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Acoustic Emission Monitoring Of Concrete Structures Using Waveguides., Yidong Eddie He
Acoustic Emission Monitoring Of Concrete Structures Using Waveguides., Yidong Eddie He
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study is to develop acoustic waveguides for Acoustic Emission (A.E.) monitoring of concrete structures, in order to overcome the difficulty of high acoustic attenuation in concrete. Solid embedded waveguides, liquid-filled embedded waveguides and solid surface waveguides have been developed in this study. An analytical model of a waveguide with infinitely thick cladding was used to study the wave propagation in an embedded solid waveguide. The analysis revealed the guideline to construct an ideal embedded waveguide with efficient acoustic transmission, that is the existence of a real wavenumber. An embedded waveguide fulfilling the above criterion has not been constructed physically …
Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics: Competition And Convection Effects In Reaction-Diffusion Fronts And Controlling Chaos., Jonathan Masere
Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics: Competition And Convection Effects In Reaction-Diffusion Fronts And Controlling Chaos., Jonathan Masere
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Competition and convection effects in reaction-diffusion fronts and controlling chaos are studied. In Chapter 3 we report theoretical studies of competition in which two self-replicating organic molecules compete for a common reactant. We found that the self-replicating organic molecule can give sustained reaction-diffusion fronts. This phenomenon is investigated by numerical solutions of partial differential equations that couple local nonlinear kinetics and diffusion. Reaction-diffusion fronts involving competing species are then initiated and the concentration profiles of the autocatalysts monitored. The results show that the more reactive species totally predominates over the less reactive species as its front moves ahead into the …
The Effect Of Constructivist Hypermedia In Bringing About Conceptual Change In Preservice Elementary Teachers' Science Frameworks., George Richard Meadows
The Effect Of Constructivist Hypermedia In Bringing About Conceptual Change In Preservice Elementary Teachers' Science Frameworks., George Richard Meadows
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The alternative framework that students bring to the science classroom often have considerable effect on the ideas and concepts held by students as they leave that classroom. Addressing these alternative frameworks has been an area of great interest in science education. This study examined the effect of a computer-based hypermedia program, developed to incorporate constructivist philosophy, in bringing about conceptual change in pre-service elementary teachers' alternative frameworks in regard to global warming. The alternative frameworks of students (n = 33) enrolled in an elementary-level science methods course were examined through the use of concept maps, Pathfinder networks, and semi-structured interviews. …
Stress, Social Support, And Burnout In Nursing Home Staff., Lynn Marie Northrop
Stress, Social Support, And Burnout In Nursing Home Staff., Lynn Marie Northrop
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Burnout represents a danger to the mental and physical health of human-service workers. Burnout often diminishes the quality and efficiency of service provided by workers and thus represents a danger to service recipients and a cost to employers. Repeated studies suggest that workers who report higher levels of job stress and lower levels of social support are more likely to report higher levels of burnout. Nursing home staff are subject to considerable occupational stress and report high levels of burnout. The extant literature does not address the relations between stress, support, and burnout in these workers. In the present study …
Identification And Analysis Of Communication Patterns In An Ihe With A Downsized Unit., William Earl Noone
Identification And Analysis Of Communication Patterns In An Ihe With A Downsized Unit., William Earl Noone
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation is a case study of the University of Maryland at College Park for the purpose of analyzing the communication patterns that may have been responsible for the success of UMCP's downsizing process. On campus interviews with key persons were conducted to identify the flow of communication through the UMCP authority hierarchy. The findings of this study indicated that the communication, that appears to have had a positive effect on the success of the process at the UMCP, is manifest at the decision making level and between and among the decision making bodies that are in operation on the …
Mitigation Of Blast Effects With Geogrid-Reinforced Soil Backfills., Alan Paul Ohrt
Mitigation Of Blast Effects With Geogrid-Reinforced Soil Backfills., Alan Paul Ohrt
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Several military attack scenarios involve the detonation of explosive in the soil backfill surrounding a target structure. In this study, experiments and numerical simulations were performed to determine if the enhanced mechanical properties of geogrid-reinforced soil backfills could mitigate blast effects from buried explosions. The dynamic response of an explosively-loaded, geogrid-reinforced sand was successfully characterized, identifying and quantifying certain blast mitigating effects. Six high explosive experiments were conducted, each involving a 0.91 kg nitromethane explosive charge placed at 76.2 cm depth within a test pit of compacted fill. Two experiments were unreinforced, serving as control tests. Three experiments were conducted …
