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Administrator And Faculty Perceptions Of Incivility And Conflict In The Workplace: A Higher Education Study, Stacey Mcleran Kendig
Administrator And Faculty Perceptions Of Incivility And Conflict In The Workplace: A Higher Education Study, Stacey Mcleran Kendig
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Uncivil workplace behavior in the higher education environment is counterproductive for achieving institutional goals. Prevailing uncivil behaviors frequently result in unresolved conflict, a focus of various researchers since the mid 1970's (Andersson & Pearson, 1999; Martin & Hine, 2005; Pierre & Peppers, 1976; Pietersen, 2005; and Twale & DeLuca, 2008). This study was designed to examine administrator and faculty members' perceptions of uncivil workplace behaviors and organizational culture. The study further examined the relationship between incivility and organizational culture. The Uncivil Workplace Behavior Questionnaire (Martin & Hine, 2005) and the K & C Organizational Culture Instrument (Kendig & Chapman, 2012) …
An Evaluation Of The Idaho Plate Method For Adults With Type 2 Diabetes And Limited Health Literacy In Rural West Virginia, Pamela L. Edens
An Evaluation Of The Idaho Plate Method For Adults With Type 2 Diabetes And Limited Health Literacy In Rural West Virginia, Pamela L. Edens
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This capstone project evaluated the Idaho Plate Method (IPM) as an effective nutrition self-management program for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with limited health literacy (LHL) in one rural clinic in West Virginia. A one-way pretest-posttest design was used to evaluate the effects of the program on food choices, confidence, and HbA1c. A convenience sample of 30 volunteers participated in the program with 3-month follow-up data collected on 22 volunteers. A Wilcoxon test was conducted to evaluate choices of fruits, vegetables, and fatty foods and participant confidence in making healthful food choices. Data analysis found significant differences in …
The Streptococcal Collagen-Like Protein-1 (Scl1) Is A Multifunctional Adhesin In Extracellular Matrix Interactions, Biofilm Formation, And Host Colonization By Group A Streptococcus, Heaven A. Oliver-Kozup
The Streptococcal Collagen-Like Protein-1 (Scl1) Is A Multifunctional Adhesin In Extracellular Matrix Interactions, Biofilm Formation, And Host Colonization By Group A Streptococcus, Heaven A. Oliver-Kozup
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is responsible for over 100 million skin infections annually that may lead to invasive episodes and autoimmune sequelaes. Wounds and unapparent skin infringements are susceptible to the introduction of GAS and serve as a portal of entry. The nutritional nature of a wound and the accessibility to exposed host cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components create a model milieu for successful host colonization and potential biofilm formation. The initiation of biofilm is often mediated by bacterial surface adhesins and has been shown to interfere with wound healing by blocking critical host cellular interactions. However, the underlying …
Differences In Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale Scores In Collaborative And Non-Collaborative West Virginia Pre-K Classrooms Located In Child Care Facilities, Jessica S. Day
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Quality of pre-k collaborative and non-collaborative classrooms was investigated for differences in environmental quality between the two types of classrooms. Data was collected through the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources grant titled, "Quality Rating and Improvement for West Virginia Child Care." Quality was measured using the Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale-Revised (ECERS-R), which has 43 items across seven subscales: Space and Furnishings, Personal Care Routines, Language-Reasoning, Activities, Interaction, Program Structure, and Parents and Staff. Thirty-six pre-k collaborative programs participated and 136 non-collaborative programs participated in the study. Non-collaborative pre-k classrooms had lower mean scores on all subscales …
Project Knowledge Of 4-H Members Who Participated In The Equine Skillathon At The West Virginia State Fair, Kolby Denae Wyant
Project Knowledge Of 4-H Members Who Participated In The Equine Skillathon At The West Virginia State Fair, Kolby Denae Wyant
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An Equine Skillathon is conducted annually at the West Virginia State Fair in Department F that is open to 4-H and FFA members. At the 2012 West Virginia State Fair, a descriptive research study was done utilizing the Equine Skillathon as the method of instrumentation. The study was conducted to assess the fundamental equine knowledge of junior and senior 4-H members who participated in the 2012 State Fair Equine Skillathon in the five categories of breed identification, conformation, body and hoof parts, as well as feed identification. The data was collected from the participating 4-H members' score sheets and used …
Mechanisms Of Cadmium Tolerance In Populus, Brahma Reddy Induri
Mechanisms Of Cadmium Tolerance In Populus, Brahma Reddy Induri
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cadmium (Cd), a known carcinogen and one of the leading heavy metal pollutants on a global scale, is released to the atmosphere through various industrial processes such as smelting and mining and other applications including manufacture of batteries and phosphate fertilizers. It causes many deleterious effects in plants, and is harmful to humans through its entry into the food chain. Traditional methods of remediating Cd-contaminated soils, such as excavation and land-filling, are expensive and disturb the natural topography. The emerging method of phytoremediation in which plants are employed to remediate contaminated soils has become increasingly popular because of its cost …
