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An Assessment Of Stream Fishing Venues In West Virginia: A Comparison Of Anglers Along A Spectrum Of Access, Radley E. Miller
An Assessment Of Stream Fishing Venues In West Virginia: A Comparison Of Anglers Along A Spectrum Of Access, Radley E. Miller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
West Virginia places an emphasis on fishing as a way to increase nature-based tourism. However, heavy fishing pressure on public water and unequal fishing effort at stocking locations can lead to declining catch rates and an increasing number of visitors that experience catch deprivation and dissatisfaction. Controlling access to streams is one approach to dealing with this carrying capacity issue. Both public and private land managers have approached this problem differently using various levels of control. For example, Pipestem State Park managers provided anglers with access to the Bluestone River with few controls via an aerial tramway prior to 2009. …
Bisphenol A Alters The Function And Expression Of Bk Channels In Vascular Smooth Muscle Through Membrane And Nuclear Signals, Shinichi Asano
Bisphenol A Alters The Function And Expression Of Bk Channels In Vascular Smooth Muscle Through Membrane And Nuclear Signals, Shinichi Asano
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has recently become a public health concern, and the safety of the utilization of BPA has attracted the attention of the scientific community, politicians, and the general population. Although BPA is banned from baby products in a few countries because infants and young children are particularly susceptible to endocrine disruption, recent studies have consistently indicated the association between urinary BPA concentration and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Therefore, adult exposure to this xenoestrogen is becoming a healthcare issue that cannot be ignored. We selected large conductance Ca2+/voltage sensitive potassium (BK) channels as one of the target proteins …
Using Concept Mapping To Identify Action Steps For Physical Activity Promotion In Cancer Treatment, Sean J. Fitzpatrick
Using Concept Mapping To Identify Action Steps For Physical Activity Promotion In Cancer Treatment, Sean J. Fitzpatrick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The benefits of exercise during and after cancer treatment represent research areas that have received increased attention throughout the past two decades. Numerous benefits have been observed for cancer survivors who are physically active (Speck, Courneya, Masse, Duval & Schmitz, 2010). Yet oncologists have been slow to incorporate exercise counseling into practice (Daley et al., 2007). The objective of this study was to gather input from both researchers and oncologists as to what needs to happen for exercise to become part of standard care once treatment ends. The concept mapping process developed by Trochim and Kane (2007) was utilized to …
Potential Empathy Deficits, Motivations, And Desistence In Traditional And Cyber Bullies, Colleen M. Keelan
Potential Empathy Deficits, Motivations, And Desistence In Traditional And Cyber Bullies, Colleen M. Keelan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Bullying is a serious phenomenon that includes behaviors conducted in a variety of mediums, including face-to-face (i.e. traditional bullying) and through technology (i.e. cyberbullying). This study examined differences between traditional bullies and cyberbullies in empathy deficits, motivation to engage in bullying behavior, and reasons for desistence of bullying behavior. The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used to assess traditional bullying whereas the Internet Experience Questionnaire was used to assess cyberbullying. In a sample of 288 college students, there was no significant differences in total empathy, affective empathy, or cognitive empathy, between traditional bullies (N = 41), cyberbullies (N = 48), victims …
The Effects Of Aerobic Exercise Training On Arterial Stiffness In The Metabolic Syndrome, Brian Lee Reger
The Effects Of Aerobic Exercise Training On Arterial Stiffness In The Metabolic Syndrome, Brian Lee Reger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Arterial dysfunction, due in part to arterial stiffening, is recognized as a surrogate end point for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and predicts the risk of future CV events. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of risk factors associated with increased stiffening and carotid artery thickening. Aerobic exercise is a well-established therapy that reduces CV events, and has proven to be an effective intervention against arterial stiffening and pathological wall remodeling in the healthy, hypertensive, and diabetic population.;Aims: The purpose of this thesis was to examine the impact of aerobic exercise training on arterial stiffness and wall remodeling in MetS …
Feeding Female Growing Rats Different Sources Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affects Lung Fatty Acid Composition And Gene Expression, Maria L. Dalzot
Feeding Female Growing Rats Different Sources Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affects Lung Fatty Acid Composition And Gene Expression, Maria L. Dalzot
