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Central Supply Company Noise Survey., Janice Drelick
Central Supply Company Noise Survey., Janice Drelick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Central Supply Company was interested in having a noise survey completed at two locations, a concrete batch plant and a block manufacturing plant. Noise levels were measured to evaluate the current hearing conservation program and to determine potential overexposure, compliance, and appropriateness of protection. Employee dosimetry results showed that sound levels at the concrete batch plant were not high enough to require employee enrollment in a hearing conservation program. At the block manufacturing plant, employee dosimetry results showed there was a need for a hearing conservation program, including a need for hearing protection to be worn at all times during …
Synthesis Of Znse@Zns Core-Shell Quantum Dots (Qds) For Bioimaging Applications, Yang He
Synthesis Of Znse@Zns Core-Shell Quantum Dots (Qds) For Bioimaging Applications, Yang He
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
To date, malignancies have been categorized as one of the leading life-threatening diseases worldwide, mainly because of lack of imaging devices for detection of cancers at its early stage of development. In this case, the emergence of novel strategies which can be effectively used in early stage cancer detection and therapy continue to become an inevitable need and indispensable scope of and cancer field researchers, for which implementation of new technologies are required to advance the early detection and management of cancers. The biomedical imaging of the organs in the living system offers a viable approach to label and image …
Exposure Monitoring And Controlling Hazards In Additive Manufacturing Processes, Tyler John Kusich
Exposure Monitoring And Controlling Hazards In Additive Manufacturing Processes, Tyler John Kusich
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a relatively new field that promises advancement in various disciplines such as medical, aerospace, and consumer products. One of the recent developments in additive manufacturing is with the use of metal powders, such as aluminum, nickel, and chromium. AM processes are projected to become more common as the technology advances and the applications spread into a variety of different industries. There are several health and safety risks that have been identified with the use of these powders, including combustible dust and health exposure issues. This study was aimed at looking at some of the issues with …
Synthesis Of Bismuth Ferrite For Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, Fagr Albagle
Synthesis Of Bismuth Ferrite For Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, Fagr Albagle
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In recent decades, researchers have noted a significant academic gap between males and females. Boys are falling behind their female counterparts. Boys have lower grades and are less likely to participate in more advanced coursework. Boys are more likely to drop out of high school and college, and are graduating from higher education in lower numbers than females. Several reasons are given for the gender achievement gap in K-12 education, including the higher percentage of female teachers, the increase of a literacy focus, and the lack of experiential learning in school. In an effort to bridge the gender achievement gap, …
Occupational Exposure To Blood And Bodily Fluids Among Health Care Workers, Riyadh Alhazmi
Occupational Exposure To Blood And Bodily Fluids Among Health Care Workers, Riyadh Alhazmi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Health Care workers (HCWS) must handle with a variety of occupational exposure. One significant exposure for HCWS in a hospital and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers in out of hospital expose to blood and bodily fluids during the performance of their duties , resulting in concerns regarding transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To manage the unpleasant effects of exposure to blood and bodily fluids, HCWs including EMS providers and other health care occupations must completely comply with standard precautions (SPs) recommendations and to attend continuing education …
Assessing The Alignment Of Preparatory Year Program Vision, Mission, And Goals Statements With First-Year Student Success Principles, Atiyah A. Alghamdi
Assessing The Alignment Of Preparatory Year Program Vision, Mission, And Goals Statements With First-Year Student Success Principles, Atiyah A. Alghamdi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study used the nine steps of Content Analysis (CA) developed by Neuendorf (2002) to assess the alignment of the Preparatory Year Program's vision, mission, and goals statements with the Seven Central Principles of Student Success advanced by Cuseo (2014), and to also explore universities trends in developing the Preparatory Year Programs' students. The nonrandom sampling process, purposive sampling, was utilized for all 28 Saudi public universities. The Unit of Thoughts (UT) extracted from the vision, mission, and goals statements was counted, coded, and used to assess the alignment extent. A pilot study was conducted on seven Preparatory Year Program's …
Synthesis Of Indoles, Biindoles, Indole Alkaloids, Pyrroloindoles And Benzimidazoles From Aromatic Nitro Compounds And A Study Of The Chemoselectivity In The Kosugi-Migita-Stille Coupling, Nurul Hoda Ansari