Margaret Ruthven Lang: Her Life And Piano Works, Juliana Yap
Margaret Ruthven Lang: Her Life And Piano Works, Juliana Yap
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
American composer Margaret Ruthven Lang (1867-1972) is perhaps best known today for her songs and choral pieces and as the first woman composer to have a work performed by a major American orchestra. Though her chamber and orchestral works have not survived, her piano pieces provide an important look at this neglected composer's art. This research paper presents an overview of Lang's complete published piano works, eleven works in total ranging from elementary to advanced levels and dating from 1894 to 1919. It is designed as a reference for piano teachers, students and performers and provides pedagogical information, musical examples …
Examining The Painful And Provocative Events Scale And Testing The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory Of Suicidal Behavior In Undergraduates And Cyberbullying Victims, Matthew R. Mcnally
Examining The Painful And Provocative Events Scale And Testing The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory Of Suicidal Behavior In Undergraduates And Cyberbullying Victims, Matthew R. Mcnally
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Suicide is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Individuals are hypothesized to acquire the capability for suicide through the experiencing of painful and provocative events. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Painful and Provocative Events Scale (PPES), a measure that seeks to identify experiences that lead an individual to acquire the capability for suicide through an increased tolerance for pain and a decreased fear of death. An exploratory factor analyses conducted to examine the factor structure of a revised Painful and Provocative Events Scale yielded a two-factor structure. …
Relationship Maintenance Differences In Close And Casual Friendships On Facebook, Brittany N. Legg
Relationship Maintenance Differences In Close And Casual Friendships On Facebook, Brittany N. Legg
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Social media, notably Facebook, has become ubiquitous in American life. There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence that a primary use of this technology is the maintenance of relationships with friends and family. The extent to which relationships can be maintained, and the type of relationships that can be maintained, in America, by using social media is an unresolved question. Using the reciprocity expectations inherent in Social Exchange Theory, the behavior of young adults was examined. Students were asked to rate their Facebook usage across the five maintenance strategies of positivity, openness, assurances, social networks, and shared tasks with …
An Evaluation Of School Zone Traffic Control Strategies, Karly R. Hamric
An Evaluation Of School Zone Traffic Control Strategies, Karly R. Hamric
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Throughout the past six decades, the predominant mode of student transport has shifted from walking to riding in a school bus or personal vehicle which has impacted both the safety and efficiency of school zone traffic control strategies. In order to improve school zone operations in West Virginia, current warrants and laws relevant to school zones within West Virginia and other states are researched. Concerns are characterized with respect to traffic efficiency and safety parameters and are addressed in a survey polling county and district transportation officials throughout West Virginia. In addition, school zone crash data provided by the Highway …
Entrepreneurship, Institutions, And The Informal Economy, Travis C. Wiseman
Entrepreneurship, Institutions, And The Informal Economy, Travis C. Wiseman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation comprises three essays which investigate the empirical relationships between institutions (formal and informal), entrepreneurial outcomes (productive and unproductive), and shadow economy size at the U.S. state-level. Chapter 1 opens with some discussion of the topics explored here and provides an overview of important results from each of the essays. In Chapter 2, the first of the empirical essays, I focus on U.S. shadow economies, providing estimates of shadow economy size for 50 U.S. states over the period 1997 to 2008 as a foundation for analysis in the subsequent chapter. Chapter 3 focuses on the relationship between entrepreneurship, shadow …
Access To Services, Quality Of Care, And Family Impact For Caregivers Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A National Perspective Using 2009-2010 Children With Special Health Care Needs (Cshcn) Survey, Rini Vohra
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The main objective of the study was to examine health care disparities for children with autism spectrum disorders utilizing two studies.;Study 1. A cross sectional study was conducted using the 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (N = 18,702). Chi-square analyses and logistic regressions were performed to examine the likelihood of reporting problems with access to services, quality of care, and family impact and compared across ASD, DD (cerebral palsy, down syndrome, developmental delay, or mental retardation), MHC (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, behavioral/conduct problems, or depression) and DD & MHC (those who had both DD …