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Justification: The lungs are constantly exposed to oxidative stress and inflammation which increase the risk of lung damage. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), found in different dietary sources, regulate the expression of various genes involved in eicosanoid production and oxidative stability.;Objective: to determine whether providing different sources of n-3 PUFAs will affect the fatty acid composition, inflammation and oxidation in the lungs of growing rats.;Methods: Growing (age 28 d) Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=10/group) to diets consisting of either corn oil (CO) or n-3 PUFA rich flaxseed (FO), krill (KO), salmon (SO) or tuna (TO) oil for 8 …
Aspects Of Form, Tonality, And Texture In The ''Farewell'' Piano Sonatas Of Beethoven And Dussek, Kyoung Cha
Aspects Of Form, Tonality, And Texture In The ''Farewell'' Piano Sonatas Of Beethoven And Dussek, Kyoung Cha
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the early 19th century, two composers, Jan Ladislav Dussek (1760-1812) and Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), each wrote one piano sonata with a "Farewell" title. The Bohemian musician Dussek was one of the renowned composers of his era. He was also famous as a pianist, with a brilliant and virtuosic style of playing. Beethoven was a German composer who has become enshrined as one of the major representatives of the Classical period, as well as of classical music in general. He wrote numerous masterpieces covering almost every known genre of his time, including symphony, chamber music, concerto, sonata, mass, and …
Effect Of Sediment Composition On The Uniformity Of Experimentally-Formed Methane Hydrate, Terrence R. Ryan
Effect Of Sediment Composition On The Uniformity Of Experimentally-Formed Methane Hydrate, Terrence R. Ryan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Experimentalists that try to duplicate the methane hydrate found in natural systems have regularly made non-uniform hydrate in packed sediments. Some element of the natural system is missing from the experimental procedure. The goal of this research was to discover what role sediment composition and grain size play in the uniformity of experimentally-formed methane hydrate. The discoveries were quite surprising.;The motivation for this research lies in the analysis of sediment samples and well-log data from the 2010 Mount Elbert, AK Stratigraphic Test Well. Sedimentological analysis of core samples from this well indicated that a thin section within the methane hydrate …
Rules Of The Game: Effects Of A Game-Based Metaphor On Instructional Activity Design And The Use Of Student Mentors On Learning Outcomes In A Middle School General Science Class, Angie Dowling
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the effects of a game-like environment on instructional activity design and the use of student mentors on learning outcomes in a middle school general science class. The participants for this study were 165 students, ages 13-14 years old, who were enrolled in 8th grade at a mid-Atlantic middle school. Two research questions were used to conduct the research:;1. Can science content be designed and successfully delivered instructionally using a game-like learning environment?;2. Does the use of student mentors/assistants help direct and maintain the flow of the class away from the technological issues toward the necessary learning outcomes …
Differences In Quality Environmental Rating Subscales Between Family Child Care Homes And Facilities In West Virginia, Kaitlin J. Buchanan
Differences In Quality Environmental Rating Subscales Between Family Child Care Homes And Facilities In West Virginia, Kaitlin J. Buchanan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Quality of family child care homes and facilities in the state of West Virginia was investigated for differences in quality and provider education and training. Data was collected through the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources grant titled, "Quality Rating and Improvement for West Virginia Child Care." Quality was measured using the Family Child Care Environmental Rating Scale (FCCERS), which has 38 items across 7 subscales including aspects specific to the family child care setting. Twenty-nine family child care facilities and 55 family child care homes participated in the study. Family child care homes scored lower than facilities …
Maintaining Physical Activity Levels Of Teachers In A Summer Intervention, Meghan A. Phillips
Maintaining Physical Activity Levels Of Teachers In A Summer Intervention, Meghan A. Phillips
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Schools are in a premier position to promote physical activity programs with students, faculty and staff, and the surrounding community. Since individuals of working age spend a significant portion of their lives in their work environment the workplace potentially represents a convenient, efficient, and effective access point to the individual (McGillivray, 2005). One recent suggestion in the literature discusses the need for physical education teacher education programs to help make physical educators Sport, Physical Activity, and Fitness Education Specialists (Bulger & Housner, 2009). This new role would place physical educators as potential leaders in schools for the promotion of a …
Efficacy Of Varying Rates Of Herbicide And Surfactant For The Control Of Understory Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus Orbiculatus Thunb.) Plants In An Appalachian Hardwood Forest, Terry L. Burhans Jr.
