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The Evaluation Of The Use Of A Paper Tracking Form To Improve Provider Adherence To Lipid Guidelines, Diane Ladd
The Evaluation Of The Use Of A Paper Tracking Form To Improve Provider Adherence To Lipid Guidelines, Diane Ladd
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States. Significant research into the risk factors for cardiovascular disease has been done, and the effect of hyperlipidemia on cardiovascular risk has been well documented. Recent research has shown that there is a lack of adherence to lipid guidelines by primary care providers. Failure to follow clinical guidelines for lipid disorders leads to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objective of the project was to evaluate whether a simple, paper-based, lipid tracking form could improve provider adherence to current lipid guidelines. This descriptive study used …
Outcrop Lithostratigraphy And Petrophysics Of The Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale In West Virginia And Adjacent States, Margaret E. Walker-Milani
Outcrop Lithostratigraphy And Petrophysics Of The Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale In West Virginia And Adjacent States, Margaret E. Walker-Milani
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A stratigraphic study of 15 partial outcrops of the Marcellus Shale in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland has identified six distinct lithofacies. These include grey calcareous shale (Facies 1), limestone (Facies 2), black calcareous shale (Facies 3), black non-calcareous shale (Facies 4), grey non-calcareous shale (Facies 5) and K-bentonite (Facies 6). Packages of these facies have been organized into six vertically stacked units (A-F). Deposition of the facies resulted from the rise and fall of relative sea level, which in turn shifted the location of the thermocline and affected the amount of terrigenous sediment distributed from the eastern source. Facies …
Surplus Value Extraction In Mental Labor In The Teaching Profession, Lindsey D. Felton
Surplus Value Extraction In Mental Labor In The Teaching Profession, Lindsey D. Felton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research examines the labor of a public education school teacher and the value that is extracted from their labor. Teachers' working conditions and mental labor are assessed through qualitative research methods to help in explaining the various impacts and perceptions that teachers have within Monongalia and Preston Counties in West Virginia. Interviews and textual analysis research aided in uncovering issues of mental labor, labor exploitation, alienation of labor, and working conditions among teachers. Furthermore, how these issues coincide with the theory of surplus value extraction and the theory of labor alienation within Marxist literature.
In The Crosshairs: Second Amendment Lawyers And Cases In State And Federal Appellate Courts, H. Carl Taylor Iii
In The Crosshairs: Second Amendment Lawyers And Cases In State And Federal Appellate Courts, H. Carl Taylor Iii
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Judicial behavior, the types of activities and behaviors judges become involved with in their capacity on the bench, has a profound and lasting impact on the types of decisions rendered by judges across all courts that comprise the American judiciary (Baum 2000; Baum 2006; Maveety 2002). There is a growing realization that judicial behavior encompasses more than just the making of good laws and public policy decisions (Baum, 2000; Baum 2006; Hammond, Bonneau, & Sheehan 2005; Comparato 2003). For example, Songer & Haire (1992) explore integrated approaches to the study of judicial voting through obscenity cases in the U.S. Courts …
Edaphic And Land Use Influences On Central Appalachian Fens, Sarah Deacon
Edaphic And Land Use Influences On Central Appalachian Fens, Sarah Deacon
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Local and landscape-scale factors influence peatland floristic assemblages. Our goal in this paper was to assess the interactions between wetland vegetation communities, edaphic factors, and surrounding land cover in central Appalachian peatlands. Specifically we quantified plant community dynamics in relation to edaphic factors and land cover and identified species level responses to human altered landscapes. Cluster analysis on vegetation data identified 3 vegetation groups; an emergent floristic assemblage, a shrub dominated group, and a group with mixed shrub and emergent vegetation. We found that wetlands with emergent vegetation cover were more often associated with natural land cover, higher pH and …
