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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Linking Tourism Resources And Local Economic Development: A Spatial Analysis In West Virginia, David Dyre Aug 2010

Linking Tourism Resources And Local Economic Development: A Spatial Analysis In West Virginia, David Dyre

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Tourism has proven to be a major contributor to West Virginia's economy after much of the states agricultural, mining, and chemical manufacturing have ceased. This study created a database of cultural tourism resources (battlefields, historic sites, festivals, and museums) and tourism businesses (camping sites, lodging, and restaurants) and created a location map of each resource type, determined their spatial distribution across the state, categorized counties based on cultural tourism resources, tourism businesses and travel spending, and examined the relationship of the tourism resources and travel spending at the county level. Two large portions of the state were found to rank …


Ethnicity, Boundaries, And Nationalism In A "European" Croatia, Jennifer L. Titanski Aug 2010

Ethnicity, Boundaries, And Nationalism In A "European" Croatia, Jennifer L. Titanski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite the E.U.'s attempts to create a sense of European homogeneity between its members, issues of nationality and identity continue to play a vital role in both its function and expansion. This research examines the shifting role that the nation plays in Croatia's transition to the European Union. Employing discourse analysis of state documents and online surveys of Croatian youth, this study analyzes the role of the state in perpetuating an image of stability and westward thinking toward greater Europe; identifies the perspective young Croatian adults have on European integration; gauges the importance of nationalism for a post-socialist generation; and …


Hegemonic Conflict In The Caspian Region: Accumulation By Dispossession And The Spatial Fix, Patrick L. Ehland Aug 2010

Hegemonic Conflict In The Caspian Region: Accumulation By Dispossession And The Spatial Fix, Patrick L. Ehland

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research examines the political-economic and military activities of three major powers, the United States, China and Russia, in the Caspian region, comprising the nation states of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan, since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The activities of these three powers have been guided primarily by resource and strategic needs, and they have had a significant effect on the uneven development of the Caspian states. The interests and actions of the three powers have frequently come into conflict with each other, and the responses of the individual Caspian states have varied widely. …


Assessing The Cumulative Impact Of Disturbance On Canopy Structure And Chemistry In Appalachian Forests, Lindsay N. Deel Aug 2010

Assessing The Cumulative Impact Of Disturbance On Canopy Structure And Chemistry In Appalachian Forests, Lindsay N. Deel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Eastern forests experience a range of disturbance events over time, from stand-replacing disturbances, such as clear cuts, to ephemeral disturbances, such as insect outbreaks. By understanding the cumulative impact of disturbances on canopy structure and chemistry, we can gain insight into management strategies, assess a variety of ecosystem services, and even contribute to a larger body of knowledge on global climate change. I transformed a series of Landsat images spanning approximately 25 years into cumulative disturbance maps covering Green Ridge State Forest and Savage River State Forest in western Maryland. Intensive field surveys collected during the summer of 2009 provided …


One-Room Schools And Their Role In The Development Of The Appalachian Hills Of West Virginia: 1863--1940s, James Seth Caudill Aug 2010

One-Room Schools And Their Role In The Development Of The Appalachian Hills Of West Virginia: 1863--1940s, James Seth Caudill

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One-room schools provided the educational settings for the majority of West Virginians until well into the twentieth century. The distribution of the population throughout the rural, rolling, and mountainous terrain resulted in the location of schools within walking distance for most students. The school population consisted of students of various ages and different grades contained in one room. Teachers required diverse skills, in order to perform as academic instructor, nurse, custodian, and entertainment leader at recess. The rural schools gave students in these communities an opportunity to achieve an education, offering both academics and life lessons. The thesis will examine …


Seasonal Trends In Separability Of Leaf Reflectance Spectra For Ailanthus Altissima And Four Other Tree Species, Aaron Burkholder Aug 2010

Seasonal Trends In Separability Of Leaf Reflectance Spectra For Ailanthus Altissima And Four Other Tree Species, Aaron Burkholder

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project investigated the spectral separability of the invasive species Ailanthus altissima, commonly called tree of heaven, and four other native species. Leaves were collected from Ailanthus and four native tree species from May 13 through August 24, 2008, and spectral reflectance factor measurements were gathered for each tree using an ASD (Boulder, Colorado) FieldSpec Pro full-range spectroradiometer. The original data covered the range from 350-2500 nm, with one reflectance measurement collected per one nm wavelength. To reduce dimensionality, the measurements were resampled to the actual resolution of the spectrometer's sensors, and regions of atmospheric absorption were removed. Continuum removal …


