overall prevalence of helminths was …

Auditing Scholarly Journals Published In Malaysia And Assessing Their Visibility, A.N. Zainab, S.A. Sanni, N.N. Edzan, A.P. Koh

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

The problem with the identification of Malaysian scholarly journals lies in the lack of a current and complete listing of journals published in Malaysia. As a result, librarians are deprived of a tool that can be used for journal selection and identification of gaps in their serials collection. This study describes the audit carried out on scholarly journals, with the objectives (a) to trace and characterized scholarly journal titles published in Malaysia, and (b) to determine their visibility in international and national indexing databases. A total of 464 titles were traced and their yearly trends, publisher and publishing characteristics, bibliometrics …

Boesenbergia Rotunda: From Ethnomedicine To Drug Discovery, T. Eng-Chong, L. Yean-Kee, C. Chin-Fei, H. Choon-Han, W. Sher-Ming, C.T. Li-Ping, F. Gen-Teck, Norzulaani Khalid, N. Abd Rahman, S.A. Karsani, S. Othman, R. Othman, R. Yusof

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Boesenbergia rotunda is a herb from the Boesenbergia genera under the Zingiberaceae family. B. rotunda is widely found in Asian countries where it is commonly used as a food ingredient and in ethnomedicinal preparations. The popularity of its ethnomedicinal usage has drawn the attention of scientists worldwide to further investigate its medicinal properties. Advancement in drug design and discovery research has led to the development of synthetic drugs from B. rotunda metabolites via bioinformatics and medicinal chemistry studies. Furthermore, with the advent of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, new insights on the biosynthetic pathways of B. rotunda metabolites can be …

Ceftriaxone Resistance And Genes Encoding Extended-Spectrum Ss-Lactamase Among Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Species From A Tertiary Care Hospital In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, R. Karunakaran, T. T. Sun, F. F. Rahim, B. L. Bee, I. C. Sam, M. Kahar-Bador, H. Hassan, S. D. Puthucheary

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

The prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance and the associated genes encoding extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) was determined in 149 non-duplicate non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated in 2008–2009 from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The resistance rate to ceftriaxone was 2.7z (2/74) in 2008, 4.0z (3/75) in 2009, and 3.4z (5/149) overall. CTX-M ESBL genes were detected in 2 of the 5 ceftriaxone-resistant isolates. The prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance, although low, is a concern because it limits therapeutic options. Continued surveillance of ceftriaxone resistance is important to monitor its trends

Characterization Of Shigella Sonnei In Malaysia, An Increasingly Prevalent Etiologic Agent Of Local Shigellosis Cases, X.P. Koh, C.S. Chiou, N. Ajam, H. Watanabe, N. Ahmad, Kwai Lin Thong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Shigellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is an acute intestinal infection caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella, with a minimum infective dose as low as 10-100 bacterial cells. Increasing prevalence of Shigella sonnei as the etiologic agent of shigellosis in Malaysia has been reported. As there is limited information on the genetic background of S. sonnei in Malaysia, this study aimed to characterize Malaysian S. sonnei and to evaluate the prospect of using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) for subtyping of local S. sonnei. Methods: Forty non-repeat clinical strains of …

Comparative Genetic Analysis Of Vp4, Vp1 And 3d Gene Regions Of Enterovirus 71 And Coxsackievirus A16 Circulating In Malaysia Between 1997-2008, Y.F. Chan, K.L. Wee, C.W. Chiam, C.S. Khor, S.Y. Chan, W.M.Z.W.N. Amalina, I.C. Sam

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Three genomic regions, VP4 capsid, VP1 capsid and 3D RNA polymerase of human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) were sequenced to understand the evolution of these viruses in Malaysia. A total of 42 EV-71 and 36 CV-A16 isolates from 1997-2008 were sequenced. Despite the presence of many EV-71 subgenotypes worldwide, only subgenotypes B3, B4, B5, C1 and C2 were present in Malaysia. Importation of other subgenotypes such as C3, C4/D and C5 from other countries was infrequent. For CV-A16, the earlier subgenotype B1 was replaced by subgenotypes B2a and the recent B2c. Subgenotype B2a was present throughout the …