Subsurface And Reservoir Analysis Of The Upper Devonian Fourth Sand In Taylor County, West Virginia, Julia Dare Mcconnell
Subsurface And Reservoir Analysis Of The Upper Devonian Fourth Sand In Taylor County, West Virginia, Julia Dare Mcconnell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Upper Devonian Venango Group of West Virginia is a major Appalachian gas play. Best known by their informal driller's names, these shallow, multiple sandstone and siltstone reservoirs formed in fluvial, deltaic, interdeltaic shoreline, shelf, and slope depositional environments of the Catskill delta complex. However, these numerous units are difficult to correlate, resulting in reservoir identification problems.;The "Fourth Sand", one of the many units of the Venango Group is the topic of study for an integrated subsurface reservoir analysis in Taylor County, north-central West Virginia. The data includes paper and electric log data, multiple rotary sidewall cores, and well-test data, …
Subsurface Horizontal Microfracture Propagation Within The Middle Member Of The Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota: Evidence And Implications, Travis Blackburn Warner
Subsurface Horizontal Microfracture Propagation Within The Middle Member Of The Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota: Evidence And Implications, Travis Blackburn Warner
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation of the Williston basin does not outcrop. All rock samples are obtained by coring. Open, uncemented, horizontal mode I (joints, with no sense of shear) microfractures (with apertures typically 5 to 25 microns) in the Bakken Formation's middle member have debated origins: natural or induced by coring. Samples were taken from two cores associated with the Williston basin's Nesson anticline, and horizontal microfractures were characterized, counted, and compared with geologic variables to determine what controls, if any, existed. Results support the theory that some Bakken middle member horizontal microfractures propagated naturally in the subsurface.;The majority of …
Contests Over Pastoralism In The Southern Sahara And Northern Sahel, Franklin Charles Graham Iv
Contests Over Pastoralism In The Southern Sahara And Northern Sahel, Franklin Charles Graham Iv
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
West African pastoral groups (Arab, Tuareg, Toubou, and Fulani) experience contests both within their society, and, with outside agents regarding state integration, land use and development. Pastoral leadership, neighboring sedentary groups, national governments, multinational corporations, aid organizations, and academia all influence the paths pastoralists take in their relationship with the environment, the markets they return to, the animals the shepherd, and the non-pastoral opportunities they pursue, to name a few. The social relations that exist between pastoralists and outsiders can essentially coalesce or break apart pastoral society, depending on the actions taken by the various actors mentioned. The outcomes of …
What Makes Good Climbing Rock? A Petrographic, Structural, And Mechanical Investigation Of The Lower Nuttall Sandstone In The New River Gorge, West Virginia, Katelyn A. Huffman Olcott
What Makes Good Climbing Rock? A Petrographic, Structural, And Mechanical Investigation Of The Lower Nuttall Sandstone In The New River Gorge, West Virginia, Katelyn A. Huffman Olcott
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The New River Gorge National River (NERI) consists of 300 km2 of public land including an 85 km length of the New River, covering parts of Summers, Raleigh, and Fayette counties in West Virginia (National Park Service, 2006). NERI is known for world class rock climbing because the Pennsylvanian lower Nuttall Sandstone of the Pottsville Group forms 15 to 30 m high cliffs along the gorge walls, containing more than 1500 documented climbing routes. This project investigates why the lower Nuttall Sandstone in NERI creates one of the premiere climbing areas in the Eastern United States, and why the lower …
