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Data Conversion Within Energy Constrained Environments, Brandon M. Kelly
Data Conversion Within Energy Constrained Environments, Brandon M. Kelly
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Within scientific research, engineering, and consumer electronics, there is a multitude of new discrete sensor-interfaced devices. Maintaining high accuracy in signal quantization while staying within the strict power-budget of these devices is a very challenging problem. Traditional paths to solving this problem include researching more energy-efficient digital topologies as well as digital scaling.;This work offers an alternative path to lower-energy expenditure in the quantization stage --- content-dependent sampling of a signal. Instead of sampling at a constant rate, this work explores techniques which allow sampling based upon features of the signal itself through the use of application-dependent analog processing. This …
Molecular Simulation Of Transport And Storage In Shale, Mohammad Kazemi
Molecular Simulation Of Transport And Storage In Shale, Mohammad Kazemi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Over the past few years, the production of shale hydrocarbons has seen a renewed interest both in science and industry. Indeed, these fluids today constitute a significant energy and economic stake to compensate for the scarcity of so-called conventional resources. This is due to the fact that shale gases and oils represent enormous potential resources and are present all over the world. In shales, hydrocarbons are generally contained in microporous organic nanopores: kerogen. The kerogen is both the source rock of hydrocarbons and their reservoir. In shales, the extreme confinement of fluids in organic matter, high pressure-high temperature thermodynamic condition …
Protein And Peptide Gas-Phase Structure Investigation Using Collision Cross Section Measurements And Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange, Mahdiar Khakinejad
Protein And Peptide Gas-Phase Structure Investigation Using Collision Cross Section Measurements And Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange, Mahdiar Khakinejad
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Protein and peptide gas-phase structure analysis provides the opportunity to study these species outside of their explicit environment where the interaction network with surrounding molecules makes the analysis difficult [1]. Although gas-phase structure analysis offers a unique opportunity to study the intrinsic behavior of these biomolecules [2-4], proteins and peptides exhibit very low vapor pressures [2]. Peptide and protein ions can be rendered in the gas-phase using electrospray ionization (ESI) [5]. There is a growing body of literature that shows proteins and peptides can maintain solution structures during the process of ESI and these structures can persist for a few …
High Touch, Andrew Kellner
High Touch, Andrew Kellner
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This written thesis is the supporting documentation for High Touch, my Master of Fine Arts thesis exhibition. The exhibition seeks to define my personal expression of beauty through domestic pottery that seeks to both elevate and celebrate mundane life experiences.;The research underpinning my thesis explores the connections between object and user. The use of pottery, particularly in the home, has the ability to breed familiarity, consolation, comfort and security. It is only when pots are put into service within the household that an affinity for the object is achieved and its unique character is revealed. These moments cannot be codified …
Ripple Effect Mapping Of Youth & Adult Dyad Pairs Demonstrating Community Impact From Icook 4-H Intervention, Sina J.E. King
Ripple Effect Mapping Of Youth & Adult Dyad Pairs Demonstrating Community Impact From Icook 4-H Intervention, Sina J.E. King
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Introduction: Creating effective dissemination and implementation tools within community based, obesity prevention research is needed to bridge the current science to practice gap. Ripple Effect Mapping (REM) using Community Capitals Framework (CCF) is a community impact evaluation tool that is hypothesized to positively capture activity during dissemination within community programs. Although REM is a proposed impact evaluation method, it has not been widely adopted within the research sector. In order to facilitate the translation of research into evidenced based practice, a stepwise process must be described and tested to determine efficacy and effectiveness, followed by a method to translate findings …
Revolutionary Pedagogy: A Historical Perspective On Improvising In Beethoven, Julia Kinderknecht
Revolutionary Pedagogy: A Historical Perspective On Improvising In Beethoven, Julia Kinderknecht
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation will investigate the historical significance and modern application of Beethoven's improvisations in performance, first by observing what we know through primary sources and eye-witness accounts, then by considering the reasons for the absence of improvisation in modern performance practice and the steps that could be taken towards reincorporating classical improvisation into modern pedagogy, and finally by offering historically-based improvisation exercises and written-out examples of improvisations in Beethoven's works to benefit modern pianists.
