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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Perceptions Of The Bereaved: Attributions, Emotions, And Prosocial Behavior, Christine Weir Jan 2016

Perceptions Of The Bereaved: Attributions, Emotions, And Prosocial Behavior, Christine Weir

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study explored a new application of Weiner's Attributional Model to suicide bereavement, and how friends and coworkers respond in their emotions and prosocial behavior. This is a comprehensive theoretical model addressing how people respond to negative events occurring in the lives of others. Its premise is the influence of attributions on the behavior, affect, and cognitive processes of the helper. The model's broad underpinnings are that attributions for challenging behavior can in turn produce a crucial effect on helping behavior. Previous qualitative research on suicide survivors has suggested that attitudes and beliefs towards suicide survivors by those in the …

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Study Of The Inorganic Substitution In A Functionalized Uio-66 Metal-Organic Framework, Alhassan Salman Yasin Jan 2016

Study Of The Inorganic Substitution In A Functionalized Uio-66 Metal-Organic Framework, Alhassan Salman Yasin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention and fast development in the past few years. These materials have demonstrated a wide range of applications due to their porosity, tailorability of optical properties, and chemical selectivity.;This report catalogs common MOF designs based on application and diversity in various fields, as well as conduct an in-depth study of inorganic substitution in a functionalized MOF. This study investigates the band gap modulation in response to inorganic ion substitution within a thermally stable UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF). A combination of density functional theory (DFT) predictions in conjunction with experimental predictions were used to map …

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Effects Of Rumen-Protected Methionine, Choline And Betaine On Dairy Cattle Health And Performance, Yu Zang Jan 2016

Effects Of Rumen-Protected Methionine, Choline And Betaine On Dairy Cattle Health And Performance, Yu Zang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Dairy cows experience extensive lipid mobilization in adipose tissue during the transition from gestation to lactation. A high amount of circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) results in fatty liver that is associated with reduced milk production (Duffield et al., 2009), metabolic diseases (Hammon et al., 2006), and decreased reproductive performance (Walsh et al., 2007). The function of VLDL is to export TAG from liver. Previous work suggested that micronutrients supplemented may elevated VLDL export. Choline has been shown to increase milk production and milk fat yield (Erdman et al., 1991) and decrease triacylglycerol (TAG) in the liver (Pomfret et al., …

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Using A Duration-Based Schedule Performance Index To Monitor The Performance Of Projects Including Estimating The Final Cost, Nooshin Yousefi Jan 2016

Using A Duration-Based Schedule Performance Index To Monitor The Performance Of Projects Including Estimating The Final Cost, Nooshin Yousefi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One of the main concerns of project managers is monitoring the schedule performance of construction projects. A project manager needs tools to not only understand the status of project schedule performance, but also to find the causes of delays and the corresponding corrective actions. Hence, discovering time deviations from the project plan provides more reliable project schedule control. Applying statistical quality control charts on the project schedule performance index is suggested in this study. The use of quality control charts in this research monitors the process plan and provides first alarms for applying changes by detecting the time deviations over …

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Total Synthesis Of Ht-13-A And Ht-13-B, Total Synthesis Of Aurantioclavine, Progress Towards The Synthesis Of Cycloclavine, Yilin Zhang Jan 2016

Total Synthesis Of Ht-13-A And Ht-13-B, Total Synthesis Of Aurantioclavine, Progress Towards The Synthesis Of Cycloclavine, Yilin Zhang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Total synthesis of tetracyclic indole alkaloid ht-13-A and ht-13-B has been accomplished from commercially available (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid and trans4-hydroxy-L-proline respectively. The key synthetic steps include an acyliminium ion allylation, a Mitsunobu reaction, a palladium-catalyzed Stille-Kelly cross coupling reaction, and a carbon monoxide mediated palladium-catalyzed reductive Nheterocyclization. The total synthesis of aurantioclavine has been studied. The synthesis commenced with 2-amino-3-nitrophenol. Key synthetic steps include a Stille coupling reaction, a Heck reaction, a Lewis acid mediated cyclization and a carbon monoxide mediated palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heterocyclization. In addition, the first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-cycloclavine has been studied. Key synthetic steps include a …

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Nondestructive Methods To Characterize Rock Mechanical Properties At Low-Temperature: Applications For Asteroid Capture Technologies, Kara A. Savage Jan 2016

Nondestructive Methods To Characterize Rock Mechanical Properties At Low-Temperature: Applications For Asteroid Capture Technologies, Kara A. Savage

