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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Second Natures: Media, Masculinity And The Natural World In Twentieth-Century American Literature And Film., Jeanne E. Hamming Jan 2003

Second Natures: Media, Masculinity And The Natural World In Twentieth-Century American Literature And Film., Jeanne E. Hamming

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This multidisciplinary dissertation examines the cultural anxieties associated with masculine identity in relation to both technology and nature in key literary texts and contemporary films of the twentieth-century: Ray Bradbury's “The Veldt” and The Martian Chronicles, Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, James Dickey's Deliverance , Don DeLillo's White Noise, Fight Club, American Psycho, Brazil, 12 Monkeys, and Dark City. Exploring the theoretical intersections of technoculture, ecocriticism, and gender studies, this dissertation analyzes the relationship between masculine identity and nature, as it is mediated by American technoculture. This relationship is marked by a discernible cultural malaise—a sense …

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A Continuously Variable Power-Split Transmission In A Hybrid-Electric Sport Utility Vehicle., Miguel Mario Gomez Jan 2003

A Continuously Variable Power-Split Transmission In A Hybrid-Electric Sport Utility Vehicle., Miguel Mario Gomez

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) have an infinitely variable ratio, which allows the engine to operate more time in the optimum range given an appropriate control of the engine valve throttle opening (VTO) and transmission ratio. In contrast, traditional automatic and manual transmissions have several fixed transmission ratios forcing the engine to operate outside the optimum range. Usually CVTs are used in small vehicles due to power limitations of the variable elements. Continuously variable power split transmissions (CVPST) were developed in order to reduce the fraction of power passing through the variable elements. This configuration includes a planetary gear train (PGT), …

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The Effect Of Teacher Misbehaviors On Teacher Credibility And Affect., Sara Richelle Banfield Jan 2003

The Effect Of Teacher Misbehaviors On Teacher Credibility And Affect., Sara Richelle Banfield

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the effect of teacher misbehavior on teacher credibility and student affect toward the teacher. Participants completed an Affective Learning Scale and a Source Credibility Scale in reference to four conditions. The first research question examined the relationship of each type of misbehavior and it's effect on student affect toward the teacher. Each misbehavior was shown to have a significant effect on student affect. Teacher offensiveness was reported to effect affect the most. The second research question examined the relationship of each type of misbehavior and it's effect on teacher credibility. Credibility was significantly effected by each individual …

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Cumulative Review: Effects Of Random Alternation Of Review Items On Mathematics Problem Solving., Christine Kim Jan 2003

Cumulative Review: Effects Of Random Alternation Of Review Items On Mathematics Problem Solving., Christine Kim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study evaluated the differences between three methods of reviewing basic algebra skills. Five component rules were trained: the use of four laws of exponents and a combination rule that included simplifying mathematical expressions (i.e., “order of operations”) and perfect squares. All methods used the same procedures to teach the rules and included review sessions interspersed among the training of the individual rules. The differences among methods involved the kinds of practice provided during the review sessions. The simple review group (n = 12) received extra questions on each rule learned. The nonrandom cumulative review group (n = 12) …

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Costume Designs For "Macbeth" By William Shakespeare., Virginia Bristol Johnson Jan 2003

Costume Designs For "Macbeth" By William Shakespeare., Virginia Bristol Johnson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This document records the costume design process for West Virginia University’s spring 2000 studio theatre production of Macbeth. The costume design was produced and completed in partial fulfillment of the Master of Fine Arts degree in Theatre Design, Costume. Contained herein are: a brief history of the play and playwright, a synopsis of the action, the conceptual approach to the design and production, text describing the final costume design, costume plot, research, working drawings, process photos and performance photos.

