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Articles 2401 - 2430 of 5148
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
A Phenomenological Study Of Living With Excess Facial Hair For African-American Women, Courtney M. Pate
A Phenomenological Study Of Living With Excess Facial Hair For African-American Women, Courtney M. Pate
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Excess facial hair is a characteristic of hirsutism. Excess facial hair can alter a woman's presentation of self in living day-to-day. Research is sparse in the realm of studying women who do not suffer from polycystic ovarian syndrome, who have excess facial hair. Women of varying racial backgrounds are also underrepresented in the current literature. The purpose of this study was to explore the structure of meaning of living with excess facial hair for African-American women. The stories of eight women were gathered and analyzed using van Manen's phenomenological approach and middle range story theory. As a result of this …
Evaluation Of An Evidence-Based Breastfeeding Education Program For Pediatric And Women's Health Care Providers, Family Practice Residents, Medical Students, And Physician Assistant Students, Alissa Terry Parker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background.;Every year approximately {dollar}13 billion are spent and an estimated 900 infant lives are lost in the United States as a result of infants not exclusively receiving breast milk for the first six months of life. Many health care providers lack knowledge and supportive skills regarding basic breastfeeding management. However, the results of several research studies indicate that health care providers who provide support and who are knowledgeable in breastfeeding management can improve the breastfeeding rates of the maternal-infant dyads that they serve. An evidence-based breastfeeding educational program can significantly increase the breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes of health care providers.;Objectives.;The …
Kriging-Based Design Of Experiments For Multi-Source Exposure-Response Studies In Nanotoxicology, Ying Pei
Kriging-Based Design Of Experiments For Multi-Source Exposure-Response Studies In Nanotoxicology, Ying Pei
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
One of the major challenges with toxicology studies of nanomaterials (NMs), compared to traditional materials or chemicals, lies in the large NM variety (or sources) caused by their various physico-chemical properties. How to efficiently design multi-source biological experiments for the toxicity characterization of NMs in terms of their exposure-response profiles? This work intends to address this question by a two-stage experimental design procedure, which is developed based on the statistical model, stochastic kriging with qualitative factors (SKQ). With a given experimental budget, the SKQ-based design method aims at achieving the highest-quality SKQ, which synergistically models the exposure-response data from multiple …
Perceived Burdensomeness In Older And Younger Adults: Evaluation Of The Psychometric Properties Of The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Julie Lutz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Perceived burdensomeness is a major risk factor in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, and may be particularly relevant in the older population, in which suicide rates are relatively high. However, there is currently only one widely-used measure of perceived burdensomeness, and there is currently little information on the validity of this measure for older adults. The aims were to 1) evaluate measurement invariance of the INQ-15 Perceived Burdensomeness subscale across younger and older adult age groups, and 2) evaluate the construct validity of the Perceived Burdensomeness subscale in younger and older adult age groups by comparing nomological networks in both …
The Correlation Of Chin Prominence And Esthetics, Nicholas Maddux
The Correlation Of Chin Prominence And Esthetics, Nicholas Maddux
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In part I, a sample of pre-treatment lateral cephalograms collected consecutively was analyzed to look for correlation between soft tissue and hard tissue chin measurements. In part II a survey was constructed to investigate the effects of changes in chin prominence on perceived facial profile attractiveness. Materials & Methods: (Part I) 105 cephalograms of patients in the permanent dentition, 12 years old or greater, were analyzed with a series of hard tissue and soft tissue measurements. The sample was also grouped based on skeletal class and category. (Part II) A facial profile photograph was obtained from one female subject. The …
Role Of Stem-Like Cells In Carbon Nanotube-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis, Amruta Manke
Role Of Stem-Like Cells In Carbon Nanotube-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis, Amruta Manke
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent studies have shown that pulmonary exposure to (CNT) results in rapid and progressive interstitial lung fibrosis in animals without causing persistent lung inflammation, which is normally associated with other known fibrogenic agents. This unusual fibrogenic effect of CNT raises important health issues since the exposure could result in deadly and incurable lung fibrosis. Accumulating evidence indicates the fibrogenic potential of carbon nanotubes, however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly addressed. Recent studies have demonstrated the pathogenic role of mesenchymal stem cells in pulmonary fibrosis that differentiate into myofibroblasts and contribute to disease progression. Understanding the molecular/cellular basis of these fibrosis-associated …