Analysis Of Lidar Point Data And Derived Elevation Models For Mapping And Characterizing Bouldery Landforms, Aaron Edward Maxwell Aug 2010

Analysis Of Lidar Point Data And Derived Elevation Models For Mapping And Characterizing Bouldery Landforms, Aaron Edward Maxwell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis assessed the viability of using LiDAR-derived elevation data in accurately mapping and characterizing bouldery geomorphic features in a study area in the Allegheny Mountains. This study showed that the ground returns classification process conducted by the Canaan Valley Institute (CVI) for their property using the TerraScan software generally removed 5 to 10 m scale local topographic variability and bouldery landforms in creating the CVI classified ground returns data. In open areas, last returns elevation and intensity data were successfully used in this study to map bouldery landforms in the study area. Identifying and describing boulders under a tree …


Hydroclimate Reconstructions Of The Potomac River Basin Using Tree Rings, Richard Stockton Maxwell Aug 2010

Hydroclimate Reconstructions Of The Potomac River Basin Using Tree Rings, Richard Stockton Maxwell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The following dissertation is composed of three separate manuscripts with the overall theme of hydroclimate reconstructions of the Potomac River Basin. The first manuscript investigated two methods of crossdating eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) and examined the dendroclimatic response of earlywood, latewood, and total ring-width. In the second manuscript, May precipitation for West Virginia Climate Region 6 was reconstructed using two millennial-length eastern redcedar chronologies from 750-1998. Comparisons were made to other paleoclimate proxy records of moisture in the Mid-Atlantic Region. The final manuscript focused on a multi-species reconstruction of Potomac River streamflow from 950-2001. In this manuscript, species importance …


Performance And Economics Of Methane Hydrate Reservoirs, Lavanya Nyayapathi Aug 2010

Performance And Economics Of Methane Hydrate Reservoirs, Lavanya Nyayapathi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In order to address the world's growing energy demand, the necessity to explore more and more unconventional sources of energy arises. Recently there has been increased interest in the potential of natural gas hydrates as an alternate energy resource. Hydrates are distributed worldwide and have a high energy density in that 1 m3 of methane hydrates can release as much as 164 m3 of gas.;Hydrates were studied as a laboratory curiosity until and then naturally occurring hydrates were discovered in 1934 clogging gas and oil pipelines. The first naturally occurring hydrate deposits were suggested in 1965 by Makogon in Russia. …


The Natural And Social Production Of A Lake Shore Environment: The Case Of Erie And Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, Christopher R. Schaney May 2010

The Natural And Social Production Of A Lake Shore Environment: The Case Of Erie And Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, Christopher R. Schaney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this research has been to combine geographic traditions of physical and human geography to investigate the role each play in the conceptualization of place utilizing the City of Erie and Presque Isle as a case study. From its inception, the economic structure associated with the City of Erie has been primarily centered on the presence of Presque Isle. Early industry focused on shipbuilding, shipping related to heavy industry. By 1907, the shipping industry at Erie was third largest on the Great Lakes, behind only Buffalo and Chicago. When the shipping industry began to wane in the mid …


Freedom Road: Black Refugee Settlements In Northwestern Pennsylvania, 1820-1870, Timothy P. Konhaus May 2010

Freedom Road: Black Refugee Settlements In Northwestern Pennsylvania, 1820-1870, Timothy P. Konhaus

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the first half of the nineteenth century many blacks fled from slave states looking to escape the oppression of bondage. These people largely fell into two categories; the first group fled the oppression of bondage, and readily sought freedom by taking flight, while the latter group already free, sought to avoid the possibility of legal codes forcing them back into bondage. Between 1820 and 1870, two groups of black settlers arrived in Mercer County, Pennsylvania looking for a refuge from chattel slavery. Although each group arrived under different circumstances, they shared a common refugee experience. The historiography of black …


Predicting Species Composition In An Eastern Hardwood Forest With The Use Of Digitally Derived Terrain Variables, Richard D. Flanigan May 2010

Predicting Species Composition In An Eastern Hardwood Forest With The Use Of Digitally Derived Terrain Variables, Richard D. Flanigan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis addresses the need for improved classification of remotely sensed imagery in the complex hardwood forests of West Virginia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used in conjunction with forest plot data to develop a model to predict species composition in the eastern hardwood forest of West Virginia. The study area was located on the West Virginia University Research Forest (WVURF) in northern West Virginia. Terrain variables including aspect, curvature and slope change drastically at a local scale within the forest to greatly influence species composition. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was collected for the entire WVURF, which …


Stream Fish Metacommunity And Metapopulation Ecology In A Mined Appalachian Watershed, Roy Worth Martin May 2010