Iron And The Bloody Shirt: Leadership In The West Virginia Republican Party 1872--1896, Stephen A. Smoot
Iron And The Bloody Shirt: Leadership In The West Virginia Republican Party 1872--1896, Stephen A. Smoot
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The electoral upheavals of 1894 and 1896 resulting in Republican Party dominance within West Virginia and around the nation were not just a sudden occurrence. They resulted, in part, because voters in key border states shifted their votes from the Democratic to the Republican Party. West Virginia's Republican Party had the greatest success in maintaining its long term influence after 1896 despite the fact that since 1872 it enjoyed little success. To build up to triumph in 1896 took a quarter century of painstaking work that started after electoral disaster in 1870. That election, the first since West Virginia removed …
From Peasant To Pariah: Changing English Perceptions Of The Irish From The 1820s Through The 1860s, Traci J. Scully
From Peasant To Pariah: Changing English Perceptions Of The Irish From The 1820s Through The 1860s, Traci J. Scully
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
While the historiography of English perceptions of the Irish in the later period of the Victorian era is extensive, there is a dearth of research in tracing the origins of these perceptions. The connection between England and Ireland dates back centuries, and the relationship was neutral at best and extremely violent at worst. Historians such as L. Perry Curtis have analyzed the mass media of these later decades to argue that the English saw their neighbors as subhuman creatures in the racial hierarchy.;However, this image did not emerge from a single event, but rather evolved over the tumultuous earlier decades …
The Politics Of Self-Provisioning In North-Central West Virginia, Autumn Long
The Politics Of Self-Provisioning In North-Central West Virginia, Autumn Long
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Provisioning one's own food appears to be the next step in the politicization of food production and consumption choices. In contrast to more convenient forms of "ethical consumption" such as buying organic or local, household-level food production requires a great deal of labor-time, knowledge, and social support. But does food self-provisioning elicit or engender a particular political consciousness? Based on six months of fieldwork conducted during the spring and summer of 2010, this research employs qualitative methodologies, including surveys, semistructured interviews, and ethnography, to examine the political, economic, and cultural dynamics of household-level food provisioning amongst a sample of food …
Reform Of Secondary Education In Post-Communist Estonia: Advancing Or Dismantling Social Cohesion, Cassandra Jo Garcia
Reform Of Secondary Education In Post-Communist Estonia: Advancing Or Dismantling Social Cohesion, Cassandra Jo Garcia
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The concept of integration in the most basic of senses refers to intermixing of groups of people that were previously segregated. Estonia, as the focal point of this study as opposed to another post-Soviet nation, is unique in that it is such a small country, and this state possesses a variety of traits that distinguishes it from other states in the process of reform and from other multicultural states. Over 25% of the population of Estonia speaks Russian as their mother tongue, and currently the youth of these Russian-speaking communities are feeling the weight of the integration process. Education reform …
Identification Of Design Guidelines For A Mobile Oncology Unit, Renee Melendez Thompson
Identification Of Design Guidelines For A Mobile Oncology Unit, Renee Melendez Thompson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis will identify design considerations for future development of a mobile unit for delivery of Oncology services to those engaged directly or indirectly in cancer treatment. Mobile Oncology Units are relatively new to medical and design worlds but offer benefits as extensions of the healthcare system that provide care to those who would not normally receive it. This project targets rural communities, the elderly and those without transportation in West Virginia.