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent government initiatives and commercial activities have targeted asteroids for in situ material characterization, manipulation, and possible resource extraction. Most of these activities and missions have proposed significant robotic components, given the risks and costs associated with manned missions. To successfully execute these robotic activities, detailed mechanical characteristics of the target space bodies must be known prior to contact, in order to appropriately plan and direct the autonomous robotic protocols. Unfortunately, current estimates of asteroid mechanical properties are based on limited direct information, and significant uncertainty remains specifically concerning internal structures, strengths, and elastic properties of asteroids. One proposed method …

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Challenging Historical Gis Through Unstructured Historical Primary Source Materials: Uncovering Sixteenth-Century St. Vincent, Aosta, Italy, James P. Schindling Jan 2016

Challenging Historical Gis Through Unstructured Historical Primary Source Materials: Uncovering Sixteenth-Century St. Vincent, Aosta, Italy, James P. Schindling

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The challenge to Historical GIS examined in this study is how to enable a system to accommodate sparse, unstructured, and spatially ambiguous data. The goal of this research is to take up this challenge by developing an Historical GIS that allows researchers to gain an understanding of a geography of the past. The study area for this research is the town of St. Vincent in what is now the Italian Alps and the time period is the sixteenth century. Three primary criteria were used in the selection of sixteenth-century St. Vincent as the case study for this research. The first …

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Design And Development Of A Twisted String Exoskeleton Robot For The Upper Limb, Lei Jiang Jan 2016

Design And Development Of A Twisted String Exoskeleton Robot For The Upper Limb, Lei Jiang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

High-intensity and task-specific upper-limb treatment of active, highly repetitive movements are the effective approaches for patients with motor disorders. However, with the severe shortage of medical service in the United States and the fact that post-stroke survivors can continue to incur significant financial costs, patients often choose not to return to the hospital or clinic for complete recovery. Therefore, robot-assisted therapy can be considered as an alternative rehabilitation approach because the similar or better results as the patients who receive intensive conventional therapy offered by professional physicians.;The primary objective of this study was to design and fabricate an effective mobile …

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An Analysis And Validation Of An Online Photographic Identity Exposure Evaluation System, Elliott V. Iannello Jan 2016

An Analysis And Validation Of An Online Photographic Identity Exposure Evaluation System, Elliott V. Iannello

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The rapid growth in volume over the last decade of personal photos placed online due to the advent of social media has made users highly susceptible to malicious forms of attack. A system was proposed and constructed using Open Source technologies capable of acquiring the necessary data to conduct a measurement of online photographic exposure to aid in assessing a user's digital privacy. The system's effectiveness at providing feedback on the level of exposure was tested by using a controlled set of three subjects. Each subject provided three training photos each that simulated what would be easily ascertainable from social …

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Why Do Some Grant Proposals Win The Funds And Others Fail? Genre Analysis For The Abstracts Of Grant Proposals Submitted By The Health Science Center Researchers To The National Institutes Of Health, Yassin Ismaeel Jan 2016

Why Do Some Grant Proposals Win The Funds And Others Fail? Genre Analysis For The Abstracts Of Grant Proposals Submitted By The Health Science Center Researchers To The National Institutes Of Health, Yassin Ismaeel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study is an endeavor to investigate the textual linguistic factors that lead to successful grant proposals. Grant proposals have different sections. The focus was on the abstracts of grant proposals. The abstract is the first most piece read by the funding agency. There are many important contextual and situational conditions that directly affect the winning of the funds. This current study aims at the linguistic aspects of the abstracts. Twenty abstracts, chosen from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) website, were used as unit samples for the analysis. The coding units were the sentences existed in these texts. The …

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A Learning History Study Of Sustainable Management In Producing An Inaugural Solar Decathlon Entry, Dana Shearer Jan 2016

A Learning History Study Of Sustainable Management In Producing An Inaugural Solar Decathlon Entry, Dana Shearer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A Learning History approach was used to study the processes and outcomes of West Virginia University's inaugural (2013) Solar Decathlon team as it planned and executed its entry to the competition. In this competition, the product must be a house that meets several standards for sustainable management of material and energy resources. This study conceives of the human resources required to produce an entry as a complementary valuable resource that also can be managed more or less sustainably. Applying principles of sustainable management to evaluate the team's process and the transmission of knowledge to future teams, analysis of the experiences …

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The Crucible Of Globalization: Latin America In The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade 1973-1994, Madison Sergent Jan 2016

The Crucible Of Globalization: Latin America In The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade 1973-1994, Madison Sergent