Comparison Of Methicillin-Resistant And Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated From A Tertiary Hospital In Terengganu, Malaysia, King Ting Lim, Chew Chieng Yeo, Zarizal Suhaili, Kwai Lin Thong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Staphylococcus aureus is a persistent human pathogen responsible for a variety of infections ranging from soft-tissue infections to bacteremia. The objective of this study was to determine genetic relatedness between methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. We isolated 35 MRSA and 21 MSSA strains from sporadic cases at the main tertiary hospital in Terengganu, Malaysia, screening them for the presence of virulence genes. Their genetic relatedness was determined by accessory gene regulator (agr) types, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coa gene, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), S. aureus protein A (spa), and multilocus-sequence typing (MLST). …

Comparison Of Predicted Susceptibility Between Genotype And Virtual Phenotype Hiv Drug Resistance Interpretation Systems Among Treatment-Naive Hiv-Infected Patients In Asia: Taser-M Cohort Analysis, A. Jiamsakul, R. Kantor, P.C. Li, S. Sirivichayakul, T. Sirisanthana, P. Kantipong, C.K. Lee, A. Kamarulzaman, W. Ratanasuwan, R. Ditangco, T. Singtoroj, S. Sungkanuparph

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Accurate interpretation of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) testing is challenging, yet important for patient care. We compared genotyping interpretation, based on the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database (Stanford HIVdb), and virtual phenotyping, based on the Janssen Diagnostics BVBA’s vircoTYPE™ HIV-1, and investigated their level of agreement in antiretroviral (ARV) naive patients in Asia, where non-B subtypes predominate. Methods: Sequences from 1301 ARV-naive patients enrolled in the TREAT Asia Studies to Evaluate Resistance – Monitoring Study (TASER-M) were analysed by both interpreting systems. Interpretations from both Stanford HIVdb and vircoTYPE™ HIV-1 were initially grouped into 2 levels: susceptible and …

Cytokine Expression Profile Of Dengue Patients At Different Phases Of Illness, A. Rathakrishnan, S.M. Wang, Y.L. Hu, A.M. Khan, S. Ponnampalavanar, L.C.S. Lum, R. Manikam, S.D. Sekaran

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Dengue is an important medical problem, with symptoms ranging from mild dengue fever to severe forms of the disease, where vascular leakage leads to hypovolemic shock. Cytokines have been implicated to play a role in the progression of severe dengue disease; however, their profile in dengue patients and the synergy that leads to continued plasma leakage is not clearly understood. Herein, we investigated the cytokine kinetics and profiles of dengue patients at different phases of illness to further understand the role of cytokines in dengue disease. Methods and Findings: Circulating levels of 29 different types of cytokines were assessed …

Denguetools: Innovative Tools And Strategies For The Surveillance And Control Of Dengue, Annelies Wilder-Smith, Karl Erik Renhorn, Hasitha Tissera, Sazaly Abubakar, Luke Alphey, Pattamaporn Kittayapong, Steve Lindsay, James Logan, Christoph Hatz, Paul Reiter, Joacim Rocklöv, Peter Byass, Valerie R. Louis, Yesim Tozan, Eduardo Massad, Antonio Tenorio, Christophe Lagneau, Gregory L'Ambert, David Brooks, Johannah Wegerdt, Duane Gubler

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease estimated to cause about 230 million infections worldwide every year, of which 25,000 are fatal. Global incidence has risen rapidly in recent decades with some 3.6 billion people, over half of the world's population, now at risk, mainly in urban centres of the tropics and subtropics. Demographic and societal changes, in particular urbanization, globalization, and increased international travel, are major contributors to the rise in incidence and geographic expansion of dengue infections. Major research gaps continue to hamper the control of dengue. The European Commission launched a call under the 7th Framework Programme …

