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Aging And Design Of Concrete Members Reinforced With Gfrp Bars, P. V. Vijay May 1999

Aging And Design Of Concrete Members Reinforced With Gfrp Bars, P. V. Vijay

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Strength and stiffness properties of GFRP bars and moisture transport phenomenon into the bars was investigated in this research for various conditioning schemes with and without the application of sustained loads. Low viscosity urethane modified vinylester resin is identified as the most suitable resin, from the durability viewpoint.;Based on accelerated test results calibrated with respect to naturally aged results it is safely concluded that the service life of the FRP bars with durable resin is about 60 years as a minimum with 20% sustained stress on the bar. Concrete cover protection on the GFRP bars enhanced the service life up …

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Building A Bisque Kiln, David Buchanan May 1999

Building A Bisque Kiln, David Buchanan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The electric kiln in the studio of the ceramic artist is one of many important and significant pieces of equipment. It is the goal of this paper to provide a guide to anyone who needs to repair, rebuild, or build from scratch an entire kiln. These step-by-step instructions for building a kiln from bought materials will provide the information necessary to fix minor and major kiln rebuilding projects.;This manual/guide is the result of researching kilns, both in terms of doing extensive reading on the subject and gaining real experience. Found in the way of rebuilding/rebricking heavily abused kilns, rewiring, and …

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Mean Value Modeling And Control Of A Diesel Engine Using Neural Networks, Yasser Yacoub May 1999

Mean Value Modeling And Control Of A Diesel Engine Using Neural Networks, Yasser Yacoub

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Increasingly stringent emissions legislation and demands for improved fuel economy have mandated the need for advanced control algorithms and complicated the diesel engine calibration procedure. To this end, a neural network-based mean value model of a modern turbocharged direct injection diesel engine has been developed and validated. For a pre-specified engine speed schedule and control vector trajectory, the engine model was shown to produce accurate predictions of the turbocharger manifold charging dynamics and combustion efficiency through engine brake torque predictions. The mean value model was coupled with several sub-models to predict exhaust gaseous and particulate emissions and satisfactory predictions were …

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Stability Analysis Of Partially Filled Tanker Trucks Using A Finite Element Modeling Approach, Matthew Aquaro May 1999

Stability Analysis Of Partially Filled Tanker Trucks Using A Finite Element Modeling Approach, Matthew Aquaro

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The point of rollover for a tanker truck carrying fluid cargo is of great importance due to the catastrophic nature of accidents involving such vehicles. Payloads are often toxic or flammable, thus, predicting the threshold of rollover effectively is of great value. Furthermore, the liquid load shift caused by fluid slosh amplifies the propensity of these vehicles to rollover.;This research presents an approach for determining the threshold of rollover stability of a specific tanker truck by using finite element analysis methods, specifically the software program ANSYS. This approach allows the consideration of many variables which had not been fully considered …

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Head Impact Characterization Of Generic A-Pillar Of An Automobile, Subramani Balasubramanyam May 1999

Head Impact Characterization Of Generic A-Pillar Of An Automobile, Subramani Balasubramanyam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The need to provide enhanced occupant protection for all impact conditions experienced in automobile crashes poses a great challenge. Several safety features such as seatbelts and airbags have been developed to reduce occupant injuries in the event of a crash. However, new studies have indicated that even with these safety features, head impact with the upper interior components have resulted in many injuries leading to fatalities in certain impact conditions such as side collision and rollover. Recent regulations imposed by NHTSA concerning head impact scenarios in automotive crashes are designed to provide maximum head impact protection against several locations on …

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Robot Navigation Using Ultrasonic Feedback, Akihiko Baba May 1999

Robot Navigation Using Ultrasonic Feedback, Akihiko Baba

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis presents an autonomous navigation program for West Virginia University's mobile robot platform ANT. The program allows the ANT to find a predefined goal by comparing sensor data with a given map of the environment. ANT's ultrasonic sensors were used to sample the surroundings continuously, and this information was combined with dead reckoning data to build a two-dimensional map of the environment. Borenstein's Histogramic In-Motion Mapping technique was used to build sensor maps, which were analyzed to find features such as walls and corners. The features were matched with features in the given map to correct dead reckoning errors. …

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Empty Pleasures, Phyllis Leverich Evans May 1999