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An Examination Of Informally Mentored And Non-Mentored Employees In The Cleveland Metroparks., Michelle L. Di Vito Jan 2003

An Examination Of Informally Mentored And Non-Mentored Employees In The Cleveland Metroparks., Michelle L. Di Vito

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The outcomes of mentor relationships have been well-documented in both business and mentoring literature. In many research studies authors have suggested that there are benefits that can be afforded to the mentor, protégé, and the organization. However, the literature is scarce when it comes to the effects of mentoring on professionals in the field of parks and recreation. The purposes of this study was to examine an informal mentoring relationship that was occurring among individuals in the Cleveland Metroparks and to compare informally mentored and non-mentored individuals on the selected outcomes of organizational socialization, job satisfaction, job motivation, career planning …

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Prepartum Milking Of Holstein Heifers: Prepartum Mastitis And Factors Affecting Heifers Milked Prepartum., Nancy Jean Kerr Jan 2003

Prepartum Milking Of Holstein Heifers: Prepartum Mastitis And Factors Affecting Heifers Milked Prepartum., Nancy Jean Kerr

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A field study was conducted on two commercial dairy production units to determine the effects of milking Holstein heifers prepartum on prepartum mastitis, reproduction, milk production, and overall health. Holstein heifers were assigned at least 30 days prior to the expected date of parturition to one of three treatment groups: Non-Prepartum Milked Control, Postpartum Milked (C; Farm 1, n = 31; Farm 2, n = 15), Prepartum Milked (P; Farm 1, n = 68; Farm 2, n = 16); and Prepartum Milked with Mastitis (M; Farm 1, n = 27; Farm 2, n = 4). Prepartum milking consisted of twice …

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The Play Behaviors Of Hospitalized Children., Tracey M. Craddock Jan 2003

The Play Behaviors Of Hospitalized Children., Tracey M. Craddock

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was aimed at identifying the play behaviors of hospitalized preschool aged children. Hospitals that had child life programs were the focus. Two hundred informational surveys and playroom observation forms were mailed throughout the United States. Surveys asked about the hours of operation of the child life program, hours of operation of the institution’s playroom, whether adults had to accompany children to the playroom, and whether a member of the child life staff was always present in the playroom. Number of child life staff at the institution and child life staff to patient ratio was also recorded. Participants were …

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Particle-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation And Fibrosis: Role Of Inflammatory Mediators In The Initiation And Progression Of Occupational Lung Disease., Patti C. Zeidler Jan 2003

Particle-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation And Fibrosis: Role Of Inflammatory Mediators In The Initiation And Progression Of Occupational Lung Disease., Patti C. Zeidler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pulmonary fibrosis due to acute or chronic occupational exposures is the leading cause of work-related illness in the U.S. according to the 2002 report by the American Lung Association. Asbestosis and silicosis are well described lung diseases that result from asbestos fiber or crystalline silica inhalation, respectively. This study investigated the underlying lung inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms involved in the response caused by exposure to crystalline silica (α-quartz) or JM-100 glass, chrysotile asbestos, and ceramic fibers. Two topics were investigated: (1) The role of fiber dimension and chemical composition in the response of alveolar macrophages (AMs). (2) The role of …

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An Examination Of Factors Influencing The Spatial Distribution Of Foraging Bats In Pine Stands In The Southeastern United States., Michael A. Menzel Jan 2003

An Examination Of Factors Influencing The Spatial Distribution Of Foraging Bats In Pine Stands In The Southeastern United States., Michael A. Menzel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The general objective of this dissertation was to determine the effect of changes in forest structure on bat activity patterns in southern pine stands. Individual studies included an investigation of the homerange, habitat use, and diet of a species of special concern common to the Southern Pine Region (SPR), Rafinesque's big-eared bat, a investigation of the relative activity of bats below, within, and above forest canopies in 5 vegetational communities, and a review of the distribution and habitat associations of the bats of the SPR. In my first study, I examined homerange size, habitat use, and diet of four reproductively …

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A New Model For The Assessment Of Nonpoint Source Pollution Using Gis And Virtual Intelligence., Seyed Razi Gaskari Jan 2003