Efficacy Of Varying Rates Of Herbicide And Surfactant For The Control Of Understory Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus Orbiculatus Thunb.) Plants In An Appalachian Hardwood Forest, Terry L. Burhans Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) is an invasive climbing, twining vine that can grow up into the forest canopy effectively inhibiting growth and light exposure on affected trees. A local landowner who had treated bittersweet with various rates of a glyphosate-based herbicide claimed that higher than recommended rates of herbicide were needed to effectively control the invasive plant. This study was established to assess the validity of this claim and to explore the interaction of glyphosate and surfactant effects on the efficacy of bittersweet control. The goal was to determine an ideal treatment of herbicide and surfactant rates for the effective …
The Three W'S Of Hazardous Waste: Who, Why, And Where?, Christa Dean Jensen
The Three W'S Of Hazardous Waste: Who, Why, And Where?, Christa Dean Jensen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the late 1960s and 1970s, amid changing attitudes about the environment and emerging sustainability concerns, countries around the world began regulating multiple aspects of hazardous waste. Initial regulations, and those occurring since, all share the broader goals of curbing hazardous waste generation and regulating hazardous waste trade, but with few signs of progress. Using input-output analysis and spatial interaction modeling, this dissertation analyzes various dimensions of the hazardous waste problem in the United States and the United Kingdom. The overall objective is to develop methods to answer the following questions: 1) who is generating hazardous waste; 2) why is …
The Word And The World: The Activist Spirit In American Literature, 1968-1998, Jason M. Stupp
The Word And The World: The Activist Spirit In American Literature, 1968-1998, Jason M. Stupp
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In The Word and the World: The Activist Spirit in American Literature , 1968-1998, I argue that some American authors confronted what Audre Lorde calls the "triumphs and errors" of the 1960s by producing literature that conceptualizes methodologies of resistance within sustainable models of community organization. Instead of succumbing to the inherent cynicism of the postmodern era, this literature encourages readers to adopt activist practices and to remain vigilant against oppressive government actions that intrude on civil liberties. Referring to selective works by Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo, Norman Mailer, Charles Johnson, Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, and Lorde, among others, I …
An Assessment Of Usage And Physical Activity Patterns, Measurement Of Satisfaction Indicators And Purpose Of Visit At Two University Recreation Centers, Robin L. Yeager
An Assessment Of Usage And Physical Activity Patterns, Measurement Of Satisfaction Indicators And Purpose Of Visit At Two University Recreation Centers, Robin L. Yeager
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Research has demonstrated that building of student recreation/activity centers has been beneficial for university students who participate in informal recreation and programs during their out-of-class time. The utilization of an assessment tool created specifically to evaluate variables associated with usage and intention demonstrated that at vastly different university settings and type of recreation facilities, similar patterns suggested why university students are and are not utilizing the facilities that have been specifically built for their needs.;The first paper assessed usage and purpose of visit, and the importance of recreation and socialization in the setting of student recreation centers in university environments. …
Symptoms, Causes, And Coping Strategies For Performance Anxiety In Singers: A Synthesis Of Research, Kristina Driskill
Symptoms, Causes, And Coping Strategies For Performance Anxiety In Singers: A Synthesis Of Research, Kristina Driskill
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A multitude of studies exists concerning performance anxiety, yet the number specifically focused upon singers is lacking in the literature. This study, intended as a reference guide for singers and singing instructors, discusses the symptoms, possible causes, and currently accepted coping strategies for music performance anxiety (MPA). An analysis of the published scholarship and correspondence from singers and professionals are included, as well as an appendix listing self-help sources and an extensive bibliography for further research. The study serves as an aid to singers and singing instructors seeking concise information on the topic. Specific steps within each coping method are …
Stakeholders' Perceptions Of Special Educator Induction Programs In A Low Attrition District, Jeremy Vittek
Stakeholders' Perceptions Of Special Educator Induction Programs In A Low Attrition District, Jeremy Vittek
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Special education teacher attrition is a growing problem in the United States (Payne, 2005). Without proper induction for early career special educators, the potential remains for these educators to leave the field at a rate twice that of their general education counterparts (Payne, 2005). The lack of a defined national or state policy on induction programs puts the responsibility on the school district to design and implement an induction program. The goal of the study was to provide empirical insight into the stakeholders' perceptions of the challenges and supports provided for beginning special educators in a low attrition district within …
Comprehensive And Integrated Model For Atmospheric Status In Sealed Underground Mine Areas, Jianwei Cheng
Comprehensive And Integrated Model For Atmospheric Status In Sealed Underground Mine Areas, Jianwei Cheng