Role Of Lineaments In The Hydrogeology Of Knobly Mountain, Mineral And Grant Counties, West Virginia, Kevin P. Rega
Role Of Lineaments In The Hydrogeology Of Knobly Mountain, Mineral And Grant Counties, West Virginia, Kevin P. Rega
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An investigation of groundwater discharge and lineaments is presented for Knobly Mountain in Mineral and Grant counties, West Virginia. Wells, springs, and streams were mapped and characterized. Lineaments mapped using digital elevation model hillshades and 1:24,000 topographic maps were classified by region (north, central, and south), orientation, length, density, location, and distance from nearest springs and streams. Lineaments exhibit bimodal orientation perpendicular (mean = 113.1° to 122.2°) and parallel (mean = 14.7° to 32.3°) to strike and are strongly correlated with springs and stream locations; every stream was located along a lineament. Lineament density is higher in the northern part …
Reclaimed Surface Mine Terrestrial Pools: Integrating Remote Sensing, Spatial Data And Field Work., Sheila A. Kazar
Reclaimed Surface Mine Terrestrial Pools: Integrating Remote Sensing, Spatial Data And Field Work., Sheila A. Kazar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the remote sensing of aboveground biomass in reclaimed surface mine reclamation sites and the carbon (C) storage potential of these sites. The research is structured in three sections. In the first study, the potential for utilizing the tasseled cap (TC) spectral transformation to characterize multi-temporal changes of vegetation growth was investigated within nine reclaimed coal surface mines in Monongalia and Preston Counties, West Virginia. The spectral patterns of TC greenness, brightness and wetness values associated with the minesites were investigated for a multi-temporal series of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images, from 1992 to 2007. In general, most …
3d Seismic, Attribute-Assisted, Structural Interpretation For Hydrocarbon Exploration And Production: Southwest Pennsylvania, Central Appalachian Basin, Thomas Bradley Donahoe
3d Seismic, Attribute-Assisted, Structural Interpretation For Hydrocarbon Exploration And Production: Southwest Pennsylvania, Central Appalachian Basin, Thomas Bradley Donahoe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
High quality 3D seismic data provides critical information vital to the delineation of structural fabrics and depositional facies, and it is therefore important to the development of ideas associated with structural and facies architecture and growth history of the Appalachian foreland basin. Traditional wiggle trace imagery is limited by its dominant frequency and low signal-to-noise ratio; while conventional seismic attributes, such as instantaneous amplitude, RMS and frequency methods are not effective at defining fracture intensity and orientation and spatial and temporal relations between faults and folds which are crucial in achieving the hydrocarbon exploration objective in the basin. To overcome …
Bashkirs Between Two Worlds, 1552-1824, Mehmet Tepeyurt
Bashkirs Between Two Worlds, 1552-1824, Mehmet Tepeyurt
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines the transformation of the Bashkir society from a nomadic and semi-nomadic society to a sedentary society under the Russian empire's control from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. In particular, it analyzes inter-ethnic relations and the consequences of these relations for both Bashkirs and other peoples in Bashkiria.;The historical Bashkir lands formed Russia's southeastern frontier for more than two hundred years and the penetration of non-Bashkir groups into the region was a slow and arduous process. On the one hand, the region was an extremely dangerous place: the nomadic groups were quite hostile to the arrival …
Formulating A Conceptual Framework To Understand Native American Perceptions Of Place And Identity: A Temporal Examination Of The Spatio-Social Effects Of Uneven Development Through Accumulation By Dispossession, Denyse Wyskup
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research dialectically conceptualizes how capitalist uneven development and subsequent occurrences has shaped, and continues to shape, Native American perceptions of place and identity. Specifically, this research focuses on accumulation by dispossession, a key component of uneven development, and the spatio-historic effects this form of dispossession has had on Native American lifeworlds. This research focuses primarily upon federal legislation in the form of treaties, acts, and court rulings as the predominant component sustaining accumulation by dispossession and, in turn, perpetuating uneven development within Native American communities. In order to more holistically conceptualize the impacts of accumulation by dispossession three Native …
Exhumation In The Bendeleben Mountains (Seward Peninsula, Alaska) Constrained By (Uranium-Thorium)/Helium Thermochronology., Kalin T. Mcdannell