A New Model For The Assessment Of Nonpoint Source Pollution Using Gis And Virtual Intelligence., Seyed Razi Gaskari

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Today, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution remains as the leading cause of water quality problems in the United States (USEPA, 1996). The most common NPS pollutants are sediment (i.e. total suspended solids, TSS) and nutrients (i.e. total nitrogen, TN). These wash into water bodies from agricultural land, construction sites, and other areas of disturbance. To develop the virtual non-point source assessment system (VNPSAS) model, monitoring gauges were selected for data extraction from West Virginia and also the western part of Virginia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used as a productive environment for data extraction and spatial analysis. The information for …

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The Comparative Effects Of Four-Week Core Stabilization And Balance-Training Programs On Semidynamic And Dynamic Balance., Anthony, B. Piegaro Jr. Jan 2003

The Comparative Effects Of Four-Week Core Stabilization And Balance-Training Programs On Semidynamic And Dynamic Balance., Anthony, B. Piegaro Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative effects of four-week core stabilization and balance-training programs on semidynamic and dynamic balance. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups using stratified randomization for gender and activity. These groups included a control group and three experimental groups. Subjects in the three experimental groups performed their training program two days per week for four-weeks. The Biodex Stability System Test (semidynamic balance) and Star Excursion Balance Test (dynamic balance) were used for pre-test and post-test. There were no significant differences for the Biodex Stability System Test. There were significant main …

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Using The Internet To Collect Data On Psychological Symptoms: An Investigation Of Psychometric Properties., Beverly Lynn Fortson Jan 2003

Using The Internet To Collect Data On Psychological Symptoms: An Investigation Of Psychometric Properties., Beverly Lynn Fortson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The reliability and validity of internet-based questionnaires was assessed in a large sample of undergraduates (n = 411) by comparing data collected via the internet with data collected in a more traditional format, that is with paper and pencil questionnaires. Ninety percent of participants reported using the internet on a daily basis, with 22% of those participants meeting criteria for internet abuse. Number of traumatic events experienced by participants, rates of depression, and rates of PTSD were similar to rates found in other studies with college students. Statistical analyses demonstrated that the psychometric properties of internet-based questionnaires are similar to …

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The Evolving Process Of The Technical Direction Of West Virginia University's Division Of Theatre And Dance's Production Of Strindberg's "The Ghost Sonata"., Joshua John Frachiseur Jan 2003

The Evolving Process Of The Technical Direction Of West Virginia University's Division Of Theatre And Dance's Production Of Strindberg's "The Ghost Sonata"., Joshua John Frachiseur

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This document is a written record of the process used in the technical direction of West Virginia University’s production of August Strindberg’s The Ghost Sonata. The role of technical director was assigned as partial fulfillment of the requirements of a Master of Fine Arts thesis in theatrical design, specifically theatrical production. This document includes a description of the process used, which is supported with visual documents of plans, schedules, photographs, and other various paperwork that was used to complete this project.

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Preserving Art Music In The Mountain State: A Study Of The West Virginia Federal Music Project Orchestras, 1935-1939., Travis D. Stimeling Jan 2003

Preserving Art Music In The Mountain State: A Study Of The West Virginia Federal Music Project Orchestras, 1935-1939., Travis D. Stimeling

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Federal Music Project of the Works Progress Administration (FMP) came to West Virginia in 1936 to establish orchestras in the state’s cities and to provide short-term employment for instrumentalists left destitute by the Depression and the advent of recorded sound. These ensembles were also designed to serve a subsidiary purpose: presenting free musical entertainment to the general public to alleviate temporarily the psychological burdens of the Depression. Implicit in their concerns for both displaced audiences and unemployed performers was the existence, prior to the onset of the economic crises of the 1930s, of a thriving culture for art music …

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An Empirical Study Of Algorithms For The Negative Cost Cycle Detection Problem., Lisa L. Kovalchick Jan 2003