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Latin America has traditionally not been considered the center of global trade and economic policy, but this common perception is an inadequate view of Latin American foreign policy. Through the use of membership in intergovernmental organizations, specifically the GATT and WTO, Latin American governments were able to advance a development agenda through GATT and later the WTO. While there is a lot of literature on both of these organizations, not much of it has paid attention to the contributions of Latin American member states. Latin American governments cooperated with other developing nations and helped change the international system of trade …

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Determination Of Material Parameters Of E-Glassepoxy Laminated Composites In Ansys, Mehdi Shahbazi Jan 2016

Determination Of Material Parameters Of E-Glassepoxy Laminated Composites In Ansys, Mehdi Shahbazi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Prediction of damage initiation and Evolution in composite materials are of particu- lar importance for the design, production, certification, and monitoring of an increasingly large variety of structures. In this study a methodology is presented to calculate the mate- rial properties for the progressive damage analysis (PDA) and discrete damage mechanics (DDM) in ANSYS RTM by using two sets of experimental data for laminates [0 2/904]S and [0/+/-40 4/01/2]S. The type of laminates to be used for material property determination are chosen based on a sensitivity study.;This method is based on fitting results calculated with PDA and DDM to experimental …

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Analysis Of Curved Composite Beam, Manish Aggarwal Jan 2016

Analysis Of Curved Composite Beam, Manish Aggarwal

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Composite materials are steadily replacing traditional materials in many engineering applications due to several benefits such as high strength to weight ratio and the ability to tailor the material for specific purposes. Over the last several decades the analysis of straight beams has received considerable attention while there is very little focus on curved composite beams.;In the present study, the formulation of the bending of a curved composite beam is based on the bending theory of thick shells. A variational formulation is employed to derive the governing equations. A consistent methodology is applied to reduce the two-dimensional nature of the …

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Rna-Protein Interaction Prediction: String-Based Versus Feature-Based Models, Maen Allaga Jan 2016

Rna-Protein Interaction Prediction: String-Based Versus Feature-Based Models, Maen Allaga

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cellular processes are significantly influenced by the interactions between different RNAs and proteins within cells. This interaction is crucial in understanding gene expressions and gene regulations, and their role in various diseases. Empirical and experimental methods to study this interaction are hampered by the high cost and combinatorial nature of the problem. Consequently, computer science and machine learning methods were applied to predict the interaction between RNAs and proteins.;RNAs are sequences of nucleotides, while proteins are sequences of amino acids. The protein secondary structure describes how amino acids are positioned in three dimensional space. Early methods predicted the interaction between …

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Role For Protein Prenylation And "Caax" Processing In Photoreceptor Neurons, Nachiket D. Pendse Jan 2016

Role For Protein Prenylation And "Caax" Processing In Photoreceptor Neurons, Nachiket D. Pendse

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The efficient folding, assembly and trafficking of phototransduction proteins from site of synthesis in the inner segment (IS) to the site of action in the outer segment (OS) is crucial for photoreceptor cell survival and function. Defects in this process are known to cause blinding diseases in humans including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). The lack of a therapeutic approach for treatment of various retinal degenerations is likely due a knowledge gap in the mechanisms underlying the folding, assembly and transport of prenylated phototransduction proteins. Prenylation and " CAAX" processing is thought to be involved not only …

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Four-Membered Metallacycles Arising From An Ambiphilic Ligand: Synthesis And Characterization Of Group Ix Complexes, Rachael Nichole Pickens Jan 2016

Four-Membered Metallacycles Arising From An Ambiphilic Ligand: Synthesis And Characterization Of Group Ix Complexes, Rachael Nichole Pickens

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The reactivity of transition metal complexes is greatly affected by the complex structure and the nature of the coordinated ligands. Ambiphilic ligands, a class of molecule termed a frustrated Lewis pair that possesses non-interacting functional groups of both Lewis acidic and basic character, are of particular interests few reports of their application to organometallic catalysis have emerged and their full potential has not been achieved. Exploring the bi-functionality and the potential applications of such ligand frameworks with group IX transition metals with phosphino--borane (Ph2PCH 2CH2BBBN) complexes resulted in interesting reactivity. When treated with bases such as silver or lithium reagents, …

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The Perception Of Young Drivers And Their Understanding Of Graduated Drivers Licensing, Andrew Poszich Jan 2016

The Perception Of Young Drivers And Their Understanding Of Graduated Drivers Licensing, Andrew Poszich

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

New, young drivers are over three times more susceptible to crashes in their first 1,000 miles of on road driving. In order to reduce the number incident rate for teenage drivers, Graduated Drivers Licensing (GDL) programs have been implemented across the country. West Virginia, along with all other states, aims to further improve the effectiveness of this program. Currently, GDL effectiveness is steeply limited by the willingness of teenager drivers and their parents to comply with the laws in place. Across the country, programs are being implemented that help raise awareness of GDL and supplement some of the information already …