Exhumation In The Bendeleben Mountains (Seward Peninsula, Alaska) Constrained By (Uranium-Thorium)/Helium Thermochronology., Kalin T. Mcdannell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the Bendeleben Mountains of the Seward Peninsula, mid-Cretaceous granite batholiths and high-grade metamorphic rocks are exposed on the footwall of a major uplifted block bounded by the recently active E-W striking Bendeleben normal fault. The Bendeleben fault can be mapped through well preserved normal fault scarps 4-7 m in height along the southern flank of the mountains. Quaternary basalt flows that are likely associated with this extensional deformation occur in the Imuruk volcanic field located 10-20 km north of the Bendelebens and as smaller basaltic fields in the eastern Bendelebens. Current seismic activity, young normal faulting, and Quaternary volcanics …
Work Adjustment Of Survivors Of Tbi: Subjective Reporting And Indicators Of Work Status., Laura Kay Artman
Work Adjustment Of Survivors Of Tbi: Subjective Reporting And Indicators Of Work Status., Laura Kay Artman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the use of self-reported functional limitations to indicate employment status of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors after returning to work. This study used data from the Job Accommodation Network (JAN) to examine the utility of self-reported functional limitations in indicating the work status of survivors of TBI. The first research question concerned the most common functional limitation reported by survivors of TBI. The second question asked which functional limitations, if any, could correctly classify the work status of TBI survivors. Results of binary logistic regression suggested that the presence of medical symptoms and emotional dysregulation were reliably …
The Importance Of School Culture In The Advancement Of 21st Century Learning Environments: A Qualitative Study., Lydotta M. Taylor
The Importance Of School Culture In The Advancement Of 21st Century Learning Environments: A Qualitative Study., Lydotta M. Taylor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This qualitative study aims to make explicit the importance of school culture and teacher involvement in shaping and implementing reform efforts. Over the past 60 years, a variety of political leaders have led numerous education reform efforts. The importance of school culture has often been missing from the reform efforts. This study reviews the effectiveness of the Who Took My Chalk?â„¢ intervention and the six defining characteristics of the intervention: student engagement, collaboration, goal setting, action planning, assessing attitudes, and engaging openness. The data collected for this study include pre- and post- interview responses from school faculty on the six …
Deconstructing Disparity: Examining Risk Factors Related To Smoking Among Sexual Minority Populations., John Rudolph Blosnich
Deconstructing Disparity: Examining Risk Factors Related To Smoking Among Sexual Minority Populations., John Rudolph Blosnich
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Despite a robust, concordant literature demonstrating that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (i.e., sexual minority) populations smoke more than their heterosexual peers, the factors contributing to this disparity are not well understood. Consequently, the main goal of this project and its three component studies was to enhance current understanding of risk factors that contribute to smoking disparities among sexual minority persons. Study 1 details a systematic review of the literature, synthesizing empirical investigations that tested associations of risk factors and correlates of smoking among sexual minority samples. Of the twenty-six studies included in the analysis, most used sexual identity to operationalize …
Engaging The Virtual Landscape: Toward An Experiential Approach To Exploring Place Through A Spatial Experience Engine, Susan J. Bergeron
Engaging The Virtual Landscape: Toward An Experiential Approach To Exploring Place Through A Spatial Experience Engine, Susan J. Bergeron
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other geospatial technologies in historical inquiry and the humanities has led to a number of projects that are exploring digital representations of past landscapes and places as platforms for synthesizing and representing historical and geographic information. Recent advancements in geovisualization, immersive environments, and virtual reality offer the opportunity to generate digital representations of cultural and physical landscapes, and embed those virtual landscapes with information and knowledge from multiple GIS sources. The development of these technologies and their application to historical research has opened up new opportunities to synthesize historical records from disparate …
Using Environmental And Site-Specific Variables To Model Current And Future Distribution Of Red Spruce (Picea Rubens Sarg.) Forest Habitat In West Virginia, Nathan R. Beane
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Red spruce forests are a remnant ecosystem from the interglacial period of the Wisconsin glaciation and today are considered one of the most threatened forest ecosystems in the eastern United States. The extent of red spruce forests in West Virginia prior to exploitative logging which occurred from 1880--1920 is estimated at 190,000 ha, but today, these forests are estimated to occupy no more than 24,000 ha, resulting primarily from intense anthropogenic disturbances. With the extensive loss of presettlement habitat for red spruce in West Virginia, this species is a high priority for restoration, as these forests offer the unique habitat …
