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The Rv Tailgater: A Unique Subculture Of College Football Fans In The United States, Cheryl R. Rode, Robin Hardin
The Rv Tailgater: A Unique Subculture Of College Football Fans In The United States, Cheryl R. Rode, Robin Hardin
Global Sport Business Journal
Attending sporting events is a popular leisure activity and people are willing to travel great distances to attend events. This phenomenon in the United States is a popular activity among college football fans that travel to participate in game-day activities which include both tailgating and attending the game. This study explored the demographics and motivations of fans that travel via recreational vehicles (RVs) to college football games. Data were collected at four universities (N = 206) in the Southeastern United States via in-person paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Five motivational factors explaining 64.9% of the variance emerged from an exploratory factor analysis: a) …
A Case Study Of Self-Representation On Twitter: A Gender Analysis Of How Student-Athletes Portray Themselves, Bo Li, Sarah Stokowski, Stephen W. Dittmore, John R. Malmo, David T. Rolfe
A Case Study Of Self-Representation On Twitter: A Gender Analysis Of How Student-Athletes Portray Themselves, Bo Li, Sarah Stokowski, Stephen W. Dittmore, John R. Malmo, David T. Rolfe
Global Sport Business Journal
Throughout sports coverage, mass media has been blamed for masculine hegemony, which often includes a lack of exposure regarding female sports and over emphasizing “femininity.” The emergence of social media provides athletes the opportunities to portray themselves, increase their brand equity, and directly interact with other sport media consumers. Informed by self-presentation theory, this case study is an attempt to investigate whether gender difference exists between female and male student-athletes in term of the way they portray themselves on Twitter. The profiles, background pictures, bibliographies and the content of tweets from 100 NCAA Division I student-athletes’ Twitter accounts were selected …
A New Approach: Measuring Athlete Brand Personality On Twitter, Matthew Blaszka, Patrick Walsh, Galen Clavio, Antonio Williams
A New Approach: Measuring Athlete Brand Personality On Twitter, Matthew Blaszka, Patrick Walsh, Galen Clavio, Antonio Williams
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this study was to identify brand personality characteristics of athletes. Prior to the study, a pretest was conducted to identify athlete-based brand personality items that could apply to any athlete. After conducting the pretest, 16 brand personality characteristics were identified. These items included: athletic, confident, cool, exciting, flashy, fun, happy, hardworking, humorous, leader, lively, masculine, strong, successful, trendy, and tough. In order to ensure the identity of all athlete brand personality characteristics were found, a thematic analysis was conducted which confirmed six additional athlete brand personality characteristics bringing the total number of characteristics to 22. These characteristics …
Purchase Motivations Of Premium Seating Buyers Within College Athletics, Nels Popp, Allie Macaione, Erianne Weight
Purchase Motivations Of Premium Seating Buyers Within College Athletics, Nels Popp, Allie Macaione, Erianne Weight
Global Sport Business Journal
Increasingly college athletics administrators at NCAA Division I institutions are selling premium seating within their football stadia in order to generate greater revenues to meet increasing department expenses. Selling premium seating requires sellers and marketers who understand specific buyer interests and motivations. However, little research exists examining such motivations based on data collected from actual consumers, particularly in a collegiate athletics setting. Utilizing an instrument to measure premium seating buyer motivation developed by Titlebaum and Lawrence (2010), data was collected from premium seating buyers (both club seats and suites) at an NCAA Division I Power 5 institution. While suite buyers …
So Where Do You Work Now?: Examining The Factors That Influence Career Choices Of Sport Management Graduates, Matthew J. Garrett, David A. Pierce
So Where Do You Work Now?: Examining The Factors That Influence Career Choices Of Sport Management Graduates, Matthew J. Garrett, David A. Pierce
Global Sport Business Journal