Detection Of Quorum Sensing Signal Molecules And Identification Of An Autoinducer Synthase Gene Among Biofilm Forming Clinical Isolates Of Acinetobacter Spp., Deepa Anbazhagan, Marzida Mansor, Gracie Siok Yan Ong, Mohd Yasim Mohd Yusof, Hamimah Hassan, Shamala Devi Sekaran

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Quorum sensing is a term that describes an environmental sensing system that allows bacteria to monitor their own population density which contributes significantly to the size and development of the biofilm. Many gram negative bacteria use N-acyl-homoserine lactones as quorum sensing signal molecules. In this study, we sought to find out if the biofilm formation among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. is under the control of autoinducing quorum sensing molecules. Methodology/Principal Findings: Biofilm formation among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. was assessed and the production of signal molecules were detected with Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 biosensor system. Characterisation of autoinducers …

Entomologic Investigation Of Plasmodium Knowlesi Vectors In Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia, A. Jiram, I. Vythilingam, Y. Noorazian, Y. Yusof, A. Azahari, M.Y. Fong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The first natural infection of Plasmodium knowlesi in humans was recorded in 1965 in peninsular Malaysia. Extensive research was then conducted and it was postulated that it was a rare incident and that simian malaria will not be easily transmitted to humans. However, at the turn of the 21st century, knowlesi malaria was prevalent throughout Southeast Asia and is life threatening. Thus, a longitudinal study was initiated to determine the vectors, their seasonal variation and preference to humans and macaques. METHODS: Monthly mosquito collections were carried out in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, peninsular Malaysia, using human-landing collection and monkey-baited …

Genome Sequence Of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Ec302/04, Isolated From A Human Tracheal Aspirate, Wing Sze Ho, Han Ming Gan, Kien Pong Yap, Ganeswrie Balan, Chew Chieng Yeo, Kwai Lin Thong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Escherichia coli is an important etiologic agent of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Multidrug-resistant E. coli EC302/04 was isolated from a tracheal aspirate, and its genome sequence is expected to provide insights into antimicrobial resistance as well as adaptive and virulence mechanisms of E. coli involved in LRTI.

Genotypic And Phenotypic Characterization Of Chikungunya Virus Of Different Genotypes From Malaysia, I.C. Sam, S.K. Loong, J.C. Michael, C.L. Chua, W.Y.W. Sulaiman, I. Vythilingam, S.Y. Chan, C.W. Chiam, Y.S. Yeong, Sazaly Abubakar, Yoke Fun Chan

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Mosquito-borne Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has recently re-emerged globally. The epidemic East/Central/South African (ECSA) strains have spread for the first time to Asia, which previously only had endemic Asian strains. In Malaysia, the ECSA strain caused an extensive nationwide outbreak in 2008, while the Asian strains only caused limited outbreaks prior to this. To gain insight into these observed epidemiological differences, we compared genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of CHIKV of Asian and ECSA genotypes isolated in Malaysia. Methods and Findings: CHIKV of Asian and ECSA genotypes were isolated from patients during outbreaks in Bagan Panchor in 2006, and Johor in …

High Diversity Of Cryptosporidium Subgenotypes Identified In Malaysian Hiv/Aids Individuals Targeting Gp60 Gene, Asma Iqbal, Yvonne Ai Lian Lim, Johari Surin, Benedict Lim Heng Sim

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Currently, there is a lack of vital information in the genetic makeup of Cryptosporidium especially in developing countries. The present study aimed at determining the genotypes and subgenotypes of Cryptosporidium in hospitalized Malaysian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, 346 faecal samples collected from Malaysian HIV positive patients were genetically analysed via PCR targeting the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Eighteen (5.2% of 346) isolates were determined as Cryptosporidium positive with 72.2% (of 18) identified as Cryptosporidium parvum whilst 27.7% as Cryptosporidium hominis. Further gp60 analysis revealed C. parvum belonging to subgenotypes IIaA13G1R1 (2 …

Inhibition Of Dengue Ns2b-Ns3 Protease And Viral Replication In Vero Cells By Recombinant Retrocyclin-1, H.A. Rothan, H.C. Han, T.S. Ramasamy, S. Othman, N.A. Rahman, Rohana Yusof

