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The Startup And Evolution Of The State Journal: A Statewide Newspaper Reports On Business, Phillip Daniel Page Jan 2005

The Startup And Evolution Of The State Journal: A Statewide Newspaper Reports On Business, Phillip Daniel Page

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Two Charleston, West Virginia, brothers, Robert C. and Henry E. Payne, III, and Charleston lawyer Fred F. Holroyd established The State Journal in October 1984 as a weekly newspaper to serve a statewide business readership. The newspaper evolved through difficult early years and eventually became profitable through the sales leadership of Lorenelle White, who would purchase the newspaper with her husband in 1997. She eventually would re-establish the newspaper’s weekly publishing cycle. The Whites would sell The State Journal in 2001 to a newly formed media business, West Virginia Media Holdings, which would increase in the newspaper’s editorial resources. Since …

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The Impact Of An Elementary To Middle School Transition Program On Attendance, Achievement, And Behaviors Of Students With Special Needs., James O. Burton Jan 2005

The Impact Of An Elementary To Middle School Transition Program On Attendance, Achievement, And Behaviors Of Students With Special Needs., James O. Burton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the impact of an initial experience transitional program on the attendance rates, academic achievement, and the number of discipline referrals for each student with special needs as they entered the middle school setting. Students with special needs who were included in the program were compared with a similar group of students with special needs who were not provided with the transitional program. Attendance data were collected from the students' school records. Academic achievement was determined by comparing the grade point averages of the two groups. The focus of the grade point averages included only core content classes …

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Impact Of The West Virginia University Student Support Services /Trio Program From 1998-2004., Barbara Copenhaver Bailey Jan 2005

Impact Of The West Virginia University Student Support Services /Trio Program From 1998-2004., Barbara Copenhaver Bailey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Institutions of higher education are facing more challenges today than ever regarding student retention and graduation rates. Graduation rates in higher education have been declining over the past several years. Because of this, many institutions are becoming increasingly interested in the needs of special populations in an effort to retain them at higher rates. One of these special populations is first-generation, low-income college students. The federal TRIO grant, Student Support Services (SSS) program is funded by the United States Department of Education to serve this population to increase their graduation rates. The purpose of this study was to examine the …

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Para-Verbal Avoidance During Public Speaking: The Relationship Between Self -Disclosure And Social Anxiety., Michael F. Detweiler Jan 2005

Para-Verbal Avoidance During Public Speaking: The Relationship Between Self -Disclosure And Social Anxiety., Michael F. Detweiler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Unlike dyadic conversation where the social burden of conversation can be shared, the quantity and quality of speech produced during a public speaking challenge is primarily dependent upon the speaker. This study examined whether differences in disclosure patterns reflect a form of subtle avoidance during public speaking challenges. Termed para-verbal avoidance, it was hypothesized individuals with increased anxiety would refrain from talking about themselves for fear of revealing potentially embarrassing personal information. Also, it was proposed individuals with increased anxiety would avoid discussing subjective information, as it can be debated by others and used as the basis for forming a …

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A Qualitative Assessment Of Program Coherence In A Caahep-Accredited Athletic Trainingeducation Program. Subtitled: "Get Me Ready To Be An Athletic Trainer"., Scott R. Dietrich Jan 2005

A Qualitative Assessment Of Program Coherence In A Caahep-Accredited Athletic Trainingeducation Program. Subtitled: "Get Me Ready To Be An Athletic Trainer"., Scott R. Dietrich

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objective. To investigate program coherence and its influence on educational experiences within one outstanding, Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Program (CAAHEP)-accredited Athletic Training Education Program (ATEP) and to determine the extent to which program goals, espoused theory, and CAAHEP guidelines are reflected within interview responses from recent alumni, students, clinical staff, and faculty and course documents. Design and setting. Students, recent alumni, clinical staff, and faculty from one, CAAHEP-accredited ATEP provided in-depth interview responses pertaining to educational experiences based on the Athletic Training-Coherence Assessment Protocol (AT-CAP). Responses were compared with current course documents: handbooks, syllabi, assignments, handouts and …

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An Exploration Of The Adjustment Processes Of Freshmen Student-Athletes And Non -Athlete Students., V Paul Downey Jan 2005

An Exploration Of The Adjustment Processes Of Freshmen Student-Athletes And Non -Athlete Students., V Paul Downey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the adjustment to college of freshmen student-athletes (n = 78) and students (n = 174) at a Division I university. Participants were surveyed using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ; Baker & Siryk, 1999). Student-athletes were found to be significantly less committed to earning their undergraduate degrees than non-athletes, during both week seven and week 15 of their first semester. Predictor variables accounted for 24% of the variance in social adjustment with a more positive perceived impact of personal-social factors and an internal locus of control, emerging as significant predictors. Commitment …