Empty Pleasures, Phyllis Leverich Evans

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

My work examines the ways we covet extravagant objects in Western society. I explore the vain and the humble veneration of status symbols, mementos, and personal icons. Through a satire of pompous display, I critique our society's fixation on materialism.;I use a digital process to mimic commercial eye-catching tactics in my ersatz copies of pre-Modern decorations. Although my work mocks the uncultivated tastes of mainstream America, its pursuit of formal harmony and sentiment is sincere. My objects are machine produced, but they act as icons to manifest poetic sentiment.;Playful as it appears, the work cynically reflects the distorted bourgeois values …

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Investigation Of Hot Gas Desulfurization Utilizing A Transport Reactor, David A. Berry May 1999

Investigation Of Hot Gas Desulfurization Utilizing A Transport Reactor, David A. Berry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis investigated the use of transport reactor technology to conduct hot gas desulfurization (HGD). The need or market drivers for this technology were assessed to identify the demand and opportunity. A literature review was conducted to assess the status of HGD and the issues involved with its development.;Design requirements were identified for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants that would utilize transport HGD reactors to baseline the design for the technology. A target of 1/10 of the New Source Performance (NSPS) for the emission of sulfur dioxide was chosen as the sulfur removal requirement for the system. Process …

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Simulation Study Of A Kanban-Controlled Production System, Arvind R. Krishnappa May 1999

Simulation Study Of A Kanban-Controlled Production System, Arvind R. Krishnappa

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Just-In-Time (JIT) has become one of the most popular production control philosophies in the last three decades. JIT did not find acceptance in the American companies until after the oil crisis. To be more flexible and to adapt quickly to changes in the market, many American companies took to the recourse of JIT and have been extremely successful. JIT systems typically employ kanbans as a means of inventory control. A JIT system operating under kanban control is commonly termed as a "pull system" due to the way in which succeeding stages trigger production at preceding stages. Owing to this close …

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Dual Fuel Conversion Of A Direct-Injection Diesel Engine, Talus Park May 1999

Dual Fuel Conversion Of A Direct-Injection Diesel Engine, Talus Park

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Dual fuel pilot-injected diesel natural gas engines offer significant potential to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PK emissions while maintaining diesel-like efficiency. A 1994 Navistar T444E turbocharger V-8 diesel engine was converted to dual fuel diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG). In an attempt to reduce the overall cost and complexity of conversion, the engine was left completely original, including the diesel fuel injection system. Also, for the sake of simplicity, the method of intake manifold fumigation through an IMPCO, Inc. electronic natural gas control valve was chosen to deliver the CNG. A microprocessor-based electronic control unit …

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Design Considerations For Variable Power Split Hydraulic Drives For Industrial Applications, Michael Jan Christian Shellenberger May 1999

Design Considerations For Variable Power Split Hydraulic Drives For Industrial Applications, Michael Jan Christian Shellenberger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) offer some advantages over conventional transmissions in industrial applications. During discrete shifts, conventional transmissions suffer from momentary power transmission lapses, which may produce undesirable effects in the system. Currently, the types of CVTs utilized in industry are hydrostatic drives and hydrodynamic couplings. However, these drives are heavy, presenting an obstacle in applications where weight is a concern. In a power split continuously variable transmission (PS-CVT) the power that flows through the hydraulic element is reduced. This allows the overall size and weight of the transmission to be reduced.;The objective of this thesis is to develop a …

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Preservative Treatment Evaluation Of Five Appalachian Wood Species With Four Preservatives, Jeffrey John Slahor May 1999

Preservative Treatment Evaluation Of Five Appalachian Wood Species With Four Preservatives, Jeffrey John Slahor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Hardwoods have been used extensively throughout the years for many uses. In the last century, wood railway tie and bridge material has been treated almost exclusively with the preservative creosote in order to improve durability. This has led to the knowledge that hardwoods treated with creosote are extremely durable. However, there have been few well documented studies of what has been termed "treatability". This work investigated and documented the treatability of five common and abundant Appalachian hardwoods vacuum/pressure treated with the four wood preservatives creosote, chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper quaternary compound Type-B (ACQ-B), and a borate preservative (TmborRTM). …

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Incorporating Neural Network Traffic Prediction Into Freeway Incident Detection, Benjamin Todd Taggart May 1999

Incorporating Neural Network Traffic Prediction Into Freeway Incident Detection, Benjamin Todd Taggart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The efficient operation of an incident management system depend Neural network models have been applied to traffic prediction frequently and even repeatedly because of its superior capability in emulating nonlinear systems. However, these traffic prediction models have not been utilized for incident detection. On the other hand, it is expected that the performance of an incident detection algorithm can be improved if an advanced prediction model is incorporated into. Therefore, this study developed several traffic prediction models that were then integrated into incident detection algorithms. The traffic prediction models were developed based on three different choices of independent variables, while …