Use Of Prefabricated Vertical Drains (Pvds) For Enhanced Soil Flushing., John Dante Quaranta
Use Of Prefabricated Vertical Drains (Pvds) For Enhanced Soil Flushing., John Dante Quaranta
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The concept of using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) for remediation of contaminated sites with fine-grained soils is examined. The PVD system is used to shorten the drainage path of the groundwater flow and promote subsurface liquid movement expediting the soil flushing process. The use of PVDs in the current state of practice has been limited to soil improvement. The use of PVDs under vacuum conditions is investigated using study soils consisting of 100% sand and 80% sand/20% kaolinite mixture. PVD parameters evaluated included: Well Resistance, Zone of Influence, and Smear Effects. Applicability of the PVD soil flushing was evaluated through …
The Use Of Imaging Techniques To Study The Hydrodynamics Of Particle Motion In A Fluidized Bed Coating Device In The Region Of The Liquid Spray., Bram A. Saadevandi
The Use Of Imaging Techniques To Study The Hydrodynamics Of Particle Motion In A Fluidized Bed Coating Device In The Region Of The Liquid Spray., Bram A. Saadevandi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this project was to investigate the hydrodynamics of fluidized particles (glass beads, d{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm p{rcub}{dollar} = 1.086 mm, {dollar}\\rho\\sb{lcub}\\rm p{rcub}{dollar} = 2501 kg/m{dollar}\\sp3{dollar}) passing through the liquid spray in a semi-circular spouted fluidized bed and, for the first time, to address the question of how the liquid spray affects the particle velocities and voidage profiles in the spray region of such beds. Computer-based video image processing techniques were utilized in order to measure the axial and radial particle velocities and voidage profiles in the draft tube. Two different particle flow conditions, dilute and relatively concentrated, were used in …
An Accurate Navier-Stokes Solver With An Application To Unsteady Flows., Jason Richard Smith
An Accurate Navier-Stokes Solver With An Application To Unsteady Flows., Jason Richard Smith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is becoming an increasingly important tool for engineering analysis. In CFD simulations obtaining grid independent solutions without excessive cost is desirable. Hence, there is a need to evaluate higher order accurate discretization schemes (both spatial and temporal). Moreover, many journals require at least second-order accuracy for publication. Also, there is a need to maximize the efficiency of Navier-Stokes solvers. Efficiency is both a function of how the flow field is calculated and how effectively the discretized equations are solved. All of these issues are important in the emerging field of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) where very …
Katelyn's Emergent Literacy Story: A Case Study And Consolidated Literature Review Of The Development Of Literacy From Birth To Three Years., Sherrie Kimberly Wampler
Katelyn's Emergent Literacy Story: A Case Study And Consolidated Literature Review Of The Development Of Literacy From Birth To Three Years., Sherrie Kimberly Wampler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
By definition, the study of emergent literacy must address the literacy development of children from "birth" to "conventional literacy." In actuality, studies of the literacy development of children between the ages of 2 and 4 have become common, while studies regarding literacy development of 1-year-olds is extremely limited and studies beginning at birth even fewer. Through this study, data regarding the language, reading, and writing behaviors of children from birth to three years is identified, consolidated, and confirmed. Two research questions guided this study: (1) What are the emergent literacy behaviors of a child from birth to three years? (2) …
Partial Isolation Of The Vitellogenin I Gene And The Characterization Of The Regulation For The Egg Yolk Protein Genes., Robert Stephen Edinger
Partial Isolation Of The Vitellogenin I Gene And The Characterization Of The Regulation For The Egg Yolk Protein Genes., Robert Stephen Edinger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The chicken egg yolk protein genes, vitellogenin (VTG) I, II, III, and the very low density apolipoprotein II (apoVLDLII), are highly expressed in hepatic parenchymal cells in an estrogen-dependent manner. Compared to the other egg yolk protein genes which respond in approximately 2-4 hours after the primary administration of estrogen, the VTGI does not respond for about 20 hours. The mechanism of activation of the egg yolk protein genes is not completely known. Of the VTG genes VTGII and III promoter regions have been isolated and characterized, whereas the promoter region of the VTGI gene has yet to be identified. …
A Historical Study Of Educational Reform Policy In Morocco., Abdellah Benahnia
A Historical Study Of Educational Reform Policy In Morocco., Abdellah Benahnia
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Though information about literacy development in Morocco can be often found in professional publications, little has been done in regard to the impact of the socio-cultural, economic, and political variables on the development of educational policy in that country. This study has historically examined the educational reform policy in the independent Kingdom of Morocco in order to see how the above variables have affected the implementation of most major policies that had taken place. It also examined the role of the indigenous Islamic traditional type of education; the role of Salafiyya movement in creating a unique type of nationalism; and …