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A Study Of Assessment Policies And Practices Of Directors In Pre-Kindergarten Programs In West Virginia., Janet Dozier Jan 2005

A Study Of Assessment Policies And Practices Of Directors In Pre-Kindergarten Programs In West Virginia., Janet Dozier

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As education for young children becomes more standards-based there has been a cry for more assessments. Developmentally appropriate assessment for young children has been defined by the twelve guidelines developed by the National Association for Young Children. The purpose of this study was done by surveying the 440 pre-kindergarten program directors in West Virginia regarding his/her perception of importance and implementation of those national assessment guidelines and followed by ten structured interviews of directors across the program descriptions. The study found the implementations of guidelines to be positively correlated to the director's perception of importance. Further it found that all …

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A Comparison Of The Leadership Orientations Of Chairpersons Of Biology And English Departments At Baccalaureate And Master's Institutions In The Southern Region., Marshall S. Griffin Jan 2005

A Comparison Of The Leadership Orientations Of Chairpersons Of Biology And English Departments At Baccalaureate And Master's Institutions In The Southern Region., Marshall S. Griffin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to compare the espoused leadership frame of chairpersons of Biology departments and English departments in baccalaureate colleges with those of chairpersons of the same departments of master's colleges located in the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) states. Leadership frames were compared by disciplines, by institutional categories (Carnegie Foundation, 2000), by department size, by length of service as chairperson, and by method of selection as chairperson. In addition, the study examined selected demographics (e.g., gender) to probe for intervening variables. A mailed survey instrument consisting of the 32-item Bolman and Deal Leadership Orientations (Self) instrument …

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A National Survey Of College Level Percussion Teachers Regarding The Importance Of Certain Characteristics Of Percussion Materials In Beginning Instrumental Methods., Ronald George Horner Jan 2005

A National Survey Of College Level Percussion Teachers Regarding The Importance Of Certain Characteristics Of Percussion Materials In Beginning Instrumental Methods., Ronald George Horner

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Teaching percussion instruments in elementary school settings presents unique challenges. Development of reading skills, musicality, technique, and listening skills are often cited as concerns. Materials selected by educators can facilitate or encumber the process. This study examined the characteristics of beginning methods materials from the perspective of college level percussion teachers. 269 teachers participated in a researcher-developed survey as a representative cross-section of institutions of higher learning including community colleges, baccalaureate institutions, and institutions with graduate programs. Results were analyzed from frequency distributions and manually generated stem-and-leaf plots. The survey examined respondent background and teaching experience, institutional information, and professional …

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Manufacturing And Evaluation Of Structural Products With Recycled Polymers, Raghuram Phani Aditham Dec 2004

Manufacturing And Evaluation Of Structural Products With Recycled Polymers, Raghuram Phani Aditham

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The rapid growth of Wastes from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can be attributed to the rapid developments in technology, leading to reduction in service life to less than 2 years in certain products. Thermoplastics such as Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Polycarbonate (PC) form a significant percent of the Electronic Shredder Residue (ESR) that were used in this research to manufacture and evaluate structural products with recycled polymers.;In this research, offset blocks for highway and bridge guardrail systems were developed using recycled polymers reinforced with glass fabric as shell and discarded tire strips/wood as core materials. Optimum compression molding process parameters …

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Three Essays On Public Economics And Public Finance, Yousam Choi Dec 2004

Three Essays On Public Economics And Public Finance, Yousam Choi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the first essay, we examine the conditions under which the regulatory process leads to collusion, and if there is collusion, whether it will be observed in the political or bureaucratic sector. The political cost disciplines the politician, while monitoring intensity limits the bureaucrat's discretion. According to our model, high political pressure is critical to achieve a state with no collusion between agents. If the political cost is relatively small, higher penalties on the bureaucrat will just open the possibility of political corruption. In a politician's initiative regime, if the transfer offered to the politician in exchange for legislative effort …

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Intraindividual Variability And Relations Between Daily Affect And Physical Activity Among Community -Dwelling Older Women, Jenessa C. Steele Dec 2004

Intraindividual Variability And Relations Between Daily Affect And Physical Activity Among Community -Dwelling Older Women, Jenessa C. Steele