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Harmful Events In Guardrail Crashes, Vinash Vonteru May 1999

Harmful Events In Guardrail Crashes, Vinash Vonteru

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

While guardrails are intended to reduce the severity of ran-off-road crashes, even the best designs installed in the most appropriate locations cannot eliminate all serious injuries and fatalities associated with guardrail crashes. The performance of guardrails has been examined through controlled crash tests for the past 30 years. These tests however, could not replicate real world crash conditions and provide data on injury distributions and harmful events in guardrail-related accidents.;Recognizing these limitations, reported guardrail accidents from Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) databases were examined. Data analysis was done using two-way and three-way contingency crosstabulations. Statistical significance of the study results …

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Numerical Analysis Of Direct-Chill Casting Of Aluminum Ingot, Yaping Wu May 1999

Numerical Analysis Of Direct-Chill Casting Of Aluminum Ingot, Yaping Wu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Direct chill (DC) semi-continuous casting is the most efficient way to produce large aluminum ingots. This process consists of three main stages; transient stage, steady-state stage, and post-drop stage. During transient stage, the ingot is subjected to rapid cooling rate and thus resulted in the build-up of high thermal stresses that can often lead to ingot cracking failure.;Based on a fully coupled heat-transfer and thermal-stress analysis model, which has been developed using a commercial finite element (FE) package ABAQUS(TM) with a user subroutine developed in-house, the temperature and stress fields were obtained for various casting conditions. Three post-processing programs were …

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Survey And Home Range Analyses Of Wintering Shorebirds Using The Lanark Reef Shorebird Complex, Franklin Co., Florida, Christine Marie Gunnels May 1999

Survey And Home Range Analyses Of Wintering Shorebirds Using The Lanark Reef Shorebird Complex, Franklin Co., Florida, Christine Marie Gunnels

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Radio telemetry was used to document spatial variation in use by wintering shorebirds at a series of sites believed to form the Lanark Reef Shorebird Complex in Franklin County. Fifty and 95% convex polygon home range estimate for Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) averaged 0.52 km 2 and 14.85 km2, respectively. Fifty and 95% convex polygon home range estimate for the Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) averaged <0.01 km2 and 0.10 km 2, respectively. Fifty and 95% convex polygon for the Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) and Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus ) was 0.32 km2, and 6.72 km2, and 0.36 km2 and 24.41 km2, respectively. Black-bellied Plovers appeared to have the smallest distance between locations followed by Willets, Long-billed Curlews and Marbled Godwits.;Replicate shorebird surveys were conducted on the reef and count data were regressed against four environmental variables (wind speed, tide height, cloud cover, and temperature). Regression results (R2 adj) accounted for 45% and 66% of the variance in total shorebird counts on the Reef for 1996 and 1997, respectively. Shorebird total counts were positively correlated with tide height for 1996 and 1997 (P < 0.01).

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Full-Scale Operation Of A Tubular Ultrafiltration System In The Treatment Of Oily Waste, Michael Christopher Malak May 1999

Full-Scale Operation Of A Tubular Ultrafiltration System In The Treatment Of Oily Waste, Michael Christopher Malak

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An aluminum company in West Virginia uses an oil-water (metal working fluid) in their rolling mill process for lubrication. In the past, the company collected the oily-waste into two lined waste ponds with a combined holding capacity of 5 million gallons. Separation of the oil-water mixture occurred as emulsifiers in the metal working fluid broke down. Free oil was skimmed resulting in a pond effluent, which contained 0.2 to 1.0% oil. Pond effluent was sprayed on a treatment field and the remaining oil was degraded naturally. The daily flow to the spray fields averaged 80,000 gallons. In 1993, concerns about …

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Effects Of Feed Oil Content, Transmembrane Pressure And Membrane Rotational Speed On Permeate Water Quality In High-Shear Rotary Ultrafiltration, David Albert Masciola May 1999

Effects Of Feed Oil Content, Transmembrane Pressure And Membrane Rotational Speed On Permeate Water Quality In High-Shear Rotary Ultrafiltration, David Albert Masciola

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of transmembrane pressure, membrane rotational speed and feed oil content on permeate water quality in the treatment of a synthetic metal working fluid in the HSRUF system. Permeate oil grease and total organic carbon concentrations increased with transmembrane pressure and feed oil content due to the increased density or thickness of the solute concentration boundary layer. However, hydraulic turbulence created by membrane rotation minimized the thickness of the solute concentration boundary layer therefore reducing solute permeation through the membrane. The effective decoupling of feed pressurization/recirculation from hydraulic turbulence enables the HSRUF system …