An Empirical Study Of Algorithms For The Negative Cost Cycle Detection Problem., Lisa L. Kovalchick

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this thesis, we develop a greedy algorithm for the problem of checking whether a directed graph with positive and negative costs on its edges has a negative cost cycle. Our approach is the first known greedy strategy for this problem; all known approaches in the literature are based on Dynamic Programming. It is well known that the Negative Cost Cycle Detection problem is equivalent to the problem of checking whether a system of linear difference constraints is feasible. Our algorithm exploits this equivalence and uses polyhedral projection on the polyhedron of difference constraints corresponding to the input graph to …

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An Interactive Approach To Structural Design Of Flanged Laminated Composite Ducts., Sasikumar Chandramohan Jan 2003

An Interactive Approach To Structural Design Of Flanged Laminated Composite Ducts., Sasikumar Chandramohan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A novel closed-form analytical model is described and applied to predict the stiffness and stress distributions around the circumference of cylindrical composite ducts with upright bolted flanges. The primary capability provided by the model is the interactive evaluation of alternative combinations between various geometric, processing, material, lay-up and loading characteristics in the design of connection flanges between cylindrical or conical ducts. Each ply in such a laminated flange is laid-up of circular segments, or "gores", which are stamped out of a prepreg unidirectional tape, or woven fabric, through a "cookie-cutter" type operation. The gores are then butted in the circumferential …

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The Effect Of Nutrition Education And "Hands On" Food Preparation Training On National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes' Nutrition Knowledge And Dietary Practices., Karin Lockhart Gould Jan 2003

The Effect Of Nutrition Education And "Hands On" Food Preparation Training On National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes' Nutrition Knowledge And Dietary Practices., Karin Lockhart Gould

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of the study was to determine whether collegiate athletes had a change in nutrition knowledge and, consequently, a positive change in diet intake, when given different types of nutrition education. Intervention was either participation in a newsletter group, or a cooking lesson group. Subjects were 24 athletes, male and female. The study design was a Pre-Test, Post-Test Questionnaire and Three-day Diet Record. Results were analyzed using ANOVA. Mean test score improved for both groups by 6.5% (p = 0.0004), there was no significant difference between groups. Every subject in the “Cooking class” improved on the test score from …

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Implementation Of Recommended Forest Stewardship Program Practices In West Virginia: Ten-Year Assessment., Brian M. Jennings Jan 2003

Implementation Of Recommended Forest Stewardship Program Practices In West Virginia: Ten-Year Assessment., Brian M. Jennings

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One thousand six hundred and seventy-two (63% response rate) Forest Stewardship Program participants responded to a survey aimed at assessing the implementation rates of the Forest Stewardship Program’s recommended practices. Ten different recommended practices were examined using logistic regression models in order to determine what factors were related to the implementation of those practices. Thirty-nine factors were included in each of the models, including landowner demographics, participation in other private landowner assistance programs, motivation behind enrollment in the FSP, and whether or not a specific practice was recommended in a plan. Twenty-three of the thirty-nine factors revealed a relationship with …

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"Some Peculiar Construction Of The Object": The Colonization Of Femininity In Picturesque Aesthetics., Crystal B. Lake Jan 2003

"Some Peculiar Construction Of The Object": The Colonization Of Femininity In Picturesque Aesthetics., Crystal B. Lake

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Working under the general category “picturesque aesthetics,” my thesis examines the connections between colonial and patriarchal control in late eighteenth-century aesthetic discourses. I place the longstanding and tradition conflation of Woman/Nature-landscape in dialog with picturesque aesthetics’ gendered rhetoric and explicit concerns with nationalism, tourism, and history. When placed in the context of then contemporary gender stereotypes and eighteenth-century imperial efforts, picturesque aesthetics employ a colonial methodology for controlling and appropriating a femininity embodied in the national landscape.