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The current study investigated individual and group-level daily relations between affect and physical activity among 37 non-sedentary community-dwelling older women. The study expected that (a) positive affect would hold a significant, positive synchronous relation with physical activity and (b) negative affect would hold a significant, negative synchronous relation with physical activity over six consecutive days. Women over age 55 (M = 71.5, SD = 9.4) participated by completing four daily assessments (8am, 12pm, 4pm, 8pm) of positive and negative affect and physical activity on a hand-held computer Monday through Saturday. Affect was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule …

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Finite Element Analysis Of Interaction Between Actin Cytoskeleton And Intracellular Fluid In Prechondrocytes And Chondrocytes Subjected To Compressive Loading, Sundar Viswanathan Dec 2004

Finite Element Analysis Of Interaction Between Actin Cytoskeleton And Intracellular Fluid In Prechondrocytes And Chondrocytes Subjected To Compressive Loading, Sundar Viswanathan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Prechondrocytes exhibit a change in their actin cytoskeletal arrangement when subjected to loading. This study looks at the implications of the altered solid-fluid interactions due to this change. A 2-D Finite element model of a cell was developed. A solid-fluid interaction solution procedure was validated and used to determine fluid flow/pressure in a cell when subject to deformation. These values were then used to calculate fluid flow induced stresses on individual actin fibers. The results suggest that prechondrocytes alter their cytoskeletal structure to reduce stresses as a result of fluid flow due to deformation of the cell.

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Development Of A Test Method To Measure "In-Use" Emissions From Stationary And Portable Diesel Sources, Gurudutt A. Nayak Dec 2004

Development Of A Test Method To Measure "In-Use" Emissions From Stationary And Portable Diesel Sources, Gurudutt A. Nayak

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A cost-effective, accurate and easy-to-use in-field test method was developed that would allow regulatory bodies, such as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to determine in-use compliance with emission standards for newly manufactured portable and stationary engines. As emissions measured during an engine-dynamometer test do not faithfully reflect real-world emissions, a test method that functions like an Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) type test method was developed. Only concentration measurements of pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NO x) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are required to determine compliance using this "compliance factor, F" approach. Hence, errors introduced due to engine work …

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Identity Development And Empathy As Related To Creative Activity Participation, Shana L. Blackshire Dec 2004

Identity Development And Empathy As Related To Creative Activity Participation, Shana L. Blackshire

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The focus of this study was the associations between identity, empathy as an emotional construct, and participation in creatively focused activities among adolescents in a largely rural population. A series of measures to assess identity status, the ego strength of fidelity, empathy, and level of participation in creative activities were administered to 212 male and 320 female adolescents in grades nine through eleven at public high schools in Appalachia. Analyses indicated that while the expected relationship between creative activity participation and identity was not statistically significant, gender may heavily influence that relationship as a mediating variable. Empathy, however, was found …

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West Virginia Coal Fly Ash Sorption Of Btex, Jerome C. Wentz Dec 2004

West Virginia Coal Fly Ash Sorption Of Btex, Jerome C. Wentz

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Sorption is a term used in the environmental field to describe how chemical contaminants in soil and groundwater adhere to solid particles such as: clay, peat and activated carbon for the purposes of remediation, fate and transport. A potential surrogate for sorption of chemical contaminants in groundwater is coal fly ash. Batch test experiments have demonstrated coal fly ash's ability to remove hydrophobic, organic petroleum contaminants including: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in groundwater through the processes of sorption. Coal fly ash is a byproduct material of coal fired power plants that is often disposed of on-site or at …

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Modified Delphi Investigation Of Exercise Science In Physical Education Teacher Education, Sean M. Bulger Dec 2004

Modified Delphi Investigation Of Exercise Science In Physical Education Teacher Education, Sean M. Bulger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As physical education teacher educators experiment with alternative pedagogical approaches to bridge the gap between subdisciplinary theory and professional practice, the need for enhanced multi-disciplinary research and communication continues. The purpose of this study was to determine the critical exercise science competencies, and associated instructional methods, that are recommended for inclusion in the physical education teacher education undergraduate curriculum. An initial list of theoretical and applied exercise science competencies was constructed using the knowledge, skills, and abilities recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine for individuals working in the field of exercise science. The two-round, modified Delphi procedure involved …

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Effect Of Driving Cycles On The Particulate Mass And Number Emissions From In-Use Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Sairam Thiagarajan Dec 2004