Comparison Of Two Orthodontic Sealants In Prevention Of Enamel Demineralization : An In-Vitro And In-Vivo Study, Doyoung Choi
Comparison Of Two Orthodontic Sealants In Prevention Of Enamel Demineralization : An In-Vitro And In-Vivo Study, Doyoung Choi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Introduction: Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets is one of the risks associated with orthodontic treatment. Among the techniques utilized to prevent demineralization, application of orthodontic sealants is widely used to provide mechanical coating and fluoride release for the underlying enamel. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy in enamel protection during fixed orthodontic treatment in-vitro and in-vivo between two orthodontic sealant products; Opal Seal (Opal Orthodontics by Ultradent, South Jordan, UT) and Pro Seal (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL). The null hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference in protection against enamel demineralization between …
Giving Support And Mental Health In Older Adults At Risk For Vision Impairment, Merideth Smith
Giving Support And Mental Health In Older Adults At Risk For Vision Impairment, Merideth Smith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Physical disability and visual impairment place older adults at a doubled risk for depression and a seven-fold increased risk for death by suicide. Social interaction is one of the factors that may aid adaptation to vision impairment. Preliminary research suggests that giving support to others has a significant relation with fewer depressive symptoms, greater life satisfaction, and greater satisfaction with support received in older adults. There has been no study to date addressing the role of giving support to others in protecting against suicidal behaviors, or other factors related to suicide risk, such as reasons for living. Using a sample …
The Retreats Of Reconstruction: Race, Leisure, And The Politics Of Segregation At The New Jersey Shore, 1865--1920, David E. Goldberg
The Retreats Of Reconstruction: Race, Leisure, And The Politics Of Segregation At The New Jersey Shore, 1865--1920, David E. Goldberg
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines the political meanings of consumption and racial segregation in the public and commercial leisure spaces of the New Jersey shore during the Reconstruction era. Moving beyond issues of identity, racial violence, and labor disputes, I show how Jim Crow unfolded and operated in the post-Civil War North by emphasizing the importance of political economy and ideas about public health and welfare. Beginning in the 1880s, ideas about the rights and health of consumers became more important in helping shape the meanings of freedom than did the triumph of free labor ideology. The rise of mass consumption as …
The Effects Of An Educational Program On Recognition Of Atypical Signs And Symptoms Of Acute Coronary Syndrome In Women In The Emergency Room, Robert E. Wynn Jr.
The Effects Of An Educational Program On Recognition Of Atypical Signs And Symptoms Of Acute Coronary Syndrome In Women In The Emergency Room, Robert E. Wynn Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
According to the American Heart Association (2010), in the United States every 36 seconds someone dies from heart and blood vessel disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007) estimate that one in six deaths in the US is related to coronary artery disease. When diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, which is an acute event, resulting from CAD, appropriate treatment greatly reduces the risk of refractory ischemia, need for urgent revascularization, and death. Women are less likely to be urgently diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, receive thrombolytic therapy, or undergo percutaneous coronary intervention than men, thereby increasing their mortality …
Knowledge And Awareness Of Sickle Cell Trait Among Ncaa Division I Fbs, Division I Fcs, Division Ii, And Division Iii Head Football Coaches And Strength And Conditioning Specialists, Timothy D. Yates
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge of Sickle Cell Trait among head football coaches and strength and conditioning specialists within all three NCAA Divisions. Additionally, a second purpose is to identify whether or not head football coaches and strength and conditioning specialists present awareness and confidence to provide the proper treatment and/or referral for an athlete suffering from an exercise-related event due to Sickle Cell Trait. Design: This study is a descriptive prospective questionnaire analysis of the knowledge and awareness of Sickle Cell Trait among collegiate head football coaches and strength and conditioning specialists. Results: …
Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of The International Index Of Erectile Function (Iief-5) (Shim) Questionnaire On The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction, Evelyn Martin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Thirty million or 52% of males between 40 and 70 years of age in the United States have some degree of erectile dysfunction (ED) (Feldman et al., 1994; Hakim, Subit, Kandzari, & ZasLau, 2002; Tsertsvadze et al., 2009). The American Urology Association (AUA) outlines measures to slow the rate of, control, and treat ED. To decrease the prevalence, ED must be diagnosed, identified, and the major risk factors aggressively controlled. Utilization of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) may improve identification and documentation of treatment, but questions remain about how to implement CPGs in practice. The purpose of this pilot project was …