Exploring The Utility Of A Giscience Approach To Modeling Invasive Species: A Case Study Of Ailanthus Altissima, Arthur Elmes
Exploring The Utility Of A Giscience Approach To Modeling Invasive Species: A Case Study Of Ailanthus Altissima, Arthur Elmes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis investigated the potential for integration of remotely sensed and GIS data into an agent-based modeling environment in order to model seed dispersal and subsequent establishment of windborne seeds. In order to explore the applicability of agent-based modeling to predicting seed dispersal, a case study was carried out using the representative example species Ailanthus altissima, an invasive tree found throughout North America's temperate regions. Seed movement was modeled in two stages, primary and secondary dispersal; primary dispersal was calibrated using existing field data, while secondary dispersal was calibrated only qualitatively. Establishment potential was accounted for probabilistically, based on landuse …
An Exploration Of The Spatial Distribution Of National Park Units, Daniel Servian
An Exploration Of The Spatial Distribution Of National Park Units, Daniel Servian
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
National Parks can reveal a glimpse into significant aspects of a culture. Visiting and experiencing a National Park can open a window into a culture's heritage, intellectual philosophy, triumphs, and sorrows. As of 2009, the National Park Service administered 393 National Park units, located across America and its territories. The purpose of this paper is to spatially investigate the National Park designation process. Examination of the trends and patterns within the National Park designation process required computation of the data via exploratory data analysis (EDA) and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). This analysis will illustrate significant clusters and correlation between …
Subsurface Stratigraphy And Petrophysical Analysis Of The Middle Devonian Interval, Including The Marcellus Shale, Of The Central Appalachian Basin; Northwestern Pennsylvania, Anne Yanni
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the central Appalachian basin, the multiple organic-rich intervals of the Middle Devonian, including the Marcellus Shale, are an emerging large resource play with high economic potential (estimated 1,307 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas). This resource play was evaluated by examining the patterns of organic-richness, lithology, stratigraphic distribution, and other depositional characteristics. Using logs from wells throughout northwestern Pennsylvania (940 wells) integrated with core data, the subsurface lithostratigraphic boundaries were defined and correlated for the Marcellus and associated units throughout the study area.;Past studies of the Middle Devonian interval have not rigorously defined the lithostratigraphic boundaries in the subsurface …
Sub-Surface Stratigraphy And Petrophysical Analysis Of The Middle Devonian Interval Of The Central Appalachian Basin; West Virginia And Southwest Pennsylvania, Matthew Louis Boyce
Sub-Surface Stratigraphy And Petrophysical Analysis Of The Middle Devonian Interval Of The Central Appalachian Basin; West Virginia And Southwest Pennsylvania, Matthew Louis Boyce
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the central Appalachian basin, the Middle Devonian organic-rich shale interval, including the Marcellus Shale, is an important target for natural gas exploration. It has emerged as a giant unconventional resource play due to aerial extent and potential for individual wells to produce large volumes of gas. The Marcellus Shale is well studied on the surface without the incorporation of the subsurface stratigraphy. However, to fully understand the Marcellus economic potential it is important to investigate and map the related Middle Devonian sub-surface stratigraphic units. The interval studied includes the Onondaga Limestone (Eifelian), Marcellus Shale (Eifelian), Purcell Limestone (Eifelian), Mahantango …
The Power-Knowledge To Move Mountains: Subaltern Discourses Of Mountaintop Removal In Coal River Valley, West Virginia, Jen Osha
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research investigates the perspectives of local residents within the Coal River Valley, WV, who are concerned about the impacts of mountaintop removal (MTR) on themselves, their families and communities, and their environment. In this dissertation, the term 'subaltern' represents a heterogeneous community of resistance to MTR with multiple perspectives around intersections of gender, age, and livelihood. The objectives of my study are twofold: to illuminate how dominant legal discourse continues to subjugate the discourse of resistance to MTR, and to identify possible spaces of resistance within which the subaltern discourse can challenge the power relations that continue to permit …