Legalized Racial Profiling And Arizona Sb1070: A Framing Effects Study, Agnieszka N. Marciniak
Legalized Racial Profiling And Arizona Sb1070: A Framing Effects Study, Agnieszka N. Marciniak
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Immigration has become one of the most important topics on the agenda of federal and state governments. President Obama just passed his pro-immigration executive order allowing five million undocumented immigrants to gain legal work visas. Conversely, there are laws such as Arizona Law SB1070, passed by Governor Jan Brewer in 2010, opposing Obama's pro-immigration stance. In the case of Arizona Law SB1070, it is important to have a basic understanding of the stereotypical perceptions people have of immigrants if laws like these are going to be enforced. In this study, we experimentally manipulated a real-life scenario of an immigrant being …
Three Essays In Health Economics, Patrick Manzi
Three Essays In Health Economics, Patrick Manzi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
I examine three issues in health economics. I first consider the effect of smoking bans on weight gain and find that while smoking bans do not lead to weight gain among the whole population, they may lead to slight increases in weight gain among current smokers. In the second essay I examine differences in maternal and infant health outcomes among mothers enrolled in the WIC program using a regression discontinuity approach. Results indicate that WIC participation decreases the likelihood of premature births, reduces the likelihood of breastfeeding and leads to decreases in maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Finally I examine …
Becoming A Mindful Sport Psychology Consultant: Defining, Developing, And Integrating Mindfulness Into Practice, Michelle M. Mcalarnen
Becoming A Mindful Sport Psychology Consultant: Defining, Developing, And Integrating Mindfulness Into Practice, Michelle M. Mcalarnen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Sport psychology consultation is a problem solving situation and process (Sears, Rudisill, & Mason-Sears, 2006) in which sport psychology consultants (SPCs) are interpersonal and content communicators. To date, research in applied sport psychology has not examined consultants from the perspective of consultants as communicators in problem solving situations. Additionally, it remains unclear how consultants' graduate education and applied training experience relates to certain communication skills, such as mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and communication flexibility. Yet, these skills, and its influence on consultants, have garnered interest for further study in professional practice literature (Baer et al., 2008; Davis, 2013; Poczwardowski & Sherman, …
Evaluating The Impacts Of Vaccination, Antiviral Treatment And School Closure On Influenza Epidemic, Xiaofei Shi
Evaluating The Impacts Of Vaccination, Antiviral Treatment And School Closure On Influenza Epidemic, Xiaofei Shi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Multi-objective simulation optimization was performed to synergistically investigate the cost and benefits of the most commonly-used strategies for H1N1 epidemic mitigation: vaccination, antiviral treatment, and school closure. By simultaneously considering the three intervention strategies, this study leads to findings that supplement those in the existing work, and provides additional insights regarding intervention decision making. Specifically, our investigation suggests that different vaccine prioritization strategies, the age-based versus ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices) recommendation, be implemented depending on vaccine availability; individual school closure policies are favored over their global counterparts, at least when both vaccination and antiviral treatment are implemented with …
Analysis Of Rna Degradation In Dental Pulp To Estimate Postmortem Interval, Amanda Balasko
Analysis Of Rna Degradation In Dental Pulp To Estimate Postmortem Interval, Amanda Balasko
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There are several methods that are currently used to estimate a postmortem interval (PMI), including physiological, biochemical, entomological, and archeological approaches. However, these methods are not effective in estimating PMI's extending from several weeks to months. The study presented here was performed to create an independent, objective biological method to estimate PMI by analyzing the degradation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from porcine and human dental pulp. If successful, this method would overlap and extend the current PMI estimation methods. With a concept similar to that of radioactive carbon-14 dating, this method analyzed two different sized segments -- one large, …
Gender, Policies, And Politics, Andrea S. Barrick
Gender, Policies, And Politics, Andrea S. Barrick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the role of gender in shaping policies and politics. In the first empirical chapter, I explore support for women candidates for elected office and positions of public authority. The chapter investigates how membership in groups defined by race and gender shapes attitudes towards women holding political office. Next, I map how the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) made it to the legislative agenda and seek to answer the question of how gender entered the discussion of violence. Using the literature on issue framing and entrepreneurship, I explore how attention to the issue …
Understanding Falls Risk Screening Practices And Potential For Electronic Health Record Data-Driven Falls Risk Identification In Select West Virginia Primary Care Centers, Adam Baus