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Regulation Of Glucose -6 -Phosphate Dehydrogenase By Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Cultured Rat Hepatocytes, Laura Petrosky Stabile May 1999

Regulation Of Glucose -6 -Phosphate Dehydrogenase By Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Cultured Rat Hepatocytes, Laura Petrosky Stabile

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The goal of this research is to understand the molecular mechanism(s) by which polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit gene expression of the lipogenic enzymes. The model enzyme which we are using to study this phenomenon is liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In order to determine if regulation of G6PD occurred at a transcriptional or a posttranscriptional step in rat hepatocytes, enzyme activity, mRNA accumulation and transcriptional activity of the G6PD gene were measured in the presence and absence of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Insulin and glucose stimulated a 5- to 7-fold increase in G6PD activity and mRNA. This increase was …

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The Relationship Of Disease Severity, Health Beliefs, And Medication Adherence Among Hiv Patients, Xin Gao May 1999

The Relationship Of Disease Severity, Health Beliefs, And Medication Adherence Among Hiv Patients, Xin Gao

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Purpose. To investigate the relationship of disease severity, health beliefs, and medication adherence among HIV/AIDS patients.;Results. Seventy-two HIV patients were enrolled. There were no significant differences in patients' perceived severity of HIV/AIDS and perceptions of benefits and barriers of the treatment across three disease stages. However, patients who had greater experience with the disease (stage C) perceived a higher risk to develop complications if they were not adherent compared to asymptomatic patients (stage A). Results also revealed that patients in stage B and C were more adherent to their medications compared to patients in stage A when regimen complexity was …

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The Effectiveness Of Prophylactic Etodolac On Post-Endodontic Pain, Eric Richard Menke May 1999

The Effectiveness Of Prophylactic Etodolac On Post-Endodontic Pain, Eric Richard Menke

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if prophylactic oral administration of etodolac would significantly reduce post-endodontic pain, when compared to ibuprofen and a placebo.;Thirty-six patients requiring conventional root canal therapy consented to single blind oral administration of either 400 mg of etodolac, 600 mg of ibuprofen, or a placebo, prior to conventional root canal therapy. Pain evaluation was completed on a pain survey that consisted of visual analog scales at the following time intervals; initial, immediately after, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after initiation of root canal therapy.;A significant difference …

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Offerings For Jahilia, Stephen Vincent Martonis May 1999

Offerings For Jahilia, Stephen Vincent Martonis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

These words represent the ideas invested in my paintings. They are progressive and fluctuating thoughts occurring at an interval in time. They are given honestly and freely, as ignorance and change are understood.

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Theory Of Mind Development And Executive Functioning In Elementary School Children, Dana Lee Futoran May 1999

Theory Of Mind Development And Executive Functioning In Elementary School Children, Dana Lee Futoran

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The following study explored the role of verbal ability and executive functioning in theory of mind understanding in elementary school children. Scores on measures of language comprehension, verbal ability (sentence memory, and forward digit span), matrix completion, executive functioning (backward digit span), and second-order theory of mind tasks were obtained. Partial correlations of the measures controlling for age revealed verbal ability to be significantly correlated with theory of mind comprehension. A regression analysis demonstrated that auditory language comprehension was the only variable, in addition to age, that explained unique variance in performance on a recursive thinking task. Possible explanations are …

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Using Impedance Cardiography To Examine Changes In Hemodynamic Parameters During Heart Rate Biofeedback, Jeffrey Louis Goodie May 1999

Using Impedance Cardiography To Examine Changes In Hemodynamic Parameters During Heart Rate Biofeedback, Jeffrey Louis Goodie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Reducing cardiovascular responses to stressors may help to reduce one's risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The present study examined the underlying hemodynamic changes that accompany heart rate (HR) response reduction to a stressor following HR feedback training. Twenty-five healthy college males were assigned to either a HR feedback training group (FB+) or a control group (FB--) and were presented with a videogame and mental arithmetic challenge, as HR, blood pressure, and impedance cardiography-derived measures were recorded. During the training sessions, the FB+ group received HR feedback and the FB-- group was not provided with HR feedback while playing the videogame. …

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Evaluation Of Non-Invasive Biomarkers For Carcinogenic Exposure To Cigarette Smoke, Girish Srinivas Gudi May 1999