Amplifier Design For Underground Anomaly Detection Using Naturally Occurring Ultra Low Frequencies, Dakota James Kirby
Amplifier Design For Underground Anomaly Detection Using Naturally Occurring Ultra Low Frequencies, Dakota James Kirby
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Most high-frequency signals are unable to penetrate the Earth's surface and lower frequencies have a much higher chance of penetrating the surface. Ultra-low frequencies can be used to penetrate the Earth's crust, but the frequency and background noise are a large problem that prevents from detecting these low frequency signals. This thesis describes the design for a small and lightweight low-frequency amplifier that can receive low voltage signals and amplify them to a level that could be used to do further analysis. The proposed amplifier design was capable of handling inputs as low as 1 muV and amplifying them to …
The Evolution Of Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies In Cosmos Between Z~0.0-1.0, Lucas Hunt
The Evolution Of Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies In Cosmos Between Z~0.0-1.0, Lucas Hunt
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies (LCBGs) are bright, compact star forming galaxies that are common in the distant universe, but rare locally. In this thesis we have conducted studies tracing changes in the LCBG population between z = 0.0--1.0 in the COSMOS survey region. We used the luminosity function to show LCBG's contribution to the luminosity density is increasing between z = 0.0--1.0. From this we also find the number density of LCBGs is increasing by an order of magnitude from z = 0.0--1.0. Finally we show that 10% of galaxies brighter than MB = --18.5 are LCBGs at z ~ …
Effect Of Non-Equidiffusivity On Premixed Flame Propagation In Obstructed Channels, Gbolahan Idowu
Effect Of Non-Equidiffusivity On Premixed Flame Propagation In Obstructed Channels, Gbolahan Idowu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Continuous fire safety hazards stimulate in-depth learning and understanding of what causes an initially slow premixed flame (deflagration) front to accelerate and eventually detonate. Such flame acceleration (FA) and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) are intriguing phenomena that have both fundamental interests and practical relevance. On one hand, it is the desire to prevent FA and DDT to avoid or, at least, mitigate unwanted explosions or fires. On the other hand, FA and DDT can be utilized, constructively, in the novel energy-efficient combustion technologies such as micro-combustors, pulse-detonation or rotation-detonation engines. A flame accelerates in tubes or channels, with acceleration being most …
The Lived Experience Of Establishing A Home After A Period Of Homelessness, Monica Iaquinta
The Lived Experience Of Establishing A Home After A Period Of Homelessness, Monica Iaquinta
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the structure of meaning of the lived experience of establishing a home after a period of homelessness. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted using a unique line of inquiry based upon story theory and hermeneutic phenomenology. Questions were posed beginning with the present daily life in a home, followed by the previous experience of homelessness, and ending with establishing a home in the future. Stories were reconstructed, using the participant's own words, and confirmed during a second interview. The data analysis strategies were rooted in the theoretical framework including identifying essential statements, …
Provenance Of The Hamilton Group: A Study Of Source-To-Sink Relationships Within The Middle Devonian Central Appalachian Basin, Brittany N. Hupp
Provenance Of The Hamilton Group: A Study Of Source-To-Sink Relationships Within The Middle Devonian Central Appalachian Basin, Brittany N. Hupp
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Little is known of the provenance of detrital clays in the Hamilton Group, which contains one of the most lucrative unconventional shale gas plays in the world. The Hamilton Group consists of both the organic-rich Marcellus Shale and the overlying, clay-rich Mahantango Formation. This research, in collaboration with the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory (MSEEL) project, aims to constrain the provenance of the two units within the Hamilton Group and evaluate paleoclimate indicators in order to better understand the role of clastic influx on organic-matter production and preservation within the Middle Devonian Acadian foreland basin.;Geochemical and petrographic analysis of …
Gas Composition Effects In A Ci Engine Converted To Si Natural Gas Operation, Hemanth Kumar Bommisetty
Gas Composition Effects In A Ci Engine Converted To Si Natural Gas Operation, Hemanth Kumar Bommisetty
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Low-carbon fuels such as natural gas (NG) have the potential to lower the demand of petroleum-based fuels, reduce engine-out emissions, and increase IC engine thermal efficiency. One of the most rapid and efficient use of NG in the transportation sector would be as a direct replacement of the diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines without any major engine modifications to the combustion chamber such as new pistons and/or engine head. An issue is the large variation in NG composition with the location and age of the gas well across U.S., which would affect engine operation, as well as the …
Evaluating Steam Conditioning Manipulations And Grain Expressed Enzymes Effects On Feed Manufacturing Metrics, Feed Hygiene, Broiler Performance, And Bone Mineralization, John William Boney
Evaluating Steam Conditioning Manipulations And Grain Expressed Enzymes Effects On Feed Manufacturing Metrics, Feed Hygiene, Broiler Performance, And Bone Mineralization, John William Boney