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Unintentional falls among older adults are a complex public health problem both nationally and in West Virginia. Nationally, nearly 40% of community-dwelling adults age 65 and older fall at least once a year, making unintentional falls the leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal injuries among this age group. This problem is especially relevant to West Virginia, which has a population ageing faster on average than the rest of the nation. Identifying falls risk in the primary care setting poses a serious challenge. Currently, the Timed Get-Up-and-Go test is the only recommended screening tool for determining risk. However, nationally this …
A Journey In Magic And Realism Performing The Role Of Titania From William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Mya Brown
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This document consists of a detailed account of my process in developing my thesis role and the pedagogical experiences which have contributed to my artistry. The purpose of this thesis role was to allow exploration of the character Titania, from William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Titania was an interesting character to portray due to the fact that I had previously performed this role. My study consisted of applying acting methodology to Shakespeare's play in order to realistically present a fresh characterization of the role. A detailed interpretation of the text along with the engagement of my imagination provided the …
Spirituality, Help-Seeking Attitude, And Black Women: A Qualitative Study, Pamela Lashe Jackson
Spirituality, Help-Seeking Attitude, And Black Women: A Qualitative Study, Pamela Lashe Jackson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A semi-structured interview was used to survey help-seeking attitude via questions about spirituality, therapy, and the connections between the two. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to provide a framework for understanding how these factors potentially effect professional help-seeking attitudes in Black women and the role spirituality plays in developing help-seeking attitudes and the potential effect on professional psychological help. Ten interviews were conducted with Black women who lived or went to church in Akron, Ohio. Data from nine study participants were used and seven super-ordinate themes were found. The themes identified were as follows: 1) awareness and access; 2) …
Investigations Of Pasteuria And The Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus Penetrans In Soils Collected From Certified Organic Farms In The Mid-Atlantic United States, Tiara Nicole King
Investigations Of Pasteuria And The Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus Penetrans In Soils Collected From Certified Organic Farms In The Mid-Atlantic United States, Tiara Nicole King
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Occurrence of lesion nematodes and Pasteuria, an obligate bacterial parasite, was surveyed in 34 soils collected from certified organic farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Pasteuria endospores were observed on Pratylenchus crenatus in six of 22 soils. Population density of Pratylenchus in soils lacking signs of Pasteuria correlated positively with soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and concentration of phosphorus pentoxide and calcium. Pasteuria was detected on Pratylenchus in nematode suppressive soils at the West Virginia University Organic Research Farm. Interactions between Pasteuria and Pratylenchus penetrans were studied in two laboratory bench-top experiments. Soil treatment effects on reproduction of Pratylenchus penetrans …
The Persuasive Effects Of Entertainment-Education Programming In Nonfictional Television And Its Impact On The Efficacy Of Breast Cancer Screening Messages, Jennifer Maria Knight
The Persuasive Effects Of Entertainment-Education Programming In Nonfictional Television And Its Impact On The Efficacy Of Breast Cancer Screening Messages, Jennifer Maria Knight
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study has taken a preliminary step toward determining whether education-entertainment messages have the same persuasive effects in a nonfictional talk show format as they traditionally do in a fictional narrative format. To test the various hypotheses which propose that persuasive effects of entertainment-education can occur in a non-fictional format, data was collected from 82 female students across two large lecture classes. Results of two independent samples t-tests did not support hypothesis one and two, as participants' self-efficacy and attitudes toward breast cancer screening were not significantly different as a result of which media clip was viewed. Hypothesis three and …
Psychologists Working In State Psychiatric Hospitals: An Exploration Of Factors Related To Work Engagement, Valerie Ignatenko
Psychologists Working In State Psychiatric Hospitals: An Exploration Of Factors Related To Work Engagement, Valerie Ignatenko
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The role of psychologists working in state psychiatric hospitals has been ambiguous throughout most of the last century. State psychiatric hospitals continue to provide care to patients with severe mental illness, and psychologists remain employed in such settings. Eight factors related to work engagement for psychologists in state psychiatric hospitals were explored, including geographic region, length of time in the field, length of time at the hospital, number of clients seen per week, number of supervision hours per month, job ambiguity, autonomy, and perceived social support. Results found that psychologists are engaged in their work in state hospitals, and three …