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mine gas explosion is one of the most feared hazards in the coal industry worldwide. More often one gas explosion related accident can cause the death of multiple coal miners. Since the beginning of coal mining, numerous mine workers have lost their lives as a result of gas explosions. Such occurrences have long been a major concern for mining engineers. Examination of two coal mine disasters (Sago mine and UBB mine) that have occurred in the U.S. in recent years reveals that all explosions originated from or around the sealed areas. Therefore, a good understanding of the atmospheric status in …
The Incorporation Of Aluminum Hydroxide In Water Based Muds To Stabilize Marcellus Shale Drilling In West Virginia, Hussain Ali Al-Fadhel
The Incorporation Of Aluminum Hydroxide In Water Based Muds To Stabilize Marcellus Shale Drilling In West Virginia, Hussain Ali Al-Fadhel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to develop a safe and environmentally acceptable water base mud that will be able to suppress swelling and promote stability to the West Virginian Marcellus shale. The problem was approached by utilizing aluminum precipitation chemistry in the drilling fluid, unlike the traditional cation-exchange approach.;A dynamic swelling meter was designed by modifying a 0.001 mm resolution dial indicator and using a specially programmed smart cable connecting the dial indicator to a computer. The swelling data was acquired by the smart cable every six seconds. As a result, there were 14,400 measured points for each sample …
A Simplified Icing Model For Simulation And Analysis Of Dynamic Effects, Matthew A. Cunningham
A Simplified Icing Model For Simulation And Analysis Of Dynamic Effects, Matthew A. Cunningham
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Ice accretions on aerodynamic surfaces are a major concern during flight. In this research effort, glaze ice is being modeled and its effects on aircraft dynamics analyzed. This type of ice builds up as a clear layer on aerodynamic surfaces and other components such as antennas and intakes. Glaze icing is dangerous because as the amount of ice increases, it alters the shape and properties of the aerodynamic surface. Wind tunnel tests of this type of icing and data analysis have shown that the main effects of icing consist of decrease of lift coefficient, reduction of stall angle of attack, …
A Uk Market Town Maintaining Identity Amidst Urbanizing Sprawl: A Learning History, Jennifer Rachelle Parsons
A Uk Market Town Maintaining Identity Amidst Urbanizing Sprawl: A Learning History, Jennifer Rachelle Parsons
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
English market towns greatly reflect British culture through unique traditions, architecture, and other characteristics. Market towns are often secluded from the outside world, located in rural areas of England with less significant roadways and very few railways leading into the towns. Despite the charming facade of market towns, challenges in contemporary society and the expansion of cities throughout the 20th century have swamped these rural communities, threatening their historical character and initiating problems such as forced growth, increased housing, and urbanization.;This study seeks to better understand the experiences and perspectives of the individuals and organizations dealing with change in an …
Biometric Variation Among Two Mangrove Warbler Setophaga Petechia Populations Of Northwestern Mexico, Cheryl L. Schweizer
Biometric Variation Among Two Mangrove Warbler Setophaga Petechia Populations Of Northwestern Mexico, Cheryl L. Schweizer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mangrove forests are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. Despite this, over half of the world's mangroves have been lost, primarily due to anthropogenic activities. Northwestern Mexico is the northernmost range of mangroves in the eastern Pacific and western hemisphere. Mangrove Warblers (Setophaga petechia castaneiceps and S. p. rhizophorae ), are small, tropical songbirds, endemic to these mangroves and are presumed to have sedentary lifestyles. Little is known about Mangrove Warblers across their range including basic life history data. Declining habitat across Mexico may be putting these populations at great risk. My primary objectives were to 1) …
Calculating The Surface Seismic Signal From A Trapped Miner, Adeniyi A. Adebisi
Calculating The Surface Seismic Signal From A Trapped Miner, Adeniyi A. Adebisi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The recent Sago mine disaster has highlighted the need to fundamentally analyze the practical detection limitations of a mine rescue seismic system (Heasley, 2006). In various field tests, it was discovered that the surface peak particle velocity resulting from the trapped miner who pounds on the mine roof becomes undetectable past a certain distance from the surface geophones. In order to provide the mine rescuer the understanding of the exact extent of this distance; and the foreknowledge about the excepted magnitude of the surface peak particle movement in terms of: depth, geology and offset angle, this study was performed.;To achieve …
Landowner Outreach Education Project Evaluation: Connecting New Family Forest Owners With The Professional Forestry Community, Megan E. Mccuen
Landowner Outreach Education Project Evaluation: Connecting New Family Forest Owners With The Professional Forestry Community, Megan E. Mccuen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The majority of West Virginia's forested land is owned by private family forest owners. These individually owned woodlands significantly impact the whole landscape. Connecting with this population and linking them with services and organizations that offer support is essential as these individuals and families establish their ideal woodland. Absentee landowners, land transfers, and increasing industry and development bring to the landscape a high risk for parcelization and fragmentation. With knowledge and forest management information, many woodland owners can improve the overall health, sustainability, and productivity of these lands.;One of the challenges in promoting sustainable forestry is finding ways to connect …