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Total syntheses of the three naturally occurring indole alkaloids alocasin A, scalaridine A and hyrtinadine A-B have been accomplished using three palladium catalyzed reactions, an alkyne hydrostannylation, a Kosugi-Migita-Stille coupling and a reductive N-heterocyclization as the key steps. A palladium catalyzed double reductive cyclization of 1,4-, 1,3-, and 2,3-bis(2-nitroaryl)-1,3-butadienes to afford 2,2'-, 2,3'-, and 3,3'-biindoles, respectively, has been developed. In an attempt to synthesize indolo[2,3-b]-and indolo[3,2-b]-indoles from the reductive cyclizations of 1,1'-, and 1,2'-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes respectively, nonselective product formation was observed giving rise to carbon monoxide insertion product as the sole or the major reaction product. The reductive cyclization strategy was …
Optical Aberrations And Their Effect On The Centroid Location Of Unresolved Objects, Lylia Benhacine
Optical Aberrations And Their Effect On The Centroid Location Of Unresolved Objects, Lylia Benhacine
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Optical data from point sources of light plays a key role in systems from many different industries. In real optical systems, the photons from point sources are distributed in a pattern on the focal plane. This pattern is described by the Point Spread Function (PSF). Centroiding, defined here as calculating the center of a PSF, provides data that can subsequently be used in various state estimation problems. Thus, it is crucial to determine expected centroid accuracy so that uncertainty can be accounted for. Manufacturing defects and real-world effects affect the structure of a PSF. Much of this structure is often …
Effects Of Chronic Electronic Vapor Exposure On Body Weight, Appetite, And Metabolism, Matthew J. Breit
Effects Of Chronic Electronic Vapor Exposure On Body Weight, Appetite, And Metabolism, Matthew J. Breit
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cigarette smokers weigh less than non-smokers and gain weight upon smoking cessation. Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have been used as a smoking cessation tool among many, however, their effects on metabolism, appetite, and energy balance are virtually unknown. This study compares the effects of chronic E-cig vapor exposure on body mass, food intake, metabolism, and body composition in mice. We hypothesized that E-cig exposure would elicit similar changes on body mass, body composition, food intake, and metabolic and appetite-regulating markers as conventional cigarettes (i.e. 3R4F reference cigarette). Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to filtered room air (n=15), mainstream smoke from 3R4F …
Visualizing The Impacts Of Extreme Weather Events Using 3d Visualization To Aid Pre-Event Risk Communication, Thomas L. Brown
Visualizing The Impacts Of Extreme Weather Events Using 3d Visualization To Aid Pre-Event Risk Communication, Thomas L. Brown
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Weather is everywhere. Rapidly expanding capabilities in information technology present an opportunity to develop better warning products for extreme weather events. In the wake of recent extreme events from Superstorm Sandy to Hurricane Matthew, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service have repeated the call for improving techniques for disseminating critical information to the general public during potential weather disasters. This research uses 3D GIS and geovisualization to improve the communication of expert risk information to the general public.
The Effect Of Implant Prostheses Complications On Patient Satisfaction, Jessica Elyse Canallatos
The Effect Of Implant Prostheses Complications On Patient Satisfaction, Jessica Elyse Canallatos
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Objectives: To evaluate patient satisfaction with regards to implant prostheses and compare those who have experienced self-reported implant prostheses complications to those who have not. Through this observation, we intend to determine how and if implant-related complications affect the patients' self-reported quality of life.;Methods: In this retrospective study, data were gathered from 176 edentulous and partially dentate patients who have received implant prostheses including implant-supported crowns, implant supported overdentures, and hybrid prostheses from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014 at West Virginia University School of Dentistry (Morgantown, WV). Demographics and complications with implant prostheses were self-reported via a survey, …
Correlating Metastable-Atom Density, Reduced Electric Field, And Electron Energy Distribution In The Initiation, Transient, And Post-Transient Stages Of A Pulsed Argon Discharge, James B. Franek
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Argon emission lines, particularly those in the near-infrared region (700-900nm), are used to determine plasma properties in low-temperature, partially ionized plasmas to determine effective electron temperature [Boffard et al., 2012], and argon excited state density [Boffard et al., 2009] using appropriately assumed electron energy distributions. While the effect of radiation trapping influences the interpretation of plasma properties from emission-line ratio analysis, eliminating the need to account for these effects by directly observing the 3px-to-1sy transitions [ Boffard et al., 2012] is preferable in most cases as this simplifies the analysis. In this dissertation, a 1-Torr argon, pulsed positive column in …
Development And Evaluation Of A Patient Decision Aid For The West Virginia Physician Order For Scope Of Treatment (Post), Jarred V. Gallegos
Development And Evaluation Of A Patient Decision Aid For The West Virginia Physician Order For Scope Of Treatment (Post), Jarred V. Gallegos