Evaluation Of Non-Invasive Biomarkers For Carcinogenic Exposure To Cigarette Smoke, Girish Srinivas Gudi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Purpose. To investigate urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) and benzo (a) pyrene 7,10/8,-tetrol (BaPT) levels as non-invasive biomarkers for exposure to cigarette smoke.;Methods. Volunteers, smokers ({dollar}\ge{dollar}20 cigarettes/day) and non-smokers (5 females + 6 males in each group), provided multiple urine samples. Urine samples from psoriasis patients undergoing coal tar therapy were also obtained. Urinary BaPT and 1-OHPG levels were assayed.;Results. While BaPT levels ranged from undetectable to 11 pmol/10ml in psoriasis patients (mean = 4 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 3.4 pmol/10ml), most samples from smokers or non-smokers had undetectable levels (limit of detection = 25 fmol/10ml urine). Urinary 1-OHPG levels were significantly higher among …

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Using Stages Of Change To Examine Fear, Threat, Efficacy, And Safety Climate Perceptions In Health Care Workers Who Routinely Handle Needles And Sharps, Brian Thomas Day May 1999

Using Stages Of Change To Examine Fear, Threat, Efficacy, And Safety Climate Perceptions In Health Care Workers Who Routinely Handle Needles And Sharps, Brian Thomas Day

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Standard precautions are mandated for the purpose of decreasing the risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission of diseases, namely human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B infections. One of the stipulations of standard precautions is that used needles should not be recapped and should be disposed of in an appropriate sharps container. The rate of needle stick injuries among health care workers remains at a high level despite the 1992 passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations regarding standard precautions. The role fear plays in decisions regarding individual health related behaviors such as intravenous drug use has been …

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In -Cylinder Combustion -Based Virtual Emissions Sensing, Michael L. Traver May 1999

In -Cylinder Combustion -Based Virtual Emissions Sensing, Michael L. Traver

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The development of a real-time, on-board measurement of exhaust emissions from heavy-duty engines would offer tremendous advantages in on-board diagnostics and engine control. In the absence of suitable measurement hardware, an alternative approach is the development of software-based predictive approaches. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using in-cylinder pressure-based variables as the inputs to predictive neural networks that are then used to predict engine-out exhaust gas emissions. Specifically, a large steady-state engine operation data matrix provides the necessary information for training a successful predictive network while at the same time eliminating errors produced by the dispersive and time-delay effects of …

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Androgen-Induced Norepinephrine Release In Male Accessory Sex Organ Smooth Muscle Growth And Differentiation, Julie M. Kim May 1999

Androgen-Induced Norepinephrine Release In Male Accessory Sex Organ Smooth Muscle Growth And Differentiation, Julie M. Kim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The goal of this research was to determine the role of norepinephrine (NE) in androgen-dependent pubertal proliferation and adult terminal differentiation in normal male accessory sex organ smooth muscle. The guinea pig seminal vesicle served as a model as its unique anatomy allowed clean harvest of smooth muscle without epithelium.;Androgen significantly increased in vivo DNA synthesis, total DNA, and NE release and down-regulated protein kinase C (PKC) in prepubertal seminal vesicle smooth muscle (SVSM) relative to prepubertal orchiectomized controls. High performance liquid chromotography quantified NE release as an increased concentration of (1) endogenous NE-metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenolglycol per NE, and (2) NE …

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Prediction Of Trauma Responses Following Myocardial Infarction, Risa Nakase Thompson May 1999

Prediction Of Trauma Responses Following Myocardial Infarction, Risa Nakase Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

For survivors of MI, the most common subsequent psychological complications include anxiety and depression. Recent interest has increased in examining the incidence of anxiety disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), among post-MI patients. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate trauma responses among a consecutive sample of post-MI patients. Forty-six post MI patients completed questionnaires and forty completed structured interviews during their initial hospitalization for MI. Six of these individuals reported acute stress disorder symptoms in response to their MI. These six patients scored significantly higher on most measures of PTSD. Thirty-two individuals completed a follow-up assessment of …

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Adult Age Differences In Vocabulary Acquisition As A Function Of Individual Differences In Working Memory And Prior Knowledge, Lisa L. Laumann May 1999

Adult Age Differences In Vocabulary Acquisition As A Function Of Individual Differences In Working Memory And Prior Knowledge, Lisa L. Laumann

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Older adults often complain of cognitive difficulties, such as the inability to learn new information or recall previously learned information. Previous research shows that many older adults do have difficulties with certain learning tasks. However, not all older adults experience these difficulties. Some recent research has shown that, contrary to popular belief, older adults can learn new information under certain task conditions. The purpose of this investigation was to examine how older adults, compared against younger adults, learn new vocabulary under two different learning task conditions. Each participant engaged in two vocabulary learning tasks: a paired-associate task and a contextual …

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