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Heat Transfer Prediction For Single Droplet Impacts On A Wetted Surface, Venkata Giriteja Punnamaraju Jan 2016

Heat Transfer Prediction For Single Droplet Impacts On A Wetted Surface, Venkata Giriteja Punnamaraju

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The decrease in sizes of semiconductors and microelectronic devices, also decreases their ability to eject energy in the form of heat due to their small surface areas, which can lead to their failure. Spray cooling is one of the better high heat flux cooling techniques.;As an initial step, the impact of a single liquid drop on a thin liquid film has been simulated and studied, taking the energy equation into consideration. All the cases have been simulated in 3D with an open source CFD package OpenFOAM using Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. The post-processing of the data done in ParaView …

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Situational Awareness Enhancement For Connected And Automated Vehicle Systems, Amin Tahmasbi Sarvestani Jan 2016

Situational Awareness Enhancement For Connected And Automated Vehicle Systems, Amin Tahmasbi Sarvestani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent developments in the area of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) have boosted the interest in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). While ITS is intended to resolve and mitigate serious traffic issues such as passenger and pedestrian fatalities, accidents, and traffic congestion; these goals are only achievable by vehicles that are fully aware of their situation and surroundings in real-time. Therefore, connected and automated vehicle systems heavily rely on communication technologies to create a real-time map of their surrounding environment and extend their range of situational awareness. In this dissertation, we propose novel approaches to enhance situational awareness, its applications, and …

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Sites Of Education: Race, Memory, And The Conflicting Discourses Of Learning In America, 1827-1914, Douglas Terry Jan 2016

Sites Of Education: Race, Memory, And The Conflicting Discourses Of Learning In America, 1827-1914, Douglas Terry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is a cultural study that challenges the handling of race in the history of American education by exploring how educational discourse shapes race. It argues that education itself is a manifestation of race, inseparable from the iterative processes of racial formation. While we take it as a prevailing truism that race is learned, this dissertation shows how the educational system itself is central to this learning.;It explores race in the educational landscape in a similar way to how scholars explore tension between history and cultural memory. In this manner, the dissertation focuses on what it terms "sites of …

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Using The Instructional Beliefs Model To Examine Instructional Feedback In The Classroom, Melissa F. Tindage Jan 2016

Using The Instructional Beliefs Model To Examine Instructional Feedback In The Classroom, Melissa F. Tindage

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the role that instructional feedback plays in student engagement using Weber, Martin, and Myers's (2001) Instructional Beliefs Model (IBM). The proposed IBM for this dissertation included first-order constructs (i.e., instructional feedback, course workload, course difficulty, and students' feedback orientation), a second-order construct (i.e., feedback self-efficacy), and a third-order construct (i.e., student engagement). As hypothesized, instructional feedback (i.e., developmental, fairness) is positively associated with feedback self-efficacy, while course workload and course difficulty are negatively associated with feedback self- efficacy. However, only two dimensions of students' feedback orientation (i.e., utility, retention) were positively associated …

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Empirical Analysis And Automated Classification Of Security Bug Reports, Jacob P. Tyo Jan 2016

Empirical Analysis And Automated Classification Of Security Bug Reports, Jacob P. Tyo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the ever expanding amount of sensitive data being placed into computer systems, the need for effective cybersecurity is of utmost importance. However, there is a shortage of detailed empirical studies of security vulnerabilities from which cybersecurity metrics and best practices could be determined. This thesis has two main research goals: (1) to explore the distribution and characteristics of security vulnerabilities based on the information provided in bug tracking systems and (2) to develop data analytics approaches for automatic classification of bug reports as security or non-security related. This work is based on using three NASA datasets as case studies. …

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Hydrogeochemical Characterization Of Rural Drinking Water In The Gauley River Basin, Monongahela National Forest, Arati A. Umarvadia Jan 2016

Hydrogeochemical Characterization Of Rural Drinking Water In The Gauley River Basin, Monongahela National Forest, Arati A. Umarvadia

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the Appalachian Plateau region, the heterogeneous coal geology and fractured bedrock aquifers has led to complexity in understanding groundwater resources in West Virginia. Groundwater is a major resource in the Monongahela National Forest where private residences, public works, and national forest operations all rely heavily on this resource. In recent years, Marcellus shale gas has been explored in a small region of the Gauley River Basin, within the boundaries of the Monongahela National Forest. Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater was carried out in this region with the objective of establishing a baseline of groundwater chemistry prior to potential Marcellus development. …