Students seeking to leverage their sport management degree into full-time employment in the sport business industry (SBI) face a variety of challenges from low pay and personal finances to personal relationships and work-life balance. This study uses a mixed methods approach to examine how the constraints impacted the career trajectory of 124 recent graduates from a private and religiously affiliated liberal arts college in the Midwest between 2007 and 2014. The study examines the perceived capacity of individuals to make occupational choices despite external constraints. Swanson, Daniels, and Tokar’s (1996) Career Barriers Inventory is used to frame the discussion of …
A Proposal For A Rating System For Sport Management / Sport Administration Programs, Susan Mullane, Michael Fraina
A Proposal For A Rating System For Sport Management / Sport Administration Programs, Susan Mullane, Michael Fraina
Global Sport Business Journal
Data for a proposed rating system were collected through focus groups and surveys to determine factors considered important for evaluating Sport Management/Sport Administration programs. Respondents (n = 43) were asked to rank, in order, the ten most important variables toward Sport Management/Sport Administration program evaluation for undergraduate, graduate and doctoral programs. An open-ended question was included to account for any additional criteria that may have been neglected. A response rate of 35% was achieved. Results indicated that different variables ranked highest at the various levels (i.e., “Curriculum” for undergraduate and master’s programs, “Faculty Scholarship and Reputation” for doctoral programs). Additional …
Why Referees Stay In The Game, Lynn L. Ridinger, Stacy Warner, Jacob K. Tingle, Kyungun R. Kim
Why Referees Stay In The Game, Lynn L. Ridinger, Stacy Warner, Jacob K. Tingle, Kyungun R. Kim
Global Sport Business Journal
Current trends indicate the number of qualified sports officials continues to dwindle. Therefore, this research sought to better understand reasons for initial entry, continuation, and potential discontinuation with officiating, while also identifying problematic issues, and potential solutions. Content analysis was utilized to examine five open-ended online survey responses from 2,485 referees. The results indicate that Enjoyable Affiliation (58%) and Remuneration (14%) were key to referees becoming involved in officiating. Those two themes, Enjoyable Affiliation (75%) and Remuneration (14%), were also identified as important to retaining officials. Physical Limitations were mentioned by 58% of the respondents regarding why they plan to …
Exercising Inclusion: A Case Study Exploring A Fitness Center Staff's Approach Toward Serving Clients With Disabilities, Joshua R. Pate, Julie Wallace Carr
Exercising Inclusion: A Case Study Exploring A Fitness Center Staff's Approach Toward Serving Clients With Disabilities, Joshua R. Pate, Julie Wallace Carr
Global Sport Business Journal
Nearly twice the number of U.S. adults with disabilities are inactive compared to U.S. adults without disabilities, and prior research has identified multiple barriers that prevent people with disabilities from exercising at fitness centers. The purpose of this case study was to explore the inclusion qualities present at a health and fitness center through the functional dimension of service quality and by using systems theory as a framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five employees at a fitness center, and a researcher participating in a progressive exercise program journaled about the experience. Analysis revealed that the fitness center served people …
What Customers Want: Defining Engagement On Social Media In Sport, Rebecca M. Achen, Katie Lebel, Galen Clavio
What Customers Want: Defining Engagement On Social Media In Sport, Rebecca M. Achen, Katie Lebel, Galen Clavio
Global Sport Business Journal
While social media provide channels to engage customers, social media engagement is neither a well-defined nor well-understood term. The purpose of this study was to examine how sport fans view their own social media engagement, better understand what social media engagement means to them, and work to discover what types of social media content they find “engaging”. Through a series of focus groups, this exploratory research found that sport consumers are diverse in their understanding of engagement. Results suggest that sportminded social media users have embraced a wide variety of social media interaction strategies that go beyond traditional measures and …
2017 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Gsba
2017 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Gsba
Global Sport Business Journal
No abstract provided.