Stream Fish Metacommunity And Metapopulation Ecology In A Mined Appalachian Watershed, Roy Worth Martin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Chapter one is a direct empirical evaluation of metacommunity theory using stream fishes in a heavily mined and least impaired region of the Monongahela River basin. Metacommunity ecology, a new multi-scale paradigm, has provided important insights into mechanisms controlling regional patterns of assemblage structure. Metacommunity ecology offers four competing hypothetical models---neutral, patch dynamic, species sorting, and mass effect---each differing slightly in its underlying mechanistic framework.;Our results overwhelmingly supported the mass effect metacommunity model, which suggests that regional patterns of diversity are maintained by local habitat heterogeneity and dispersal among local assemblages. However, our findings also indicated that natural communities are …


Beyond The Ritual Of Exchange: The Culture Of Alienation Shared Between Soldiers Along The Rappahannock During The Winter Of 1862--63, Lauren Kristin Thompson May 2010

Beyond The Ritual Of Exchange: The Culture Of Alienation Shared Between Soldiers Along The Rappahannock During The Winter Of 1862--63, Lauren Kristin Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Between December 1862 and April 1863, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac remained stalemated across from one another on the Rappahannock River. Following the victory at the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Confederate Army held the city while the Union forces remained across the river in Falmouth, Virginia. Soldiers on both sides had several reasons for discontent at this point in the war. The larger causes that drove these men to enlist and fight faded as larger political issues, incompetent commanders, and the difficulties of camp life intensified. Union and Confederate soldiers felt infringement on …


The Once And Future Steel Town: The Narrative Identities Of A Local Community, Jason R. Rine May 2010

The Once And Future Steel Town: The Narrative Identities Of A Local Community, Jason R. Rine

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis examines the changing identity of a local community, Weirton, West Virginia, in terms of narratives shared by members of that community. Weirton was home to Weirton Steel, one of the largest steel mills in the United States. Since 1909, when Weirton Steel was founded, the mill provided residents with a narrative. However, this is starting to charge. With Weirton Steel's final closure on the horizon, Weirton will lose the main defining characteristic it has relied on throughout the years. In order for the community to maintain its unity, it must now create a new collective narrative. The research …


Evaluating The Impact Of Oceanic/Atmospheric Teleconnections On Historical Wildfires In West Virginia (1939--2006), Cary Lynch May 2010

Evaluating The Impact Of Oceanic/Atmospheric Teleconnections On Historical Wildfires In West Virginia (1939--2006), Cary Lynch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Oceanic/atmospheric oscillations affect climate in many ways. This study quantitatively examined climate teleconnection patterns and in turn analyzed the influence of climate on wildfire activity within West Virginia from 1939--2006. Identifying the linkages between oscillations and climate variability has the potential to greatly improve seasonal forecasting capabilities. Despite the complexity inherent in local fire regimes, regional fire activity often oscillates in phase with year-to-year climatic variability. This climate-fire connection raises the possibility that historical factors inherent in the local ecosystem are overridden by regional climatic events and trends. A robust statistical analysis that utilized correlation, regression, principle components, and Superposed …


Getting Down To Business: An Efl Curriculum Design For The Business Setting, Gabriel Brito Amorim May 2010

Getting Down To Business: An Efl Curriculum Design For The Business Setting, Gabriel Brito Amorim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In today's world of international commerce and technology-driven communication, the exchange of information across countries and cultures has become crucial to creating a global citizenry. After World War II, efforts to create a global commercial market resulted in the promotion of communication across cultures. The purpose of this thesis is to outline a theoretical rationale for a beginner English for Specific Purposes (ESP) curriculum in a foreign setting (Brazil). The curriculum consists of four courses organized around three pillars: (a) the production of spontaneous contextualized communication in the target language, (b) the development of cultural competence specific to the business …


The Use Of Microbial Community Fingerprinting As A Marker For Tracking The Source Of Water: Application To Pathogen And Groundwater Source Tracking, Mary Clement May 2010

The Use Of Microbial Community Fingerprinting As A Marker For Tracking The Source Of Water: Application To Pathogen And Groundwater Source Tracking, Mary Clement

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Microbial community structure in groundwater is extremely complex and constitutes a fingerprint of water. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting method that is commonly used for comparative microbial community analysis, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments.;The Objective of this research was to propose an innovative approach for tracking the origin of groundwater, microbial source tracking and origin of surface water, based on the specific structure of the microbial community using T-RFLP analysis, which can be used for microbial source tracking.;The first specific aim was to validate the use of …