The Effect Of Non-Marine Vs. Marine Sources Of The Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Dha And Epa, On Serum Lipoproteins, Mary C. Rodavich
The Effect Of Non-Marine Vs. Marine Sources Of The Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Dha And Epa, On Serum Lipoproteins, Mary C. Rodavich
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Fish oil (FO) is a marine source of n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanaenoic acid (DHA), and has been shown to improve heart health.;Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of non-marine sources of n-3 fatty acids, algae oil (AO) and yeast oil (YO), as compared to fish oil (FO).;Methods: Male ICR mice (8 wk old, n=100) were randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups: soy oil (SO; 0 g/kg DHA or EPA), FO (7.03 g/kg DHA + 12.64 g/kg EPA), AO (7.03 g/kg DHA + 0.13 g/kg EPA), YO (0.018 g/kg DHA …
Gamechangers: A Content And Semiotic Analysis Of Super Bowl Commercials During Recession And Non-Recession Years, Joshua Smithson
Gamechangers: A Content And Semiotic Analysis Of Super Bowl Commercials During Recession And Non-Recession Years, Joshua Smithson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in symbolic content of Super Bowl commercials during recession and non-recession years. Another aim was to find out if humorous commercials were more common in recession year commercials as opposed to non-recession year commercials. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. The study examined the topic through both content analysis and semiotic analysis. For the content analysis, commercials were viewed and coded to address the question of whether commercials change based on economic conditions. For the semiotic analysis, one commercial from each of the four selected years was chosen to …
The Effects Of Feeding Growing Female Rats Different Sources Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids On Lipogenic Gene Expression And Lipid Metabolism In Liver And Adipose Tissues, Kaitlin Mock
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) consumption has increased through diet and supplementation due to reports of health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine whether different n-3 PUFA sources play a role in lipid metabolism by altering lipogenic gene expression, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and inflammation. Young (aged 28 days) female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of six diets: corn oil (CO, control), flaxseed oil (FO), krill oil (KO), menhaden oil (MO), salmon oil (SO), or tuna oil (TO). qPCR was used to analyze relative gene expression. Only MO-fed rats had down-regulated gene expression of the …
Using Empathy In Design To Foster Interest In Social Issues, Kofi Opoku
Using Empathy In Design To Foster Interest In Social Issues, Kofi Opoku
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Design has transformed from being merely a product oriented discipline focused on the promotion of consumer goods to become a goal oriented practice seeking to address the needs and challenges faced by people in their communities. Conventionally, most designers have engaged various processes that help identify the real needs of an audience in order to develop effective solutions. Designing for social change presents the interesting challenge of reaching audience members who may not be directly affected by an issue to become invested in communityled transformations. My thesis uses the context of homelessness to examine how empathic techniques can be employed …
Diversifying Business Development: Exploring Opportunities To Attract Latino Entrepreneurs To West Virginia, Juan Carlos Arcila Naranjo
Diversifying Business Development: Exploring Opportunities To Attract Latino Entrepreneurs To West Virginia, Juan Carlos Arcila Naranjo
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Prior studies have examined Latino entrepreneurship in a variety of settings in which Latinos are a significant population. Some of the previously identified barriers to successful Latino entrepreneurship include financial funding, racial issues, ethnic enclaves, and getting along with people from other cultures. This study builds upon that tradition by exploring Latino business owners in West Virginia. The study will address the following research questions: · Why are there so few Latino Entrepreneurs in West Virginia? · What are the entrepreneurial issues identified by Latino business owners in West Virginia?;This research was done with two main objectives in mind: To …
The Role Of Geography, Demographics, Bandwidth Speed And Internet Availability In Rural West Virginia Communities: A Multiple Case Study Of The 2012 Cards Of Hope Fundraiser, Rebecca Diehm
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Today, social media has become a popular public relations tool in the promotion of campaigns and fundraisers. While this new addition may be a key tool in the promotion of certain fundraisers and campaigns, this study was designed to focus on what public relations methods successfully promote events, campaigns and fundraisers in rural areas, such as those in West Virginia. The objective of this master's thesis is to support the notion that press releases are still the foundation of public relations methods not only in West Virginia, but in rural communities throughout the United States. In order to support this …
Economic Demagoguery: The Limited Effects Of Presidential Rhetoric, Charles Damien Arthur