Was Dissent Being Displayed During The Sochi Olympics? Examining The #Sochi2014 Hashtag For Dissent, Matthew Blaszka, Evan L. Frederick, Timothy J. Newman, Ann Pegoraro
Was Dissent Being Displayed During The Sochi Olympics? Examining The #Sochi2014 Hashtag For Dissent, Matthew Blaszka, Evan L. Frederick, Timothy J. Newman, Ann Pegoraro
Global Sport Business Journal
During the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games various issues came to light including Russia’s anti-gay stance and construction issues. This study explored the Sochi 2014 Olympic Games official hashtag (#Sochi2014) through the theoretical lens of framing to see if dissent was being displayed. To examine those tweets, the software, Leximancer was used to explore conceptual and relational analysis on words that are written as well as visual text. Tweets were collected before, during, and after the Olympics to determine if dissent was being displayed. Results found five themes that emerged with at least 25% connectivity. Those themes were gold, Olympics, Sochi, …
Comparative Analysis Of Female And Male Coverage On Espn’S Sportscenter, Tywan G. Martin, Young Ik Suh, Antonio S. Williams, Jennifer Locey, Jennifer Ramirez
Comparative Analysis Of Female And Male Coverage On Espn’S Sportscenter, Tywan G. Martin, Young Ik Suh, Antonio S. Williams, Jennifer Locey, Jennifer Ramirez
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender differences existed in the coverage on ESPN’s flagship program, SportsCenter. This study was grounded in the theoretical frameworks of hegemony and agenda setting. The researchers collected data over the course of seven days during the 11:00 p.m. show. A comparative analysis was performed on the content of the popular one-hour television program that investigated the amount of coverage devoted to female and male sports, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the amount of highlights devoted to female athletes in comparison to …
A Delphi Method Analysis Of Management Strategies For Taekwondo Centers In The United States, Jinsun Han, Sungick Min, Jaeyeon Hwang, Penny Dalton Hite, Wonyul Bae
A Delphi Method Analysis Of Management Strategies For Taekwondo Centers In The United States, Jinsun Han, Sungick Min, Jaeyeon Hwang, Penny Dalton Hite, Wonyul Bae
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this study was to use the Delphi Method to determine management strategies that might enhance the operations of Taekwondo training centers in the US and; to induce management to implement the strategies based on that forecast. A sample of ten Korean masters and fifteen trainers were used in this inquiry. Each participant has an interest in a Taekwondo facility, more than three years of teaching experience and has been practicing Taekwondo for more than ten years. This study followed the protocols for the Delphi Method and consisted of three phases of data collection using questionnaires. The panel …
Football Bowl Subdivision Head Football Coaches’ Contracts: An Analysis Of Contractual Clauses In Intercollegiate Athletics, R. Christopher Reynolds, Paul M. Pedersen
Football Bowl Subdivision Head Football Coaches’ Contracts: An Analysis Of Contractual Clauses In Intercollegiate Athletics, R. Christopher Reynolds, Paul M. Pedersen
Global Sport Business Journal
While many studies have been published on a variety of sport law topics, only a handful of scholars have contributed to the body of knowledge on issues related to college coaches’ contracts. The current study examines the “state of the art” of college coaches’ contracts using the content analytic method. All clauses included in the employment contracts (N=91) of head football coaches at Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) schools were examined and coded in an effort to discover the essential, consistent, and unique components of the coaches’ contracts. A total of 30 clauses were identified and coded. The study found that …
Assessing The Effect Of Family Structure On Perceptions Of Fan-Family Conflict, Jason M. Simmons, T. Christopher Greenwell, Thomas J. Aicher
Assessing The Effect Of Family Structure On Perceptions Of Fan-Family Conflict, Jason M. Simmons, T. Christopher Greenwell, Thomas J. Aicher
Global Sport Business Journal
Fan-family conflict refers to the difficulty experienced fulfilling family role demands as a result of fan role participation. Prior research suggests team identification leads to higher fan-family conflict as a result of the resources devoted to one’s fan role (i.e. time, money, energy), strain associated with maintaining a positive social identity, and incompatible behaviors commonly liked to fan role engagement (Simmons & Greenwell, 2014). The current study sought to understand how family role demands impact perceptions of fan-family conflict, specifically, how perceptions of fan-family conflict vary based on family structure. Results of this study challenge our understanding of this effect, …
When Good Athletes Go Bad: The Impact Of The Tiger Woods Scandal On Consumers’ Perceptions Of His Brand Endorsements, Junghwan Park, Joe Phua, Young Ik Suh, Tywan G. Martin
When Good Athletes Go Bad: The Impact Of The Tiger Woods Scandal On Consumers’ Perceptions Of His Brand Endorsements, Junghwan Park, Joe Phua, Young Ik Suh, Tywan G. Martin
Global Sport Business Journal
This study investigated which decision (maintain vs. dismiss endorsement relationship) may represent the most positive impact on consumers with different levels of fan identification when the celebrity endorser is involved in scandal. MANCOVA was utilized to examine the influence of team identification on consumers’ responses toward sponsors’ decisions. Results indicated that when the sponsor maintained the endorsement relationship, highly identified fans had significantly more positive attitudes and word of mouth intentions than lowly identified fans. Conversely, when the sponsor dismissed the endorsement relationship, lowly identified fans had significantly more positive word of mouth intentions towards the sponsor.