Effect Of Driving Cycles On The Particulate Mass And Number Emissions From In-Use Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Sairam Thiagarajan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study focused primarily on the particle mass and number emission from various in-use heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicles operating on different driving cycles. Chemical speciation results are also presented to discuss the formation and composition of particles emitted during various cycles. Tests were performed with West Virginia University's Transportable Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratory located at Riverside, California. Five vehicles were selected to cover a wide range of model year from 1989 to 2004. All five vehicles were subjected to chemical speciation and analysis conducted by Desert Research Institute. WVU employed the use of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer …

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Using Dendrochronology To Identify Species-Specific Ice Storm Damage In Delaware, Matthew John Smolnik Dec 2004

Using Dendrochronology To Identify Species-Specific Ice Storm Damage In Delaware, Matthew John Smolnik

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Ice storms are recurrent disturbances that alter forest succession and retard tree growth rates throughout North America. Following a 1994 ice storm in Delaware, the Delaware Forest Service established seventy-five study plots to sample four species of trees (southern red oak [Quercus falcate ], white oak [Quercus alba], loblolly pine [ Pinus taeda], and yellow poplar [Liriodendron tulipifera ]) affected by the ice storm. The objectives of this study are to: (1) explore the species-specific growth rates and responses to the ice storm; and (2) determine which of the four species is best suited to provide dendroecological records of past …

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Women And Social Services In Saudi Arabia, Khadija Nasseef Dec 2004

Women And Social Services In Saudi Arabia, Khadija Nasseef

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This master thesis talks about social services for women that provided by social welfare agencies in Saudi Arabia. This thesis is a descriptive study that uses the content analysis as a method to investigate social services agencies that provides special services for women. This thesis also had special interest in social services that improve women's lives in Saudi Arabia. The content analysis is made on documents and brochures of 4 main social services agencies that offer services for women. The content analysis was made in term of these agencies main aim and target, their main massage, their programs for women, …

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What Is The Impact Of Parental Support On Early Literacy?, Deborah K. Bush Dec 2004

What Is The Impact Of Parental Support On Early Literacy?, Deborah K. Bush

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Today, more than 75 percent of women ages 25--34 and 75 percent of women with a child under six years of age participate in the labor force. When both parents work outside the home, they often want to send their child to preschool, but preschool classes aren't always available, and often those that are available are the government programs that are open only to those of lower socio-economic status.;In addition, parents often want to support the emergent literacy of their children and help prepare them for kindergarten but aren't sure of how to provide the type of assistance that might …

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Students' And Instructors' Attitudes Toward Using Biometric Technology As An *Identification Method In Online Courses, Wafi Albalawi Dec 2004

Students' And Instructors' Attitudes Toward Using Biometric Technology As An *Identification Method In Online Courses, Wafi Albalawi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the social and cultural issues related to the implementation of biometric technology at the College of Human Resources and Education at West Virginia University. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The researcher verbally interviewed five instructors and five graduate students. The quantitative research methods employed two surveys. The research population involved 30 instructors and 189 graduate students. The researcher utilized independent-sample t-tests to compare different groups. The results obtained from this research support the following: (1) there is a real privacy concern among instructors and students regarding the implementation of biometric technology, (2) religious …

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Use Of Commercial Cfd Software For Assessing The Performance Of Personal Aerosol Samplers, Aaron J. Bird Dec 2004

Use Of Commercial Cfd Software For Assessing The Performance Of Personal Aerosol Samplers, Aaron J. Bird

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Accurate performance of personal aerosol samplers is critical for industrial hygienists' successful efforts to protect workers. Performance assessments of personal samplers are necessarily conducted in controlled environments so unknown sources of variability will not influence the results. This is done in order that samplers may be used with confidence for monitoring workplace air quality. These performance evaluations are usually conducted in wind tunnels. However, recent advances in high-performance cluster computing---together with advanced flow modeling software---have made it possible to evaluate sampler performance with computer simulations. This was done in the current research. Simulations were conducted for air and particle behavior …

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Linear Engine Development For Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Csaba Toth-Nagy Dec 2004

Linear Engine Development For Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Csaba Toth-Nagy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation argues that diminishing oil reserves, concern over global climate change, and desire to improve ambient air quality all demand the development of environment-friendly personal transportation. In certain applications, series hybrid electric vehicles offer an attractive solution to reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Furthermore, linear engines are emerging as a powerplant suited to series HEV applications. In this dissertation, a linear engine/alternator was considered as the auxiliary power unit of a range extender series hybrid electric vehicle. A prototype linear engine/alternator was developed, constructed and tested at West Virginia University. The engine was a 2-stroke, 2-cylinder, dual piston, direct …

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Characterization Of Cyp2d Protein From Human Brain Cerebellum, Deepak Bhatia Dec 2004