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An Economic Analysis Of Pasture-Raised Beef Systems In Appalachia., Jason R. Evans Jan 2003

An Economic Analysis Of Pasture-Raised Beef Systems In Appalachia., Jason R. Evans

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cow-calf operations are important enterprises for family farmers in Appalachia and provide significant opportunity for supplemental income. Alternatives to traditional production methods that not only offer higher income potential but also lower risk levels need to be addressed for the benefit of the region’s producers. This thesis presents an analysis of one such alternative, pasture-raised beef production. Stochastic budgeting was used to compare profit and risk levels experienced by numerous categories of grassfed and traditional producers. Results showed that risk in pasture-raised operations is primarily production-related while risk for traditional producers is price-related and is, in general, more severe than …

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The Representation Of Male And Female Traits In High-Level And Low-Level Hiring In Public Relations., Juliana B. Frederick Jan 2003

The Representation Of Male And Female Traits In High-Level And Low-Level Hiring In Public Relations., Juliana B. Frederick

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research is an exploration of gender role stereotyping in the advertising of jobs in public relations. The study compares the existence of male and female traits in advertisements for manager and entry level positions in the field of public relations. Gender differences in leadership styles, activities and skills listed in the job descriptions are analyzed. The samples used in the study were companies that advertised public relations jobs on the internet. The study found that employers sought male traits in advertising for managerial jobs and female traits when advertising for technician jobs. This research also shows that more companies …

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A Comparison Of Distraction Strategies For Venipuncture In Young Children., Jill E. Maclaren Jan 2003

A Comparison Of Distraction Strategies For Venipuncture In Young Children., Jill E. Maclaren

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Distraction has been used successfully as an intervention to decrease children’s distress during painful procedures. However, distraction protocols differ in various ways, most notably in the attention required by the participant to engage in the distraction. This study compared two empirically supported distraction strategies that differed in the degree to which they required children’s interaction (interactive toy and cartoon movie) during venipunctures. Standard treatment was used as a control condition. In addition to the examination of treatment effects, exploratory analyses evaluated relations among children’s age, engagement in distraction, and distress. Results indicated that children watching the movie were more distracted …

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Computer Aided Management Of Processes (Camp) At The National Environmental Service Center., Wiselin Dhas Mathuram Jan 2003

Computer Aided Management Of Processes (Camp) At The National Environmental Service Center., Wiselin Dhas Mathuram

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

All business operations, either manufacturing or service, have certain processes they follow to accomplish their goals. These processes change with time due to financial performance, emerging market opportunities, or erosion of market share and they often need to be reengineered to improve their performance. This research aims to analyze and improve the product review process at the National Environmental Service Center (NESC). A supporting organizational structure is proposed. Process improvement was conducted by employee interviews, and a database was developed to integrate information flow between departments. The new software tool facilitates the workflow and helps to track, monitor, and manage …

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E-Commerce Uses And Gratifications And Framing Study On Media Portrayal And Perspectives Of The Retail E-Commerce Web Site Industry., Margaret R. Millero Jan 2003

E-Commerce Uses And Gratifications And Framing Study On Media Portrayal And Perspectives Of The Retail E-Commerce Web Site Industry., Margaret R. Millero

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project examines how media framing, uses and gratifications theory and relationship marketing have all played important roles in the way the public, as well as editors, have viewed e-commerce Web sites and the virtual market place. A framing analysis was applied to major newspaper articles with the purpose of understanding how the media framed e-commerce Web sites and if the uses and gratifications e-commerce users were represented in the stories. Sixty articles were sampled from a variety of U.S. newspapers to understand how the media portray the industry. The results found an overwhelming number of representations of users’ uses …

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Impact Of A Grazing Management Regime As An Internal Parasite Control In Sheep Managed Under Usda's National Organic Program: A Case Study., Bernard James O'Doherty Jan 2003