Profiling The Sports Blogosphere, Charlotte Allen, Jason D. Reese
Profiling The Sports Blogosphere, Charlotte Allen, Jason D. Reese
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this study is to provide primary research regarding how sports blogs utilize the social media and generate revenue for their blog. This study begins with a literature review of the blogging world with a special emphasis on the sports sector of the blogosphere. The literature review is followed by a discussion of the research method of content analysis, which was employed to examine the selected sports blogs. Furthermore, recommendations are made concerning sampling methods and how future statistical sampling of the sports blogosphere could proceed to improve the representativeness of samples and data collection in this research …
Sport Team Mascots As Communication Tools: Determinants Of Mascot Twitter Followers, Youngmin Yoon, Shintaro Sato, Andrew Goldsmith, Yosuke Tsuji
Sport Team Mascots As Communication Tools: Determinants Of Mascot Twitter Followers, Youngmin Yoon, Shintaro Sato, Andrew Goldsmith, Yosuke Tsuji
Global Sport Business Journal
The sporting world has experienced a major impact with the emergence of social media as it has helped bridge the communication gap between fans, athletes, and professional organizations. One effort to further improve communication between fan and organization is to utilize a mascot in social media. Sports teams can disseminate information to numerous fans through mascot Twitter account and improve their promotion strategies. Drawing on the theory of reasoned action (TRA), this study was designed to examine determinants of team mascot Twitter followers. Analyzing 76 mascot Twitter accounts (i.e., 17 NFL, 25 NBA, 18 MLB, and 16 NHL), the current …
Generation Multitasker: How Millennials Use Second Screens While Watching Televised Sport, Ryan Vooris, Kerry Fischer, Chase M. L. Smith, Rebecca M. Achen
Generation Multitasker: How Millennials Use Second Screens While Watching Televised Sport, Ryan Vooris, Kerry Fischer, Chase M. L. Smith, Rebecca M. Achen
Global Sport Business Journal
People born between 1980 and 2000 are commonly known as the Millennial generation (Gurau, 2012). Millennials are digital natives of a 24/7 online, there’s an app for everything, social media-rich landscape in which older generations will always be, to some degree, foreigners. Through the use of a survey, this study examined how a sample of 303 Millennials use mobile devices such as a smartphone or tablet to text, utilize mobile apps, and check social media while watching sport on TV. Their responses indicated the importance of using a second screen to pass the time during commercial breaks and stay informed …
2016 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Gsba
2016 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Gsba
Global Sport Business Journal
No abstract provided.
Are Sport Management Faculty Biased? An Examination Of Faculty Perceptions Of Male And Female Students’ Applications For A Job In Sport, Heidi Grappendorf, Laura Burton
Are Sport Management Faculty Biased? An Examination Of Faculty Perceptions Of Male And Female Students’ Applications For A Job In Sport, Heidi Grappendorf, Laura Burton
Global Sport Business Journal
Despite an increase in female enrollment in traditionally male dominated areas, the enrollment of women in sport management academic programs is not near equal that of men’s programs. Further, women are underrepresented in the management ranks of professional sport and many areas of collegiate sport. To examine if biases exist regarding perceptions of appropriate jobs for sport management students, faculty (n =136) were asked to evaluate a fictional student for a job based upon a description working in the WNBA or NFL. Results indicated participants perceived differences in male and female students, as the female student was viewed as more …
2015 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Gsba
2015 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Gsba
Global Sport Business Journal
No abstract provided.