Mechanisms Of Absorption And Metabolism Of Peptide Drugs In The Lung., Meenakshi G. Bhat
Mechanisms Of Absorption And Metabolism Of Peptide Drugs In The Lung., Meenakshi G. Bhat
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The pulmonary delivery of peptide drugs involves an understanding of the barriers to absorption which include poor permeability, potential activation of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and enzymatic degradation. The aim of the study is to develop methodologies to study the relative nature of respiratory tract epithelia. The dynamics of its regulation are also studied for examining the feasibility of achieving reversible increases in paracellular permeability. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements coupled with flux studies of C-14 Mannitol were conducted employing isolated epithelial tissue from rabbits for estimation of comparative permeabilities. The dynamics of paracellular permeability was studied employing 0.1 mM cytochalasin …
Re-Siting Memory: Reading Resistance Through Memorization In Three Margaret Atwood Novels., Uma Devi Palecanda K
Re-Siting Memory: Reading Resistance Through Memorization In Three Margaret Atwood Novels., Uma Devi Palecanda K
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the novels Lady Oracle, The Handmaid's Tale, and Cat's Eye, I locate and name the sites of memory to show how Atwood's protagonists appropriate them as their loci of resistance. The localized sites though marginalized are within the realm of representation; however, the "space-offs," a term I borrow from film theory, are beyond "the ideological." In these sites women create and/or validate counter-discourses that enable them to set up "politics of oppositionality" and provide them with a distance necessary to question the hegemonic. The localization of the sites eventually leads to the body as site. I acknowledge the changing …
Validation Of The Slide Board As An Exercise Modality., Randal Paul Schober
Validation Of The Slide Board As An Exercise Modality., Randal Paul Schober
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to monitor physiological responses of children in grades 4 and 5 during incremental tests on slide board and bicycle exercise and to determine whether children enjoy the slide board as a fitness activity. Twenty healthy subjects (10M, 10F; 10.1 {dollar}\\pm{dollar}.72 yrs) completed maximum continuous tests in 3 minute stages on the slide board, beginning at 40 slides/min, increasing by 10 slides/min each stage; and on the bicycle beginning at 25 watts, increasing by 25 watts each stage. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, VO{dollar}\\sb2{dollar}, and rating of perceived exertion (CERT) were measured at each stage. …
A Neural Network Approach For Implementing A High Dimension Reduction Feature Finder For Automatic Image Matching., Qiang Lin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation explores the Counter Propagation Network (CPN) to implement an image feature finder for automatic image matching systems. This research concludes that the CPN paradigm does not appear to be capable of extracting distinctive features for matching complex images such as fingerprints. There are three possible factors explored in the document that contribute to this inability to match. These are: (1) Image Enhancement - Most of fingerprint images have certain levels of localized blur or smear, locally low contrast, or other noise. Currently available image enhancement methods are shown to not suppress these noises effectively. (2) Image Invariance - …
Eliciting Information About Knowledge Structures In Persons With Mild Or Moderate Mental Retardation Through The Use Of Dynamic Assessment And Prototype Theory., Mary Ellen Zeppuhar
Eliciting Information About Knowledge Structures In Persons With Mild Or Moderate Mental Retardation Through The Use Of Dynamic Assessment And Prototype Theory., Mary Ellen Zeppuhar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tests that are given to help determine the level of functioning of persons with mental retardation often rely on verbal report strategies. Because individuals with mental retardation have difficulty expressing themselves verbally, our knowledge of what they know is limited. In this study adults with mild and moderate mental retardation were administered the similarities section of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, a test of verbal responding, and then given the task of responding verbally or visually to stimulus categories, which were presented verbally or visually. All possible combinations of verbal and visual input and output were used in an assessment …
An Assessment Of Chinese Culture Courses In The Colleges And Universities Of The United States And Canada., Zi-Qiao Zhang
An Assessment Of Chinese Culture Courses In The Colleges And Universities Of The United States And Canada., Zi-Qiao Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine the content presented in the Chinese culture courses offered in the colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The scope of study was the 83 colleges and universities that have Chinese programs. A questionnaire was created as the tool to solicit information. Before the questionnaire was finally revised, a jury of experts was chosen and their opinions and suggestions were taken to improve the questionnaire. Then, a pilot study was conducted with the refined questionnaire sent to 14 ESOL teachers of Anne Arundel County Public Schools. The feedback of these …
Studies Of Renal And Biliary Clearance In Severe Kidney Dysfunction: Development Of A Rat Model Mimicking The Pharmacokinetics Of Ceftriaxone In Man., Qinying Zhao