Characterization Of Cyp2d Protein From Human Brain Cerebellum, Deepak Bhatia

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

To date, knowledge in characterization of CYP proteins has been limited to immunoblotting, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and so forth; therefore, it is the intention of this study to investigate: (1) What kind of CYP2D protein is present in brain with modern proteomic tools; (2) Whether, CYP2D6 in brain is same as the liver CYP2D6; and (3) If CYP2D7 is present, can CYP2D6 polymorphism be found in the brain?;To answer these questions, this study used a one-step method of isolation of protein by immunoprecipitation followed by its identification using 2D-blots, nanospray LCMS, immunoblots and immunohistochemistry. Probing of immunoprecipitated proteins with polyclonal CYP2D6 …

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Potential Mechanisms Linking Nutrition And Neuroendocrine Control Of Reproduction In The Sheep, Adam Bradley Dobbins Dec 2004

Potential Mechanisms Linking Nutrition And Neuroendocrine Control Of Reproduction In The Sheep, Adam Bradley Dobbins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Nutrition and reproduction are linked in that the nutritional status of an individual influences its reproductive performance, i.e. an individual in negative energy balance will have decreased ability to reproduce. The mechanisms in which nutrition influences reproduction are not understood. My data suggest that reductions in lutenizing hormone secretion resulting from photoperiod-induced increases in sensitivity to testosterone negative feedback may be mediated, at least in part, by elevated neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hypothalamic neuropeptide shown to alter gonadotropin releasing hormone release and potently affect food intake. The results from my second study support our hypothesis that the growth hormone mediated …

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Specific Aspects Of Social Anxiety Related To Children's Peer Sociometric Status, Abby H. Friedman Dec 2004

Specific Aspects Of Social Anxiety Related To Children's Peer Sociometric Status, Abby H. Friedman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study examined the association between specific aspects of social anxiety and sociometric status. Participants included 268 children in grades 4, 5, and 6. The children completed the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R) and the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C). A sociometric nomination procedure was used to categorize participants into sociometric status groups (i.e., neglected, rejected, controversial, popular, and average). Results replicated and extended previous literature. Neglected children scored the highest on both measures of social anxiety, followed by rejected children. This was one of the first investigations to associate socometric status with SPAI-C factor …

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Characteristics Of West Virginia Secondary Agricultural Educators, James C. Beatty Dec 2004

Characteristics Of West Virginia Secondary Agricultural Educators, James C. Beatty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

All agricultural educators are expected to teach each student the three aspects of the agricultural education program, FFA, Supervised Agricultural Experience programs, and classroom and laboratory instruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of an agricultural educator in the state of West Virginia. Agricultural educators rated reading, writing, and mathematics incorporation into the curriculum above average in the survey. They also felt that they encouraged professional and respectful relationships with their students almost all of the time. The amount of sarcasm used in the classroom, and bypassing school policy when the situation warranted it, returned varying …

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Effectiveness Of Treatment And Diversity Of Microbial Populations Within A Constructed Wetland Treating Wastewater, Jolene M. Friedland Dec 2004

Effectiveness Of Treatment And Diversity Of Microbial Populations Within A Constructed Wetland Treating Wastewater, Jolene M. Friedland

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Constructed wetlands are used as alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems. Microbiological dynamics in constructed wetlands are essential to adequate functioning and efficiency of these systems. The efficacy of wastewater treatment by a large subsurface flow wetland receiving wastewater from a multi-user facility was examined. Real-time monitoring with telemetry was combined with measurement of standard wastewater parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and enumeration of fecal coliforms. Passage of wastewater through the wetland significantly reduced standard wastewater parameters in effluent samples. Heterotrophic bacterial diversity was examined using community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and molecular characterization of …

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Factors Underlying Stalking And Harassing Behavior In A College Population, Jill Johansson-Love Dec 2004

Factors Underlying Stalking And Harassing Behavior In A College Population, Jill Johansson-Love

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

At the high end of unwanted pursuit behavior is stalking. This study, using questionnaires, investigated a sample of 48, college females, identified as potential stalkers. Factors examined included: demographic information, social desirability, psychological functioning, attachment, motive, rape myth acceptance, adversarial sexual beliefs, criminal thinking styles, and the actual unwanted pursuit behavior. Hypotheses regarding the criminal thinking styles of the individuals engaging in harassing and stalking behavior were supported at the .05 level. These findings indicate that harassers and stalkers exhibit criminal thinking patterns, such as sacrificing internal control to exert control over the external environment and justifying behavior by externalizing …

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