A Three -Essay Empirical Analysis Of Health Care Expenditures In The Economic Development Of The United States, 2000 - 2009, Srimoyee Bose
A Three -Essay Empirical Analysis Of Health Care Expenditures In The Economic Development Of The United States, 2000 - 2009, Srimoyee Bose
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Therefore the purpose of this study was to empirically demonstrate state-level variations in financing of healthcare, hospital expenditures and health outcomes.;Precisely, aims of the three studies were to: (1) evaluate the state-level variations in healthcare financing and the factors that affect financing of healthcare, (2) examine the state-level variations in hospital expenditures with an application of spatial regression, and (3) assess the determinants of state-level mortality rates using a spatial Durbin fixed effect model. This research used panel data from 2000 through 2009, extracted from publicly available data files.;Findings from the first study were that state-level variations in public financing …
Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Ovisac And Its Associations With The Environment, Sunghoon Baek
Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Ovisac And Its Associations With The Environment, Sunghoon Baek
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (Pinales: Pinaceae) is an important tree species in eastern North America ecosystems. During the past 65 years, eastern hemlock stands have been threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). The goal of this research was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of A. tsugae populations. First, the appropriate sample unit for A. tsugae was determined based on within-branch and -tree distribution of A. tsugae. The results of this study showed that A. tsugae ovisacs were more frequently found at the tip of a branch and no significant (P > 0.05) differences in …
Identification Of A Critical Gene In The Dihydroergot Alkaloid Pathway, Yulia Bilovol
Identification Of A Critical Gene In The Dihydroergot Alkaloid Pathway, Yulia Bilovol
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Ergot alkaloids, bioactive compounds produced by some species of fungi, have had significant impacts on agriculture and medicine. Claviceps purpurea and Epichloe spp. are ergot alkaloid producers associated with agricultural commodities and negatively affect humans and grazing animals, respectively. Another ergot alkaloid-producing fungus called Aspergillus fumigatus is ubiquitous in the environment; infections arising after inhaling the spores may kill immunocompromised persons. Ergot alkaloids and their derivatives are utilized by the pharmaceutical industry for the development of drugs. Some of these drugs are derived from lysergic acid, whereas others are derived from dihydrolysergic acid. Lysergic acid derivatives have vasoconstrictive properties and …
Implementation And Evaluation Of The Move! Program At Medical Weight Loss Center, Kimberly Bird
Implementation And Evaluation Of The Move! Program At Medical Weight Loss Center, Kimberly Bird
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Obesity is an increasing worldwide epidemic that contributes to chronic diseases such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Hypertension (HTN), Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, some cancers, and even death. West Virginia ranks in the top ten most obese states with over 32% of the residents being obese. Research has shown that group education programs are more effective in weight loss than individual education programs.;Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the change in weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, and number of steps of overweight or obese adult participants in a group weight loss program.;Method: …
Types Of Co-Existing Chronic Physical Conditions And Newly-Diagnosed Depression, Its Treatment And Economic Outcomes Among Medicaid Beneficiaries With Type 2 Diabetes, Rituparna Bhattacharya
Types Of Co-Existing Chronic Physical Conditions And Newly-Diagnosed Depression, Its Treatment And Economic Outcomes Among Medicaid Beneficiaries With Type 2 Diabetes, Rituparna Bhattacharya
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Diabetes is a widely prevalent metabolic condition. Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) also have many coexisting chronic physical conditions. Coexisting chronic physical conditions among individuals with T2DM may be concordant (conditions that overlap with T2DM in their pathogenesis and management plans such as cardiovascular diseases) or discordant (conditions with unrelated pathogenesis or management plans such as musculoskeletal disorders) or dominant (conditions whose severity eclipses all other illness management plans such as metastatic cancer). There is documented evidence on the negative consequences of depression in adults with T2DM. However, there is only limited knowledge on how the types of …
Intimate Empire: Women's Travel Writing And U.S. Imperialism 1880-1920, Andrea Bebell
Intimate Empire: Women's Travel Writing And U.S. Imperialism 1880-1920, Andrea Bebell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines how several turn-of-century U.S. women journalists and travel writers represent U.S. imperialism in a range of locales, trafficking in prevailing discourses of gender and race to represent colonized Others and as they engage in a comparative analysis to evaluate women's status in the U.S. In doing so, I suggest that these women, largely overlooked in critical discourses on U.S. imperialism, nonetheless contributed to the U.S. imperial imaginary. By recuperating the work of "newspaper ladies" Margherita Hamm, Nellie Bly, and Mary Krout, and through a reconsideration of Edith Wharton's travel writing, I consider the complex ways that white …