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background; Global resurgence of dengue virus infections in many of the tropical and subtropical countries is a major concern. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of successful drugs that are both economical and offer a long-lasting protection. The viral NS2B-NS3 serine protease (NS2B-NS3pro) is a promising target for the development of drug-like inhibitors, which are not available at the moment. In this study, we report retrocyclin-1 (RC-1) production in E. coli as a recombinant peptide to test against dengue NS2B-NS3pro. Methods: Dengue NS2B-NS3pro was produced as a recombinant single chain protein in E. coli and purified by …

Investigation Of Toxin Genes Among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated From A Tertiary Hospital In Malaysia, K.T. Lim, Y.A. Hanifah, M.Y. Mohd Yusof, Kwai Lin Thong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Staphylococcus aureus is a persistent human pathogen responsible for a variety of infections ranging from soft-tissue infections to bacteremia. It produces a variety of virulence factors which are responsible for specific acute staphylococcal toxaemia syndromes. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of a repertoire of toxin genes among Malaysian MRSA strains and their genetic diversity by PCR-RFLP of coa gene. One hundred eighty-eight strains (2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were screened for 20 genes encoding for extracellular virulence determinant (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, tst, eta, etb, …

Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Genital Infection In Southern Iranian Women: Population-Based Study Versus Clinic-Based Data, S.S. Eghbali, R. Amirinejad, N. Obeidi, S. Mosadeghzadeh, K. Vahdat, F. Azizi, R. Pazoki, Z. Sanjdideh, Z. Amiri, I. Nabipour, K. Zandi

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

Background: Epidemiological studies on genital human papilloma viruses infection (HPVs) in general population are crucial for the implementation of health policy guidelines for developing the strategies to prevent the primary and secondary cervical cancer. In different parts of Iran, there is a lack of population-based studies to determine the prevalence of HPV in the general population. The aim of this population-based study is to compare the prevalence rate of genital HPV infection among reproductive women with our previous clinic-based data, which showed a prevalence rate of 5 in women in southern Iran. Results: Using general primers for all genotypes of …

Outbreak-Associated Vibrio Cholerae Genotypes With Identical Pulsotypes, Malaysia, 2009, C.S.J. Teh, Z. Suhaili, K.T. Lim, M.A. Khamaruddin, F. Yahya, M.H. Sajili, C.C. Yeo, Kwai Lin Thong

Research Publications (2011 to 2015)

A cholera outbreak in Terengganu, Malaysia, in November 2009 was caused by 2 El Tor Vibrio cholerae variants resistant to typical antimicrobial drugs. Evidence of replacement of treatable V. cholerae infection in the region with antimicrobial-resistant strains calls for increased surveillance and prevention measures.

Decision-Making Processes And Health Behaviors Among Adults Diagnosed With Schizophrenia, Lillian J. Findlay

Theses and Dissertations--Nursing

Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia commonly experience problems with accurately assessing their health status due to cognitive deficits including impaired working memory, amotivation, and communication difficulties. Little is known about whether these deficiencies influence health behavior decision-making among individuals with schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia die an average of 25 years earlier than those without a mental illness. Approximately 60% of premature deaths in this population are from medical comorbidities; mortality rates due to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are two to three times higher than the general population. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality, it is important to find effective ways …

Characteristics Of All-Terrain Vehicles And Their Operators On Kentucky Farms, Jessica L. Wilson

Theses and Dissertations--Nursing

All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) were first developed and marketed in the U.S. in the 1970s. They have soared in popularity for occupational and recreational uses since that time. In 2008, there were approximately 10.2 million all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in use in the United States. In 2001, it was estimated that 23 million Americans rode ATVs; 69% were adults and 31% children (CPSC, 2003). Deaths and injuries from ATVs have increased over time. According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Kentucky led the nation for ATV deaths from 2002-2006, with increasing numbers of fatalities annually.

ATV use on farms is increasing …