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Decision aids have been shown to be helpful for patients making medical decisions. The use of decision aids can increase patient knowledge, decrease decisional conflict, and increase overall satisfaction with the treatment decision made. The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate a novel video decision aid for the West Virginia Physician Orders for Scope of Treatment (POST). There are no known decision aids developed to assist patients completing POST forms, thus there is a paucity of research investigating the nature, quality, and outcomes of the decision-making process of patients completing a POST form. Fifty English-speaking, community-dwelling older …
Conservation Concerns For The Candy Darter (Etheostoma Osburni) With Implications Related To Hybridization, Isaac Gibson
Conservation Concerns For The Candy Darter (Etheostoma Osburni) With Implications Related To Hybridization, Isaac Gibson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Candy Darters Etheostoma osburni and Variegate Darters E. variatum are both native to streams of West Virginia and Virginia. The geographic ranges of these two species were historically separated by Kanawha Falls, a natural barrier to fish dispersal located at Glen Ferris, WV. Habitat degradation may have reduced the geographic range of Candy Darters, a species of concern in West Virginia and Virginia as well as a federal species of concern. Currently, the species is undergoing a review for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In the early 1980s, Variegate Darters or putative hybrids were first collected at locations …
Current Issues Of Highbush Blueberry Producers With Pick-Your-Own Operations In The Northeastern United States, Brian T. Gould
Current Issues Of Highbush Blueberry Producers With Pick-Your-Own Operations In The Northeastern United States, Brian T. Gould
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The main purpose of this descriptive study was to identify current issues faced by Northeastern pick-your-own highbush blueberry producers. The study found that average northeastern pick-your-own highbush blueberry producers had been in business 25.99 years and maintained from 0.25 to 45 acres of blueberries. Targeted issues included insects, disease, weeds, wildlife management, and marketing. Top issues identified by highbush blueberry producers were: Japanese beetles, mummy berry, and birds, as well as blueberry maggot, witches broom, weed management, labor/labor costs, weather, government regulation, and spotted wing drosophila. It was found that a majority of the producers did not plan to expand …
Developing A Smart Proxy For Predicting The Fluid Dynamic In Dambreak Flow Simulation By Using Artificial Intelligence, Seyed Sina Hosseini Boosari
Developing A Smart Proxy For Predicting The Fluid Dynamic In Dambreak Flow Simulation By Using Artificial Intelligence, Seyed Sina Hosseini Boosari
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Multiphase flow simulations are essential methods for providing information such as the evolution of phase fraction (gas, liquid and solid), velocities, pressure, temperature and flow regimes at every time during a process. Dynamic flow simulations also help reservoir, drilling, and production engineers to develop a proper well design. DamBreak problem is one of the most well-known problems in computational fluid dynamics (CFD); it is a dynamic hydraulic phenomena and the numerical simulation requires sophisticated mathematical modeling. OpenFOAM, is used to run CFD simulations in this thesis.;One of the main issues in CFD is that the simulations are time-consuming. In this …
Narratives Of Fracture: Class And Gender In Irish And Indian Postcolonial Domestic Fiction, Sreya Chatterjee
Narratives Of Fracture: Class And Gender In Irish And Indian Postcolonial Domestic Fiction, Sreya Chatterjee
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The world system, core-periphery, and combined and uneven development---all concepts originating in sociology and economic history have enjoyed a fresh resurgence in literary studies (Moretti 2001, Casanova 2007, Deckard et al 2015). This dissertation studies the novel as a "global form," and explores its conceptual engagement with, as well its inflection by, the changing core-periphery relationship in a globalizing world. I focus on five Irish and Indian women novelists, Elizabeth Bowen, Molly Keane, Jennifer Johnston, Mahasweta Devi and Kiran Desai. Arguably, India and Ireland occupy anomalous and analogous positions in the literary world-system. As a growing cultural-economic power, India is …
Removal Of Zinc Ions From Model Wastewater By Electrocoagulation, Xiujuan Chen
Removal Of Zinc Ions From Model Wastewater By Electrocoagulation, Xiujuan Chen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study has investigated the removal of zinc ions from the synthetic wastewater models by electrocoagulation (EC) with aluminum for both cathode and anode. The results showed that EC process had a great removal when it comes to zinc contaminated water. The effects of parameters on the EC performance have been systematically investigated, such as solution conductivity, electrode spacing, initial pH, current density and initial zinc concentration. Since the wastewater in real situations usually contains several types of metals, a series of mixed cases were also studied in this work.;The results indicated that current density is critical to EC performance, …
A Comparison Of Open Ended And Closed Curricula And The Effect Of Each On Creativity Cultivation In The Elementary Art Classroom, Emily Drennon
A Comparison Of Open Ended And Closed Curricula And The Effect Of Each On Creativity Cultivation In The Elementary Art Classroom, Emily Drennon