Impact Of A Grazing Management Regime As An Internal Parasite Control In Sheep Managed Under Usda's National Organic Program: A Case Study., Bernard James O'Doherty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this study was to identify an effective internal parasite control for sheep managed under USDA's NOP. The case study involved the sheep flock of the WVU Organic Farming Systems Experiment over a period of 27 months, March 2001 to July 2003. A 3-day-duration/5-week-rest grazing regime was implemented to control internal parasites. The parasite burden was measured by fecal analysis (fecal egg counts). Prior to implementation of the prescribed grazing regime, parasite levels were moderate and comparable to conventionally managed flocks in the local area. After implementation of prescribed grazing regime, parasite levels were lowered to almost undetectable …

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The Effects Of Shaping And Instructing Verbal Behavior On Human Schedule Performance., Elizabethann M. O'Shields Jan 2003

The Effects Of Shaping And Instructing Verbal Behavior On Human Schedule Performance., Elizabethann M. O'Shields

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This experiment analyzed the effects of different methods of rule acquisition on sensitivity to changing contingencies of reinforcement. Subjects were asked to guess the best way to earn points on two alternating schedules of reinforcement that had produced differentiated pressing rates in a group of subjects not asked to guess. Subjects were divided into groups whose guessing was either shaped, instructed, or was provided with non-differential points for guessing. Different methods for producing guesses did not have an effect on sensitivity to changes in schedules of reinforcement, but did affect guessing across groups. Instructed guessing subjects demonstrated independence between guesses …

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Forgiveness Of Interpersonal Betrayal: The Effects Of Empathy And Trauma Symptomology., Benjamin T. Parker Jan 2003

Forgiveness Of Interpersonal Betrayal: The Effects Of Empathy And Trauma Symptomology., Benjamin T. Parker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the relations among forgiveness, empathy, trauma symptomology, and relationship characteristics. Participants included 116 female and 113 male undergraduates. Forgiveness was measured by the Acts of Forgiveness Scale, empathy by the Batson Empathy Scale, and trauma symptomology by the PTSD Checklist. The Relationship Rating Form and the Commitment Inventory measured relationship characteristics. Results indicated a significant positive relation between forgiveness and empathy (r = .215) and a significant inverse relation between forgiveness and trauma symptomology (r = -.307). No significant direct associations were observed between forgiveness and relationship characteristics. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that forgiveness was significantly predicted …

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Adult Volunteers At Heritage Tourism Sites: A Study Of Characteristics And Motivations., Christine M. Babka Jan 2003

Adult Volunteers At Heritage Tourism Sites: A Study Of Characteristics And Motivations., Christine M. Babka

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One hundred fifty-eight adult volunteers aged 18 and older at 17 heritage tourism sites in northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania completed a paper questionnaire during summer 2003. The data was analyzed to identify basic volunteer characteristics and motivations, benefits, constraints and facilitators, social implications, activity and place attachment and the levels of satisfaction, commitment and interest and participation in heritage information. This research produced a 27-item heritage tourism volunteer motivation model and other measurement tools that followed previous research literature methods including the Volunteer Function Inventory (VFI). Common themes for heritage tourism volunteers are altruistic, self-improvement, social, selfinterest and …

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A Comparison Of Community Members' Preferences To Viewing Two Different Approaches To Therapy., Sherry Lynn Cain Jan 2003

A Comparison Of Community Members' Preferences To Viewing Two Different Approaches To Therapy., Sherry Lynn Cain

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The perceptions of community members on a traditional Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) counseling approach and a multi-sensory REBT counseling approach were examined in this study. A total of 98 individuals, who were the staff and parents recruited from a community Headstart program, participated in the study. Simulated counseling sessions of the two approaches were presented to the community members through eleven minute videotapes. After watching the counseling sessions, individuals rated the sessions with the Counseling Style Preference Form and the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire. They also were asked to write comments about each of the counseling sessions. Paired sample T-tests yielded …

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