A Leap Of Faith: *Scale, Critical Realism And *Emergence In The Geography Of Religion, Michael P. Ferber May 2010

A Leap Of Faith: *Scale, Critical Realism And *Emergence In The Geography Of Religion, Michael P. Ferber

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation explores the role of scale in human geography through a study involving a critical realist investigation of the geography of religious adherence. Using the contributions of a critical realist framework of stratification, emergence, and pluralistic methodologies, religious adherence is studied at the scales of the individual adherent, the church, and within local associations of churches. Analysis was performed through a study of two denominational congregations and an independent congregation in Harrison County, West Virginia and used a combination of surveys and in-depth interviews with religious adherents, pastors and local denominational leaders. The conceptual framework of this dissertation stands …


Utilization Of The Seven Principles For Good Practice In Undergraduate Education In General Chemistry By Community College Instructors, Jennifer Panther Bishoff May 2010

Utilization Of The Seven Principles For Good Practice In Undergraduate Education In General Chemistry By Community College Instructors, Jennifer Panther Bishoff

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In recent years, higher education has undergone many changes. The advent of assessment, accountability, and a newfound focus on teaching have required faculty to examine how they are teaching. Administrators and faculty are beginning to recognize that learning is not a "one size fits all" enterprise. To this end, Chickering and Gamson developed an inventory that examined faculty utilization of the Seven Principles of Good Practice in Undergraduate Education. The seven principles included by the authors included faculty-student interaction, cooperative learning, active learning, giving prompt feedback, emphasizing time on task, communicating high expectations, and respecting diverse talents and ways of …


Further Hydrogeologic Investigations In The Davis Spring Drainage Basin, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, John Kazimierz Tudek Jr. May 2010

Further Hydrogeologic Investigations In The Davis Spring Drainage Basin, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, John Kazimierz Tudek Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An 11 month investigation was undertaken to determine the nature of the flow system feeding Davis Spring. Davis Spring was monitored for stage, temperature and conductivity. Milligan Creek, a major infeeder to the system was also monitored. Quantitative and qualitative dye traces were performed to establish travel times through the system as well as further define drainage basin boundaries.;From tracer analysis, storm pulse travel time analysis and hydrograph peak analysis Davis Spring was determined to be an open flow conduit during most of the year. Exceptions may occur during the winter-spring when intense rain and meltwater may fill the system. …


Basin Analysis And Aqueous Chemistry Of Fluids In The Oriskany Sandstone, Appalachian Basin, Usa, Jamie C. Skeen May 2010

Basin Analysis And Aqueous Chemistry Of Fluids In The Oriskany Sandstone, Appalachian Basin, Usa, Jamie C. Skeen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Oriskany Sandstone of the Appalachian basin is a widely distributed saline aquifer which has produced large quantities of hydrocarbons. Currently the Oriskany is host to numerous gas storage fields and is a potential target for large-scale geologic storage of CO2. Published and unpublished data of rock characteristics, pressure, temperature, and formation water geochemistry, along with new brine samples were integrated within a geographical information system to better understand the regional-scale hydrogeological regime and its relation to geologic CO2 sequestration potential. The up-dip flow of the Oriskany Sandstone formation waters is generally controlled by outcrops at high elevation to the …


Systematics And Evolutionary Paleoecology Of Crinoids From The St. Louis Limestone (Mississippian, Meramecian) Of The Illinois Basin, Lewis Anderson Cook May 2010

Systematics And Evolutionary Paleoecology Of Crinoids From The St. Louis Limestone (Mississippian, Meramecian) Of The Illinois Basin, Lewis Anderson Cook

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Very little attention has been paid to crinoids of the St. Louis Limestone since the 19th century. Now that the stratigraphic boundaries of the formation are well defined and a collection of crinoids specific to the St. Louis has become available, updated systematics and evolutionary paleoecology is possible.;Previous work recognized a significant transition in the macroevolution of crinoids that occurred during the Mississippian Period. The diversity of crinoid taxa changed substantially from faunas dominated by camerates and primitive cladids to those dominated by advanced cladids. Much of that change took place during the Meramecian Stage, which includes the St. Louis …


State Spatial Practices And Uneven Development: Flexible Rescaling In Appalachia, Jacquelyn Jordon Core Jan 2010

State Spatial Practices And Uneven Development: Flexible Rescaling In Appalachia, Jacquelyn Jordon Core

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Geographic theories regarding uneven development, including Neil Smith's convergence of Marxist theory and spatial development and David Harvey's development of scalar fix and later conceptual development of the process of capital accumulation, historically have focused primarily on how and why uneven development occurs. Research to date has provided only a cursory examination of what role, if any, the state plays in impacting uneven development, has not endeavored to characterize the state as an active, purposeful spatial player in the process of uneven development, and has not conceptualized how the state impacts uneven development through spatial practices, if the state does …