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study compares the various curricula in place within art education classrooms in West Virginia. During the pivotal stage of development and height of creativity, children at the elementary level possess great creative abilities and innovative thinking. Thus, this study takes an in-depth look at the effect these curricula have on student creativity. Primarily, what effect does an open-ended curriculum have on the creativity of elementary art students? In this pilot study, both a closed curriculum, and open-ended curriculum-based lesson were exercised on a small group of first and second grade students in order to compare the visual, innovative, and …
Seasons In The Woods---Exploring Whether Seminar Attendance Is Influenced When Landowners Are Involved In Topic Selection, Agnes Kedmenecz
Seasons In The Woods---Exploring Whether Seminar Attendance Is Influenced When Landowners Are Involved In Topic Selection, Agnes Kedmenecz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Private woodland owners play a key role in maintaining and improving environmental amenities for local and downstream communities. To support these owners in making informed land-use decisions, extension professionals often rely on needs assessments to develop well attended educational outreach programs that reflect their ever changing educational needs. Recent work, however, has indicated a low correlation between woodland owners' expressed educational needs and seminar attendance.;Seasons in the Woods is a three-part woodland focused education series used to explore whether landowners would be more likely to express interest, register, and attend forestry education seminars if they were given the chance to …
The Effects Of An Exercise And Kinesiotape Intervention On Forward Headrounded Shoulder Posture And Scapular Dyskinesis, Lucas Klawiter
The Effects Of An Exercise And Kinesiotape Intervention On Forward Headrounded Shoulder Posture And Scapular Dyskinesis, Lucas Klawiter
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Context: Forward head and rounded shoulder posture as well as scapular dyskinesis are forms of improper posture that have been linked to neck and shoulder pain. Treatment for forward head posture (FHP), rounded shoulder posture (RSP), and scapular dyskinesis has consisted of an exercise protocol. Kinesiotape (KT) has recently been used as a treatment method but there is a lack of research on the effectiveness, or whether exercise or KT is better than the other. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare a KT intervention to a strengthening and stretching program for correction of FHP, RSP, and scapular …
Thrombospondin-1 And Cd47 Mediate Peripheral Microvascular Dysfunction Following Pulmonary Exposure To Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, W. Kyle Mandler
Thrombospondin-1 And Cd47 Mediate Peripheral Microvascular Dysfunction Following Pulmonary Exposure To Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, W. Kyle Mandler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Pulmonary exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been shown to disrupt endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation in the peripheral microcirculation. The molecular mechanisms behind these arteriolar disruptions have yet to be fully elucidated. The secreted matricellular matrix protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is capable of moderating arteriolar vasodilation by inhibiting NO signaling at several points, including the inhibition soluble guanylate cyclase activity and eNOS activation. The central hypothesis was that TSP-1, following pulmonary exposure to MWCNT, mediates peripheral changes in dilatory capacity. To test this hypothesis, wild-type C57B6J (WT), TSP-1 knockout (TSP-1 KO) and CD47 knockout (CD47 KO) mice were exposed via lung …
Factors Associated With Health-Related Quality Of Life In Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Ellen M. Manegold
Factors Associated With Health-Related Quality Of Life In Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Ellen M. Manegold
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL; e.g., Cunningham et al., 2007; De Boer et al., 2005; Greenley et al., 2010). Previous research has demonstrated that factors such as problematic family functioning and increased general anxiety are associated with decreased HRQOL in pediatric IBD (e.g., Guilfoyle et al., 2014; Gumidyala & Greenley, 2014; Herzer et al., 2011a; Kilroy, Nolan, & Sarma, 2011). However, little was known about how specific aspects of the parent-child relationship are related to HRQOL. Furthermore, there was a gap in the literature about the relation of gastrointestinal (GI)-specific anxiety to …
The Dynamics Of Economic Status And Health Among Working-Age Adults In The United States, Abdulkarim Mohammad Meraya
The Dynamics Of Economic Status And Health Among Working-Age Adults In The United States, Abdulkarim Mohammad Meraya
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The relationship between economic status and health has been documented in the previous literature. Economic, sociological and epidemiological studies have indicated that higher economic status is associated with better physical and mental health. While these studies have made significant contributions in this area, a comprehensive evaluation of the relationships between economic indicators and health is still lacking. Most studies focused on a single measure of economic status or health. Further, most studies have focused on one-direction -- economic indicators affecting health; little is known about the effect of health improvement on gain in economic status. Furthermore, only a few studies …
Noncoherent Physical-Layer Network Coding With Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation, Terry Ferrett
Noncoherent Physical-Layer Network Coding With Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation, Terry Ferrett