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A Feasibility Study For The Automated Monitoring And Control Of Mine Water Discharges, Christopher R. Vass Jan 2016

A Feasibility Study For The Automated Monitoring And Control Of Mine Water Discharges, Christopher R. Vass

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The chemical treatment of mine-influenced waters is a longstanding environmental challenge for many coal operators, particularly in Central Appalachia. Mining conditions in this region present several unique obstacles to meeting NPDES effluent limits. Outlets that discharge effluent are often located in remote areas with challenging terrain where conditions do not facilitate the implementation of large-scale commercial treatment systems. Furthermore, maintenance of these systems is often laborious, expensive, and time consuming. Many large mining complexes discharge water from numerous outlets, while using environmental technicians to assess the water quality and treatment process multiple times per day. Unfortunately, this treatment method when …

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First Semester Calculus Students' Concept Definitions And Concept Images Of The Tangent Line And How These Relate To Students' Understandings Of The Derivative, Brittany Vincent Jan 2016

First Semester Calculus Students' Concept Definitions And Concept Images Of The Tangent Line And How These Relate To Students' Understandings Of The Derivative, Brittany Vincent

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how students define and think about the tangent line in first semester calculus and investigate the influence of these ways of thinking on their understandings of the derivative. Students' conceptions of the tangent line were explored through four primary tasks: defining and constructing tangent lines, sketching the derivative, and graphically interpreting the formal symbolic definition of the derivative. The first two tasks were designed to access students' knowledge of tangent lines, and the second two tasks drew upon their ability to apply this knowledge and connect the tangent line to the derivative. …

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Does Enhanced Nitrogen Input Affect The Structure And Composition Of Forest Vegetation? Results From Long-Term Experiments At The Fernow Experimental Forest, Christopher Alan Walter Jan 2016

Does Enhanced Nitrogen Input Affect The Structure And Composition Of Forest Vegetation? Results From Long-Term Experiments At The Fernow Experimental Forest, Christopher Alan Walter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The effects of nitrogen (N) deposition have been studied in many ecosystems, and one general pattern of response that has emerged from these studies is a decline in species richness. Globally, anthropogenic deposition of N has more than doubled the ambient input of N in terrestrial ecosystems, and the rate at which humans produce reactive N continues to increase annually. As a result of both the current and projected future rates of N input, N deposition is a threat to biodiversity worldwide and is projected to contribute, along with other global change factors, to species extinction. To prevent the loss …

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Investigations Into The Nature Of Magnetism In Transition-Metal-Phthalocyanines, Zhengjun Wang Jan 2016

Investigations Into The Nature Of Magnetism In Transition-Metal-Phthalocyanines, Zhengjun Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this dissertation, the nature of magnetism in transition-metal-doped phthalocyanines (TMPc, TM = Co, Ni, Cu, V, and Mn, chemical formula: C 32H16N8TM) is investigated by measuring their magnetization (M) and ac susceptibilities in magnetic fields up to 90 kOe and covering the wide temperature range of 0.5 K to 300 K. These low temperatures and high magnetic field measurements combined with detailed analysis of the data have provided new information about the nature of magnetism of TMPc. The powder samples used here were structurally characterized using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.;TMPc are a class of organic semiconductors with …

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Board Out Of Your Mind: Mapping Players' Mental Models Of Game Systems And Potentials For Systems-Thinking Instruction, Joe A. Wasserman Jan 2016

Board Out Of Your Mind: Mapping Players' Mental Models Of Game Systems And Potentials For Systems-Thinking Instruction, Joe A. Wasserman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite evidence that game-based instruction is effective, and suggestive evidence that they are specifically effective for teaching systems thinking---the ability to think about complex systems---the mechanisms behind this learning are not well understood. One promising perspective on game-based learning is rooted in the development of mental models of game systems. Mental models are cognitive representations of the perceived entities and relationships between entities in a system. This study explores the entities and entity relationships in novice players' mental models of an analog game. Grounded, interpretive analysis of mental models externalized through cognitive mapping identified five categories of entities: formal game …

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Nursing Knowledge Of Heart Failure, Beth Ann White Jan 2016

Nursing Knowledge Of Heart Failure, Beth Ann White

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Heart failure is a constellation of signs and symptoms reflecting a physiologic change in the hearts ability to keep up with demand. Heart failure is considered a global pandemic and is a complex disease that oftentimes is progressive. Heart failure is often associated with underlying coronary atherosclerosis, and its associated risks, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia. To slow the progression and improve quality of life patients should be educated about the disease and in most health care settings nurses provide this education. However, nurses may lack sufficient knowledge of the processes that lead to heart failure. The …

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