Essays On Housing Markets And Economic *Growth, Arzu Sen Jan 2010

Essays On Housing Markets And Economic *Growth, Arzu Sen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is composed of three essays examining housing markets and economic growth, while carefully considering the role of space. The first chapter serves as an introduction and briefly discusses how each essay contributes to the literature. The second chapter estimates the relationship between residential property values and proximity to coal mines in Monongalia County, West Virginia. The study utilizes a spatial hedonic price model complemented with GIS techniques to estimate the marginal willingness to pay for properties surrounding coal mines. Study findings indicate that proximity to a coal mine translates negatively into property values. The third chapter is related …


Strategic Vulnerability: An Analysis Of Physical Geography, Environmental, And Material Components Of Force Structure, Kyle Christensen Jan 2010

Strategic Vulnerability: An Analysis Of Physical Geography, Environmental, And Material Components Of Force Structure, Kyle Christensen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The selection of a military recruitment method has historically been based on material capabilities and military objectives. Recruitment strategies range from coercively conscripting soldiers to encouraging volunteer enlistments. Historically, states around the globe have used large conscripted armies to wage war when they become fully mobilized for protracted military engagements against another state. However, the occurrence of war is by its very nature a rare occurrence in the international system. This begs the question of what types of military recruitment states are using as a function of choice rather than necessity.;Existing literature on the selection of force structure is far …


Afro-Zulians In The Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study Of Jean De Chourio And The Black Venezuelans Of The Sur Del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811), Raymond Andrew Keller Ii Jan 2010

Afro-Zulians In The Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study Of Jean De Chourio And The Black Venezuelans Of The Sur Del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811), Raymond Andrew Keller Ii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation addresses the history of a small community of the African Diaspora mostly overlooked: the Afro-Zulians as the descendants of the first blacks brought over to the Sur del Lago Maracaibo region in Venezuela by the Basque-French slave trader Jean de Chourio in 1722. The significance of this group in the context of colonial Venezuela from the period of 1722-1811, the year of Venezuelan independence, is highlighted. This dissertation examines perceptions that the Afro-Zulian community has of itself, as well as the perceptions that others have of it both within and outside of Venezuela. The theoretical idea central to …


A Social And Political History Of The National Radio Astronomy Observatory At Green Bank, Wv, Lenora G. Kenwolf Jan 2010

A Social And Political History Of The National Radio Astronomy Observatory At Green Bank, Wv, Lenora G. Kenwolf

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis examines the role of the people of West Virginia in bringing the NRAO to Green Bank, West Virginia. It explores the impact of the space race, big science and the Cold War on a small rural community nestled in the heart of the Appalachian Mountains during the 1950s. There has been very little scholarship done on how local residents and state politicians helped to shape big science. The thesis opens with a brief history of early radio astronomy starting with the work of Karl Jansky and Grote Reber. It discusses the influence of HAM radio on radio astronomy. …


The D'Artagnan Of The Bow: The Inimitable Chevalier De Saint-Georges., Edward Algernon Brown Jan 2010

The D'Artagnan Of The Bow: The Inimitable Chevalier De Saint-Georges., Edward Algernon Brown

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As the first person with African blood to be recognized as a composer of Western art music, Joseph Boulogne, the Chevalier de Saint-Georges, is acknowledged for his remarkable ability as a composer, conductor, violin soloist and renowned fencer. His contributions to and achievements in the field of music, is nothing short of extraordinary and this document provides further insight into the life of a true Renaissance man. This thesis also examines the numerous disparities found in two separate publications of the Violin Concerto in G, Opus 2, No. 1, the goal of which is to bring awareness to the fact …


Development Of A Coal Reserve Gis Model And Estimation Of The Recoverability And Extraction Costs, Chandrakanth Reddy Apala Dec 2009

Development Of A Coal Reserve Gis Model And Estimation Of The Recoverability And Extraction Costs, Chandrakanth Reddy Apala

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The United States has the world largest coal resource and coal will serve as the major and dependable energy source in the coming 200 years or more. However, the amount of recoverable coal reserve depends on the geological formations and quality of the coal seams, future development of mining technology and the extraction cost. A NETL sponsored cooperative research was conducted by the researchers at Carnegie Mallon University (CMU) and West Virginia University (WVU) to estimate the recoverable coal reserve. This thesis presents some of the works that WVU performed to enhance the coal reserve model including characterization of coal …