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Animal well-being, evolving feed manufacturing regulatory programs, and consumer perception drive the continued need to provide safe feed to animals. Considering the performance benefits associated with feeding pelleted feed, the concepts of hygienic feed production and production of highly durable pellets may interact to benefit the broiler chicken. In addition to hygienic and physical attributes, poultry nutrition may be enhanced by cereal grains expressing enzymatic activity. These additives may provide additional opportunities to support dietary phosphorus (P) requirements in growing broilers, further contributing to improved animal welfare conditions in an economically favorable manner. In order to study the effects of …
In Vitro Study Of Retentive Properties Of Different Overdenture Attachment Systems On Straight And Divergent Dental Implants, Khalid Abdullaziz Azzouz
In Vitro Study Of Retentive Properties Of Different Overdenture Attachment Systems On Straight And Divergent Dental Implants, Khalid Abdullaziz Azzouz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Objectives: To evaluate the retention of Locator R-TX (ZEST Anchors LLC, Escondido, CA USA), Locator (ZEST Anchors LLC, Escondido, CA USA) and GPS (Implant Direct Sybron International, LLC, California, USA) dental implant attachment systems on parallel and divergent implants after sixteen months of simulated cyclic wear.;Methods: 30 acrylic blocks representing mandibular arches were used. Two Locator R-TX, two Locator, or two GPS abutment analogs were placed parallel or with 10 degrees of divergence in each block. The associated housings were picked up in corresponding acrylic blocks with clear Orthodontic resin (Dentsply GAC, Islandia, NY USA). The black processing liners in …
Enhancing The Thermoelectric Performance Of Calcium Cobaltite Through Cation Substitution And Non-Stoichiometric Addition, Cullen Boyle
Enhancing The Thermoelectric Performance Of Calcium Cobaltite Through Cation Substitution And Non-Stoichiometric Addition, Cullen Boyle
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Thermoelectric (TE) materials have the unique ability to convert temperature differences directly into electricity due to the Seebeck effect. Thermoelectric generators have a variety of applications including waste heat recovery for power plants and automotives. For high-temperature waste-heat recovery, misfit layered calcium cobaltite, Ca3Co4O9, is one of the most promising p-type TE oxides offering good durability in air with low cost and minimized environmental impact. A challenge for developing polycrystalline calcium cobaltite TE materials is to improve its energy conversion efficiency for large scale applications. The energy conversion efficiency of TE materials is characterized using the figure-of-merit ZT, which is …
A Multidimensional Technique For Measuring Consensus Within Groups Via Conditional Probability, Mushtaq K. Abd Al-Rahem
A Multidimensional Technique For Measuring Consensus Within Groups Via Conditional Probability, Mushtaq K. Abd Al-Rahem
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A recent increase in the use of the term "consensus" in various fields has led researchers to develop various ways to measure the consensus within and across groups depending on the areas. Numerous studies use the mean or the variance alone as a measure of consensus, or lack of consensus. Most of the time, high variance is viewed as more disagreement in a group. Using the variance as a measure of disagreement is meaningful in an exact comparison cases (same group, same mean). However, it could be meaningless when it is used to compare groups that have different sizes, or …
Novel Mechanisms Controlling The Expression Of The Antidiabetic Hepatokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 21, Kimberly M. Alonge
Novel Mechanisms Controlling The Expression Of The Antidiabetic Hepatokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 21, Kimberly M. Alonge
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The incidence of obesity has increased at an alarming rate during the past thirty years. Current therapies for the treatment and prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome are ineffective and/or produce undesirable side effects. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver derived hormone that mediates adaptive changes in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by elevating energy expenditure and reducing lipid storage. Pharmacological administration of FGF21 analogs in both animal and human models induces striking reversals of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the activity of FGF21 analogs exhibit short half-lives in blood circulation and are unsuitable for current treatment. …
Bioacoustics And Behavior Of American Crocodiles In Belize, Miriam Boucher
Bioacoustics And Behavior Of American Crocodiles In Belize, Miriam Boucher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
American Crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) are large-bodied crocodylians broadly distributed throughout coastal and lowland wetlands in the Americas. Despite their being large, charismatic megafauna, the study of American Crocodile ecology is still lacking in many areas. As such we assessed the behavior and bioacoustics of American Crocodiles in Belize to address the paucity of data regarding these two facets of American Crocodile ecology. We conducted behavioral observations from three sites in the coastal zone of Belize. We categorized American Crocodile behavior and recorded activity duration for observed behaviors. In conjunction with behavioral data, we also assessed study sites to quantify the …
Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Amine Functionalized Carbonaceous Materials From Bio-Refinery Waste Streams, Emmanuel Atta-Obeng
Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Amine Functionalized Carbonaceous Materials From Bio-Refinery Waste Streams, Emmanuel Atta-Obeng
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
One of the greatest challenges in the world today is to replace exhaustible fossil fuel resources with renewable alternatives that will satisfy the increasing worldwide energy and chemical demands in a sustainable way. Using renewable precursors has a low impact on environmental health since it reduces pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and limits global warming and problems associated with waste management. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most available feedstock for developing sustainable chemicals and energy. A major challenge to the efficiency of the forest biorefinery industry is lack of suitable technologies for the conversion of its waste or by-products (lignin and hemicelluloses) …
Fluid Inclusion Analyses Of Bedded Halite From The Neoproterozoic Browne Formation Of Central Australia To Determine Parent Water Origin And Ph, Jeremiah A. Bernau
Fluid Inclusion Analyses Of Bedded Halite From The Neoproterozoic Browne Formation Of Central Australia To Determine Parent Water Origin And Ph, Jeremiah A. Bernau
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The depositional origin of the Neoproterozoic Browne Formation of Australia is unclear. The Browne Formation consists of red-siliciclastic mudstone and siltstone (red beds), bedded and displacive halite and gypsum, and dolomitized stromatolites. Environmental interpretations of the Browne Formation range from a marginal marine lagoon to a playa lake deposit (Grey and Blake, 1999; Hill et al., 2000; Haines et al., 2004; Spear, 2013).;Primary fluid inclusions in Browne Formation bedded halite are the oldest known surface water remnants (Spear et al., 2014). Prior major-ion ratio analysis of these inclusions indicates that the Browne Formation formed from waters with unusually low sulfate …
Interactions Between Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles, Their Fungal Symbionts And The Native Trees They Attack In The Eastern United States, Matthew C. Berger
Interactions Between Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles, Their Fungal Symbionts And The Native Trees They Attack In The Eastern United States, Matthew C. Berger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In a globalized world, wood products are constantly being shipped from one location to another, along with tiny hitchhikers in the form of insects and microorganisms. Euwallacea validus is a fungus-farming ambrosia beetle native to East Asia that likely made its way to the United States in wood packaging materials in the latter half of the twentieth century. E. validus cultivates two fungal symbionts in the U.S., an unnamed Fusarium sp. (AF-4) and Raffaelea subfusca. Fusarium symbionts of Euwallacea ambrosia beetles as well as Raffaelea symbionts of closely related ambrosia beetles have incited widespread disease on more than one-hundred hosts …
Thermal Processes Associated With Pelleting And Feed Phosphate Variation In Diets On Feed Manufacture And Broiler Performance, Ariel N. Bergeron
Thermal Processes Associated With Pelleting And Feed Phosphate Variation In Diets On Feed Manufacture And Broiler Performance, Ariel N. Bergeron
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objectives of the first study were to assess performance and digestible amino acid concentration of diets fed to broilers that differed in diet formulation and degree of thermal processing. Basal diets were corn, soybean meal, and DDGS based and formulations were balanced to be similar in calculated energy and digestible amino acids. Treatments were arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial that varied in diet formulation (Basal, Basal + Meat and Bone Meal (MBM), and Basal + Bakery Byproduct (BBP)) and degree of thermal processing (Unprocessed Mash, Pellet, Double Pellet). Pelleted treatments were steam conditioned and extruded through a …
Investigation Of Plasma Exhaust Profile Manipulation Using Magnetic Fields, Bryan A. Shambaugh
Investigation Of Plasma Exhaust Profile Manipulation Using Magnetic Fields, Bryan A. Shambaugh
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Electric propulsion systems are known for having a high specific impulse but very low thrust. In the case of a hypersonic, compressible flow, altering the exhaust profile has the potential to alter the exhaust velocity thus changing the total thrust output. In this research, the magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) effects of applying a toroidal magnetic field to an ionized exhaust plume were investigated to manipulate the exhaust profile of the plasma jet under near vacuum conditions. The project also endeavored to determine the efficacy of permanent magnets as a replacement for electromagnetic systems in rocket propulsion. Tests for this experiment were conducted …
North-East Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability Over Southeastern Peninsular India, Jothiganesh Shanmugasundaram
North-East Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability Over Southeastern Peninsular India, Jothiganesh Shanmugasundaram
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
North-East Indian Monsoon rainfall (NEIMR) during October-December is of immense socio-economic importance to the agriculture dependent population in the southeastern peninsular India. NEIMR is subject to extreme year-to-year and intra-seasonal variability that needs to be understood to enhance climate resilience. An understanding of NEIMR variability and the physical processes behind this variability would help to improve the predictability of NEIMR variation over the southeastern peninsular of India. An insight into past societal responses to monsoon variability would be a great lesson for adapting to future climate challenges. This dissertation seeks to examine the intra-seasonal variability of NEIMR and its driving …