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The rapid growth of wireless communication technology has motivated novel approaches into improving performance. A major avenue of research investigates the benefit of relaying, where wireless devices outside radio range of each other communicate by passing information through a device in between. Traditionally, devices communicating through a relay transmit at separate times to avoid interfering with each other. Physical-layer network coding is a recent technique that improves throughput by allowing devices to transmit at the same time to the relay, deliberately interfering. This dissertation develops a system performing physical-layer network coding in the topology where two devices exchange information through …
Syntheses Of Functionalized Cycloparaphenylenes, Furan-Containing Cycloparaphenylenes, And Related Thiophene-Containing Fused Carbon Nanohoop, Behzad Farajidizaji
Syntheses Of Functionalized Cycloparaphenylenes, Furan-Containing Cycloparaphenylenes, And Related Thiophene-Containing Fused Carbon Nanohoop, Behzad Farajidizaji
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Synthetic pathways for preparing furan-containing cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) bearing 10, 12, and 15 aromatic units in the macrocyclic ring structures were developed. Several important steps used in these syntheses are the Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between the L-shaped building block and 2-furanylboronic ester the nickel-mediated homocoupling reaction to incorporate two and three 2,2'-bifuran-5,5'-diyl units into functionalized [6]- and [9]cycloparaphenylene (CPP) precursors. Oxidative aromatization of the precursors with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) under mild conditions led to the formation of fully aromatized furan-containing cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs).;The Diels--Alder reaction between the parent benzyne or 3,6-dimethoxybenzyne with furan-2,5-diyl units incorporated into functionalized [8]CPP macrocycle followed by reductive deoxygenation …
An Investigation Of Factors Affecting Willingness To 'Introduce The Elephant In The Room', Mackenzie Michael Festa
An Investigation Of Factors Affecting Willingness To 'Introduce The Elephant In The Room', Mackenzie Michael Festa
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
One way of maintaining the quality of an accounting firm's practice is for its professionals to speak up when violation of policies and procedures is perceived or observed. Accounting firms operate as a high performance workplace, which can produce an abusive supervisory environment. I employ a quasi-experimental methodology to explore how accountants respond to a violation of policies and procedures when an abusive supervisor is present. I examine how the presence of a mentoring relationship independent of the supervisory assignment influences the protege's willingness to voice a perceived violation. The findings indicate that abusive supervisory behaviors suppress voicing behaviors of …
Evaluating Treatment Integrity Failures During Timeout From Play, Apral P. Foreman
Evaluating Treatment Integrity Failures During Timeout From Play, Apral P. Foreman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Timeout is an effective behavior-reduction strategy with considerable generality. There are several recommendations about how to implement timeout. However, little research has investigated how timeout is implemented under natural conditions, or how timeout-implementation errors impact its effectiveness. Thus, our study attempted to address two aims. The first aim was to observe how teachers implemented timeout with their students. To address this aim (Experiment 1), we completed naturalistic observations of teachers who were implementing timeout during play. We collected data on how frequently the teachers implemented timeout following problem behavior (omission integrity), and how frequently teachers implemented timeout following responses not …
Wildlife In An Anthropogenically-Driven World: How Humans Have Shaped The Distribution, Genetic Composition, And Gene Expression Of North American Forest Hawks (Genus: Accipiter), Meghan K. Jensen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Humans are causing drastic environmental change on a global scale and this trend strongly influences the evolution of species. It is also becoming clear that tolerances to anthropogenic disturbance varies widely among organisms. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which wildlife cope with humans is a pressing question in modern ecology. North America's forest raptors (Genus: Accipiter) are a useful model for investigating the effects of humans on wildlife species. All three Accipiter species experienced historic demographic declines as a result of anthropogenic activities, yet each species has rebounded differently since these declines. One species in particular is now exploiting urban …
Fit To Be Tied: Social Network Structures And Evaluation Apprehension, Andrew L. Nicholson
Fit To Be Tied: Social Network Structures And Evaluation Apprehension, Andrew L. Nicholson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In everyday life, people are typically connected to others, and these variably strong connections facilitate social influence related to a range of phenomena, from shaping body image and, impacting self-esteem to shaping behaviors through exhibiting social norms. Although the strongest ties (those most intimate and influential) can be very important to a person, there can also be a fear of judgement (i.e., evaluation apprehension) in those relationships. In online social networks, the relationship between tie strength and evaluation apprehension may emerge differently than in offline spaces due to affordances of social media, the asynchronous nature of computer-mediated communication, and the …