Hydrologic Response And Erosion Modeling Of Geomorphic Landform Reclamation In Mountainous Terrain, Alison E. Sears
Hydrologic Response And Erosion Modeling Of Geomorphic Landform Reclamation In Mountainous Terrain, Alison E. Sears
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Surface mining and valley-fill practices often lead to environmental impacts including headwater stream loss, increased flooding risk, and degraded downstream water quality. Geomorphic landform design (GLD) is an innovative reclamation technique proposed to lessen the impacts associated with surface mining and valley-fill activities. GLD incorporates mature landform shapes and created stream channels on site, imitating the function of the undisturbed landscape. The purpose of this research was to model GLDs in mountainous terrain and evaluate the hydrologic response and erosion potential of GLD in surface mining application. Computer modeling of valley-fill designs using geomorphic landform principles of a study site …
Evaluating Changes In Knowledge, Beliefs, And Behaviors Associated With Hpv Following An Educational Intervention Among Women, Crystal Sheaves
Evaluating Changes In Knowledge, Beliefs, And Behaviors Associated With Hpv Following An Educational Intervention Among Women, Crystal Sheaves
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Prevalence of HPV is estimated to be 10-15% Americans. HPV is recognized as the causative agent in 99.7% of all cervical cancers. In 2006, a vaccine was released to prevent specific types of HPV that cause cervical cancer. Despite demonstrated vaccine safety and efficacy, vaccine rates are still low at less than 20% among women 18-26 years old. Vaccine uptake may be impacted by women's HPV knowledge and beliefs.;Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in women's knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors associated with HPV following an educational intervention study. Specifically, the study was designed to evaluate …
Impact Evaluation Of I Am Moving, I Am Learning Using The Re-Aim Framework, Ishonte Allar
Impact Evaluation Of I Am Moving, I Am Learning Using The Re-Aim Framework, Ishonte Allar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Presently, there are a lack of preschool physical activity and nutrition programs documented in the literature. I am moving, I am Learning (IMIL) is a preschool physical activity and nutrition program used by many Head Start programs across the nation. The purpose of this study was to determine the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) of IMIL in the state of Illinois.;Methods: Employing a QUAL+ quan simultaneous mixed-methods design, data were collected via a statewide agency administrator survey, classroom teacher survey, parent surveys, and program staff focus groups that occurred within a single program in Rock Island, Illinois.;Results: …
Fish Communities As Indicators Of Ecological Health In West Virginia Rivers, Alison M. Anderson
Fish Communities As Indicators Of Ecological Health In West Virginia Rivers, Alison M. Anderson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Anthropogenic altered landscapes from the extraction of natural resources, urbanization, agricultural development, dam construction, and general conversion from forested to non-forested landscape have resulted in the loss of biodiversity and changes in ecosystem function for aquatic environments. Throughout this research, we have used detailed landscape data and a large fish community dataset to develop management tools and analyses in order to evaluate the condition of rivers and streams in West Virginia.;For Chapter 1, we developed a fish-based Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), a common ecological tool for assessing the health of fish communities, in order to inform state and federal …
Relating Urban Forests And Urban Tourism: Exploring People's Perceptions, Preferences And Movement In Washington Dc, Rogelio T. Andrada Ii
Relating Urban Forests And Urban Tourism: Exploring People's Perceptions, Preferences And Movement In Washington Dc, Rogelio T. Andrada Ii
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Exploring the connection between urban forests and urban tourism has not been given much attention in recent investigative efforts. This study is designed to describe, explore and explain the specific elements where these two fields converge. There is no better vehicle to do this than by eliciting data from people, who are collectively, the beneficiaries and clientele of these entities. Therefore, a face-to-face survey, spanning one year, collected data on people's perception, preferences, movement, demographics and trip background in a popular and busy city destination: Washington DC.;Data collection yielded 1,146 completed questionnaires out of 3,210 respondents who participated which sets …
Acute Sleep Organization Following Unanesthetized Circumcision Of Neonates, Margeaux M. Gray
Acute Sleep Organization Following Unanesthetized Circumcision Of Neonates, Margeaux M. Gray
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Sleep changes in response to environmental pressures and the needs of individuals. The adaptability of sleep is noticeable following largely stressful or adverse events, and is understood to facilitate recovery. Rapid changes in sleep occur in-utero, during the days following birth, and across the first few postnatal years. These rapid changes are considered adaptive and indicative of normal and healthy development. Elective surgical intervention, such as circumcision, may influence the organization and quality of sleep during this developmentally sensitive period. Neonates undergoing circumcision, a prevalent procedure in the U.S. (American Academy of Pediatrics Circumcision Policy Statement [AAP], 1999, 2005, 2012), …