Three Essays On Corruption, Sumi Sharma
Three Essays On Corruption, Sumi Sharma
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines the link between market competition and corruption for developing countries and top income inequality and corruption in the US. The first two chapters explore the link between firm-level markup and corruption for a global dataset. I test the hypothesis that high-markup firms are less likely to engage in corruption. To investigate this relationship, I use firm-level data from World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) for 95 developing countries from 10 manufacturing industries. I find that high markup firms that operate in less competitive environments are less likely to bribe. These results are robust across three other measures of …
Monitoring And Control Framework For Advanced Power Plant Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ghassan Khalil Ismaeel Al-Sinbol
Monitoring And Control Framework For Advanced Power Plant Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ghassan Khalil Ismaeel Al-Sinbol
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation presents the design, development, and simulation testing of a monitoring and control framework for dynamic systems using artificial intelligence techniques. A comprehensive monitoring and control system capable of detecting, identifying, evaluating, and accommodating various subsystem failures and upset conditions is presented. The system is developed by synergistically merging concepts inspired from the biological immune system with evolutionary optimization algorithms and adaptive control techniques.;The proposed methodology provides the tools for addressing the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the modern power plants in a comprehensive and integrated manner that classical approaches cannot achieve. Current approaches typically address abnormal condition (AC) detection …
Helping Individuals Vs. Fixing The System: Distinguishing Facets Of Adolescent Civic Reasoning, Lauren M. Alvis
Helping Individuals Vs. Fixing The System: Distinguishing Facets Of Adolescent Civic Reasoning, Lauren M. Alvis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The current study examined associations among adolescents' civic behaviors, sociomoral judgments, and welfare- and justice-oriented reasoning. Participants included 721 adolescents (Mage = 15.87, SD = 1.28; 90% Caucasian; 55.6% female) living in a University city in a Mid-Atlantic state. Participants completed survey questionnaires that assessed sociomoral judgments for and involvement in civic behaviors, as well as a free-response questionnaire that assessed justifications for various forms of civic engagement. Welfare-oriented reasoning was defined as justifications that reflected a sense of obligation to address the welfare of individuals in need, whereas justice-oriented reasoning was reflected in adolescents' use of structural justifications, which …
Men Faculty Engagement In Gender Equity Work In Stem: The Radicalization Of "Doing The Right Thing", Amena Oliver Anderson
Men Faculty Engagement In Gender Equity Work In Stem: The Radicalization Of "Doing The Right Thing", Amena Oliver Anderson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This grounded theory study explores the sparsely examined phenomenon of men faculty engagement in gender equity work through the National Science Foundation's (NSF) ADVANCE project and one of its program innovations, Men Faculty Advocates and Allies (A & A). The A & A initiative recruits two categories of men faculty---advocates and allies---to engage in a program of work designed to heighten awareness about gender inequity and redress it through strategic efforts at the individual, departmental, and institutional level. Advocates are usually senior faculty or program administrators from within and outside of STEM fields. They assume the greater part of the …
Efficacy Of Self-Directed Exposure Using Smart Phone Technology: First Versus Third Person Perspective, Matthew C. Arias
Efficacy Of Self-Directed Exposure Using Smart Phone Technology: First Versus Third Person Perspective, Matthew C. Arias
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Exposure therapy, including its self-directed forms, is effective for treatment of specific phobias. Nevertheless, there are issues with patient adherence in the use of exposure therapy, including its self-directed formats. Technological advancements, as with smartphones, may improve adherence to self-directed exposure therapy, perhaps due to exposure stimuli being more readily accessible. Thus, there is a need to examine how presenting phobic material on a smartphone might promote increased adherence in conducting self-directed exposure. Additionally, exposure can incorporate phobic material from different perspectives (i.e., first-person or third-person), which is one factor that may impact treatment effectiveness. Participants (N = 36) were …
Civil Religion And Ontological Threat, Matthew R. Arp
Civil Religion And Ontological Threat, Matthew R. Arp
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Dyadic conflict research within international relations is largely reliant on the analysis of differences in regime or leadership characteristics as a catalyst for conflict. This dissertation challenges traditional scholarship through the introduction of a unique approach that examines more fundamental differences between states. These fundamental historical and cultural differences, which are enshrined in a states' civil religion, offer insights into the behavior of states during crisis. The three primary questions of this dissertation are the following: What role does societal norms and cultural values have in threat perception? Why do states practice restraint in some crises and escalation of belligerence …