Economic Demagoguery: The Limited Effects Of Presidential Rhetoric, Charles Damien Arthur
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Given that there exists considerable disagreement about whether the president has a direct and measurable influence over the economy, I decided to research this divergence of views further (Edwards, 2003; Edwards, 2009; Eshbaugh-Soha, 2005; Wood, 2007; Dolan, Frendreis, & Tatalovich, 2008; Cohen, 1995; Beck, 1982; Golden & Poterba, 1980). In my review of the literature, I found that there is research, improperly measured from my perspective, that claims the president is the most powerful economic leader in the United States and that his words have the power to move economic actors and indicators (Wood, 2007). To show these effects statistically, …
The Integration Of A Coal Mine Emergency Communication Network Into Pre-Mine Planning And Development, Mark F. Sindelar
The Integration Of A Coal Mine Emergency Communication Network Into Pre-Mine Planning And Development, Mark F. Sindelar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Regulations, such as the MINER Act of 2006, require the installation of redundant and secondary communication systems to assure that contact can be established with coal miners who may become trapped underground as a result of an event such as a fire, explosion, or inundation. For half a century, the orientation towards underground communications has been that more complex systems better serve the coal miner. However, if the goal is to provide for a reliable means of establishing communication between the surface and trapped miners underground, then the technology employed should be simple, reliable, and cost-effective. Coal mines spend hundreds …
Embodied Revelation: The Threat Of Sudden Cardiac Death For Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Candidates, Vera Barton-Caro
Embodied Revelation: The Threat Of Sudden Cardiac Death For Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Candidates, Vera Barton-Caro
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
BACKGROUND: Heart failure is a severe, chronic condition characterized by high mortality and high morbidity. Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death for people with heart failure as well as the primary cause of death in the United States. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) represent the standard of care as the only effective therapy for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. However, a significant proportion of qualifying heart failure patients declines this life-saving device. Nurses are charged with advocating for well-informed patient decisions. Yet, there is little extant literature that addresses the decision-making process for patients considering an ICD. …
Assessment Of Age, Diet, And Growth Of Yellow Perch ( Perca Flavescens) In Cheat Lake, West Virginia, Nate Taylor
Assessment Of Age, Diet, And Growth Of Yellow Perch ( Perca Flavescens) In Cheat Lake, West Virginia, Nate Taylor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis evaluates population characteristics of yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) in Cheat Lake, West Virginia, and is comprised of two chapters: 1) an introduction and literature review on the biology, ecology, and life history of yellow perch and studies regarding diet growth, and condition and 2) a study examining age and length, summer diet composition, and growth of yellow perch in Cheat Lake, West Virginia. Owing partly to recent mitigation of acidic conditions in the Cheat River watershed, populations of yellow perch and other fishes have increased in Cheat Lake. For this study, I evaluated age and length, summer …
Spring Studies And A Decision-Making Process To Guide Groundwater Contamination Prevention In An Agricultural Karst Basin, Erin D. Murphy
Spring Studies And A Decision-Making Process To Guide Groundwater Contamination Prevention In An Agricultural Karst Basin, Erin D. Murphy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Groundwater contamination is a potential major health and environmental issue in karst aquifers because of rapid surface water to groundwater connections and conduit-dominated flow that may allow contaminants to move great distances from their source in a very short amount of time. Agricultural contaminants are a significant problem in Buckeye Creek basin in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. Pasquarell and Boyer (1995) found that cattle grazing near sinking streams, sinkholes, and springs contribute to the elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria in the groundwater. Six sites in Buckeye Creek basin were monitored for fecal coliform contamination and then analyzed in order …
Appalachian Alter-Natives: The Back-To-The-Land Migration And Community Change In Appalachia, 1970--2000, Jinny A. Turman
Appalachian Alter-Natives: The Back-To-The-Land Migration And Community Change In Appalachia, 1970--2000, Jinny A. Turman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1970s, thousands of people migrated from America's cities to the countryside to establish communes and independent homesteads on small plots of land. By working the land they hoped to achieve autonomy, self-sufficiency, and closeness with nature. Cheap land, mild climate, beautiful scenery, and folk culture drew many of these predominately young, white, well educated, and affluent migrants to Appalachia. During the earliest years of the back-to-the-land migration suspicion and occasionally conflict surfaced as natives and newcomers navigated different lifestyle preferences and worldviews, for many of the back-to-the-landers, or "alter-natives," had identified …