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Ceftriaxone (CRO) is a third generation cephalosporin with a long half-life. The majority of patients with severe renal failure have slightly increased half-lives but a small subset of patients exhibit strikingly prolonged half-lives. The reduced ability of this minority of patients to eliminate CRO by biliary excretion will result in excessive drug accumulation. Therefore, the series of studies included in this dissertation were proposed to develop a renal failure model in rats, to examined the pharmacokinetics of CRO in this animal model, and to explore the biliary excretion mechanisms of CRO. Rats pretreated with uranyl nitrate exhibited a dramatic increase …
Studies On Molecular Mechanisms Of The Immunotoxic Effects Of Propanil On T Cell Development And Cytokine Production., Wei Zhao
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Propanil is a post-emergent herbicide which has been extensively used for control of weeds in rice and wheat field. Acute exposure to propanil central nervous system depression, loss of a righting reflex, and cyanosis. The immunotoxic effects of propanil on animals include reduction of thymus weight and cellularity with increase of spleen weight and cellularity, inhibition of humoral and cell-mediated immune response and alteration NK cell activity and macrophage cytotoxicity. The overall goal of this project is to investigate the mechanism and recovery of propanil induced thymic atrophy and the effect of propanil on T cell cytokine production. Using cell …
Response Time, Process Accuracy And Sequence Accuracy Of Individuals With Specific Learning Disabilities Responding To Auditory And Visual Stimuli., Elizabeth Ann Zicha
Response Time, Process Accuracy And Sequence Accuracy Of Individuals With Specific Learning Disabilities Responding To Auditory And Visual Stimuli., Elizabeth Ann Zicha
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this research was to determine whether specific learning disabled students would respond more quickly, accurately, and in the correct sequence to visual and auditory stimuli according to their predetermined modality preference within the context of the gymnasium and using motor skills. Male and female SLD college students (N = 58) were the participants for the study. Students attending Muskingum College were divided into four groups according to their modality preference toward auditory instruction or visual instruction. Modality preference was determined by the Incomplete Word and Visual Closure subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability. One of …
Square Wave Cathodic (Adsorptive) Stripping Voltammetry Of Selenium, Arsenic, Vanadium, And Molybdenum., Hong Li
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The determination of selenium(IV), arsenic(III), vanadium(V), and molybdenum(VI) at sub-nanomolar to picomolar levels has been investigated with square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry (SWCSV) and square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV). Se(IV) and As(III) form intermetallic compounds with copper and are deposited at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). V(V) and Mo(V) form dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) complexes which can be adsorbed at an HMDE. The reduction currents for the complexes are greatly enhanced by coupling a catalytic effect of bromate, and reaction mechanisms are reported. Generally, square wave voltammetry gives either better or similar sensitivity to linear scan and differential pulse voltammetry. …
The Interrelation Of Gypsy Culture And School Culture: An Ethnography Study Of Interactions., Marina Izquierdo Carter
The Interrelation Of Gypsy Culture And School Culture: An Ethnography Study Of Interactions., Marina Izquierdo Carter
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purposes of this study were to gain an understanding of the Gypsy culture and to discover the relationship, within the school domain, between the Gypsy children and the non-Gypsy teachers. The study was conducted in Malaga, Spain and lasted two and a half months. The research design for this study was qualitative. Data for this ethnographic research were gathered using three strategies: (1) participant observations, (2) interviews, (3) collecting school magazines. Three models of analysis for collected data were used: Domain analysis, Cultural Themes analysis, and Code Analysis. The Gypsy participants were part of the population of the Gypsy …
Isoforms Of Sodium,Potassium-Atpase In Rat Erythroblastic Cells., Chun-Shia Chang
Isoforms Of Sodium,Potassium-Atpase In Rat Erythroblastic Cells., Chun-Shia Chang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The sodium pump activity declines rapidly after denucleation of erythroblastic cells. To investigate whether this decrease in the rat erythroblastic cells is due to changes in isoforms of the {dollar}\\alpha{dollar} and {dollar}\\beta{dollar} subunits of the Na,K-ATPase during maturation, techniques of cryoultramicrotomy and immunoelectron microscopy with protein-A-gold were used. Specific antisera against various isoforms of the {dollar}\\alpha{dollar} and {dollar}\\beta{dollar} subunits of rat Na,K-ATPase were used to label the bone marrow and red blood cells of rats. Three types of cells of the erythroid series at different stages of maturation were studied: erythroblasts, reticulocytes and mature red blood cells. It was found …
The Search For Relevance In The Kenyan Secondary School History: A Case Study Of How The Struggle For Kenyan Independence Is Examined., Ochieng' Olewe K'Olewe