Relationship Between Fidelity And Dose Of Human Patient Simulation, Critical Thinking Skills, And Knowledge In An Associate Degree Nursing Program, Rosella I. Beebe
Relationship Between Fidelity And Dose Of Human Patient Simulation, Critical Thinking Skills, And Knowledge In An Associate Degree Nursing Program, Rosella I. Beebe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the relationship between human patient simulation (HPS), critical thinking skills, and knowledge acquisition after HPS was integrated across the curriculum of an associate degree nursing program to determine if differences existed in critical thinking and knowledge of students based on the fidelity of HPS used and amount of student exposure to HPS. The effectiveness of HPS when used as a teaching strategy in lieu of traditional clinical experiences was examined to determine the impact on critical thinking and knowledge in relation to the percentage of traditional clinical experiences substituted with HPS. The National League for Nurses' (NLN) …
Trans-Border Advocacy Network In Tobacco Control: The Adoption Of Who-Fctc Best Practices Into Domestic Laws In Ghana And Malawi, Edward Brenya
Trans-Border Advocacy Network In Tobacco Control: The Adoption Of Who-Fctc Best Practices Into Domestic Laws In Ghana And Malawi, Edward Brenya
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The study investigates the politics characterizing the adoption of tobacco control policy in Ghana and Malawi as a way of contributing to political science literature. It combines the global advocacy network, the multi-level policy transfer, and the liberal-constructivist theories as a single framework to examine their effects on tobacco control policy adoption. Methodologically, the study uses a comparative case study approach complemented by elite interviews, review of secondary materials, and policy documents. The study finds that neither of the Parliaments of the two countries has adopted any legislation that is properly enforced. However, both countries have certain voluntary agreements to …
Examination Of Mediational Models Of The Hostility-Health Link, Carol Goulet
Examination Of Mediational Models Of The Hostility-Health Link, Carol Goulet
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated health behavior as a possible mediator of the link between hostility and poor physical and psychological health. The relations of health behavior, character strength, and virtuous behavior to hostility and health were also examined. A sample of 689 undergraduate participants (69.4% female) completed a series of on-line assessments that measured hostility, physical health, psychological health, health behavior, social support, character strength, and virtuous behavior. Health behavior was examined and found to be a significant partial mediator of the relations between hostility and physical and psychological health. Furthermore, the results of multiple regressions revealed that gender, hostility, and …
Foreign Christian Influence In Developing World Domestic Social Policy, William Harrison
Foreign Christian Influence In Developing World Domestic Social Policy, William Harrison
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There is a debate going on in the United States today about where our culture is headed. In the United States and much of the West, society is becoming more liberal on issues such as gay rights and abortion. In countries of the developing in Africa and Latin America there has also been a debate about these issues. This is in part fueled by Christian groups coming from outside of the countries of the developing world who are attempting to export the Culture Wars of the West to the developing world. This paper theorizes that foreign Christian groups have a …
The Role Of Src-Homology 2 Domain-Containing Tyrosine Phosphatase 2 In Signaling And Tumorigenesis Of Basal Type/Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Fatimah Kh. Matalkah
The Role Of Src-Homology 2 Domain-Containing Tyrosine Phosphatase 2 In Signaling And Tumorigenesis Of Basal Type/Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Fatimah Kh. Matalkah
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Basal type/triple negative breast cancer (BTBC) represents a distinct tumor group that is characterized by an aggressive disease phenotype and poor clinical outcome. Patients with this subtype cannot benefit from the available anti-hormone and anti-HER2 targeted therapies (e.g. tamoxifen and herceptin). Therefore, characterizing potential therapeutic targets is urgently needed. We reasoned that the Src-homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) could serve as a therapeutic target in BTBC, because of its critical regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is overexpressed in BTBC. Here, we demonstrated that SHP2 knockdown in BTBC cell lines suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and transformation. …
Treatment Of Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal Therapy: A Multiple Baseline Study, Michael R. Nadorff
Treatment Of Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal Therapy: A Multiple Baseline Study, Michael R. Nadorff
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Nightmares have been linked with several negative consequences, including death by suicide. Further, nightmare sufferers report that nightmares have a significant negative impact on their lives. To address this problem, several nightmare treatments have been studied, with Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) having the greatest amount of empirical support. However, there are many unanswered questions in regard to IRT, such as how quickly one may see an effect and whether or not there is a temporary increase in nightmares prior to a decrease. The current study aimed to address these questions by examining IRT using a non-concurrent multiple baseline design. Four …