The Search For Relevance In The Kenyan Secondary School History: A Case Study Of How The Struggle For Kenyan Independence Is Examined., Ochieng' Olewe K'Olewe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Kenyan government has continuously recognized the potential socialization role of Kenya's history, in particular the topic on Kenya's struggle for independence, as a means of engendering a sense of national consciousness among students. This case study focuses on how this struggle is examined in the current secondary history syllabus, as part of the effort to formulate and implement a relevant syllabus. A qualitative case study design was used to facilitate the study. Consequently, the findings and results are based on the analysis of a triangulation of data, which was collected in Kenya, through interviews, observations, and documents. There were …
Narrating The Pathological, 1837-1848: Revolution And Social Discourse In Carlyle, Dickens, And Gaskell., Scott Aaron Dransfield
Narrating The Pathological, 1837-1848: Revolution And Social Discourse In Carlyle, Dickens, And Gaskell., Scott Aaron Dransfield
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Published during the years that mark the English working-class movement known as Chartism, Thomas Carlyle's French Revolution (1837), Charles Dickens' Barnaby Rudge (1841), and Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton (1848) all present a picture of social revolt. The scenes depicted in these narratives (all of which are based upon historical events--respectively, the French Revolution, the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, and the Chartist rebellion after the failure of the first petition in 1839) strongly suggest that the act of social revolt stems not so much from radical strategies of political action as from the proliferation of a set of dangerous "passions" …
The Relationship Between Self-Perceived Educational Philosophy Profile Of Public Community College Presidents And Their Self-Perceived Leadership Style., Frederick Dean Lucas
The Relationship Between Self-Perceived Educational Philosophy Profile Of Public Community College Presidents And Their Self-Perceived Leadership Style., Frederick Dean Lucas
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study was designed to examine the relationship between the self-perceived educational philosophy profile of public community college presidents and their self-perceived leadership styles. The population consisted of 209 community college presidents identified by mailing labels from the American Association of Community and Junior Colleges who were serving in public institutions in the United States listed in the AACJC Membership Directory 1993. A proportional, stratified, random sample was conducted of 209 presidents. A cover letter, demographic survey, the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire-Self, and Philosophical Instrument were mailed to each subject. Overall, 111 of the presidents responded. Of these, 105 were …
Airways Neural Control And Airways Hyperresponsiveness In The Ferret., David F. Maize
Airways Neural Control And Airways Hyperresponsiveness In The Ferret., David F. Maize
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objectives of these studies were to characterize: (1) neural control of the ferret airways and (2) mechanisms that induce airways hyperresponsiveness after ozone(O{dollar}\\sb3{dollar}) inhalation. In the ferret airways, contractions are produced by cholinergic neurons, and acetylcholine (ACh), methacholine (MCh) and carbachol (CCh) induce concentration-dependent contractions. The order of potency for contraction of the trachea and bronchi is CCh {dollar}\\ge{dollar} MCh {dollar}>{dollar} ACh, and their potency is dependent upon their resistance to degradation by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Electrical field stimulation (EFS)-elicited contractions are greater in the trachea than the bronchi except in the presence of neostigmine at high frequencies implying …
Allies, Adversaries Or Just Apathy? Social Work Licensure And Faculty Knowledge And Perceptions., Barbara Cox Matz
Allies, Adversaries Or Just Apathy? Social Work Licensure And Faculty Knowledge And Perceptions., Barbara Cox Matz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The study explored the knowledge and perceptions of faculty of masters level schools of social work about social work licensure and the licensing examination and the interactions of social work faculty with boards of social work examiners. A questionnaire was mailed to 989 Council on Social Work Education members which queried their knowledge about licensure and the licensure examination and about their interaction with boards of social work examiners. 493 questionnaires were returned. Respondents thought licensure was important to the standing of social work as a profession, that licensure will have a long term impact on the profession and that …
A Survey Of Physical Fitness Knowledge Among Preservice And Inservice Physical Educators., Michael Gene Miller
A Survey Of Physical Fitness Knowledge Among Preservice And Inservice Physical Educators., Michael Gene Miller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine the physical fitness knowledge of physical educators. Eight groups participated in this study. There were 14 block one students, 17 block three students, 12 block five students, 11 block seven students, 10 basic instruction physical education graduate students. There were 23 inservice physical educators (11 elementary physical educators and 12 secondary physical educators) and 11 exercise physiology master students. A forty question multiple choice test covering the domains of body composition, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and cardiovascular conditioning were administered to the groups of participants. Total scores for the test revealed …