Likes, Comments, And Shares: A Multivariate Multilevel Analysis Of Facebook Engagement, Rebecca M. Achen
Likes, Comments, And Shares: A Multivariate Multilevel Analysis Of Facebook Engagement, Rebecca M. Achen
Global Sport Business Journal
This study investigated the impact of content type, number of Facebook fans, market size, and winning percentage on engagement with NBA teams’ Facebook pages using a multivariate multilevel model. Posts were coded into five content categories including external commerce, fan interactivity, organizational promotion, player and personnel promotion, and team information and number of likes, comments, and shares were collected. Data were tested first for the need for multivariate and multilevel modeling and then two models were used to determine the impacts of predictors on engagement. Results indicated engagement data should be treated as multivariate and the effect of team should …
The Impact Of Control Mechanism And Video Game Playing Experience On Brand Awareness And Consumer Brand Loyalty In Sport Video Games, Eric A. Brownlee, Megan B. Shreffler, Clinton Warren
The Impact Of Control Mechanism And Video Game Playing Experience On Brand Awareness And Consumer Brand Loyalty In Sport Video Games, Eric A. Brownlee, Megan B. Shreffler, Clinton Warren
Global Sport Business Journal
The majority of recent sport video game brand awareness research has focused on the increase of advertisers and changes to the in-game experience. The major objective of this study was to conduct one of the first ever studies related to brand awareness in mobile sports video games while also examining the potential differences in brand awareness due to the type of control mechanism. A total of 176 participants took part in this quasi-experimental study that used two different control mechanisms (PS4 and iPad) and one control group (Pictures) to investigate the influence of control mechanism on brand awareness and brand …
Youth Olympic Games Awareness: An Analysis Of Parents Of Elite Youth Sport Athletes, Jeffrey C. Petersen, Sarah Deitz, Brianna Leitzeler, David Bellar, Lawrence W. Judge
Youth Olympic Games Awareness: An Analysis Of Parents Of Elite Youth Sport Athletes, Jeffrey C. Petersen, Sarah Deitz, Brianna Leitzeler, David Bellar, Lawrence W. Judge
Global Sport Business Journal
The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) were established to bolster interest in the Olympic movement among the world’s youth. However, several prior studies have documented low levels of YOG awareness among multiple populations. As parents form a primary stakeholder group in the development of youth sport, this study sought to determine the awareness of the YOG compared to other mega-sport festivals, specifically within a group of elite youth athletes’ parents. A 24-item survey instrument was developed based upon prior YOG research surveys with additional comparative questions related to the 2012 London Olympic Games (LOG) and the Winter X Games (WXG). The …
Organizational Representation Through Twitter: An Examination Of The Wnba, Megan B. Shreffler, Meg G. Hancock, Samuel Schmidt
Organizational Representation Through Twitter: An Examination Of The Wnba, Megan B. Shreffler, Meg G. Hancock, Samuel Schmidt
Global Sport Business Journal
Formed in 1996, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) did not have a profitable team until 2011. By the end of 2013, however, 50% of WNBA teams turned a profit. In an effort to better understand how WNBA organizations are moving toward the trend of profitability, this study employed the excellence theory of public relations to examine how WNBA organizations are utilizing Twitter both during the season and off-season, and examined if there was a difference in Twitter usage between profitable and non-profitable teams. Using the codes provided by previous studies on social media engagement, results indicated that In-Game Information …
What Children Love About Athletes: An Exploratory Assessment Of Athlete Brand Associations Among Youth Consumers, Antonio S. Williams, Dae Yeon Yeon Kim, Wanyong Choi, Patrick Walsh
What Children Love About Athletes: An Exploratory Assessment Of Athlete Brand Associations Among Youth Consumers, Antonio S. Williams, Dae Yeon Yeon Kim, Wanyong Choi, Patrick Walsh
Global Sport Business Journal
Sport marketers are continuously looking for ways to build and leverage brand equity, due to its effects on revenue generation, extension opportunities and consumer loyalty. In particular, athletes and their constituents must have knowledge of the brand associations consumers hold for them in order to build and leverage brand equity. However, limited research exists as to how brand associations may differ for athletes amongst various target segments of sport consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap in the body of literature by examining the brand associations children hold for athletes and comparing those findings with those of previous …
Required Donations: An Empirical Test Of Prospect Theory & Framing Of Per-Seat Contributions In Intercollegiate Athletics, Jason D. Reese, Brandon Brown, Gregg Bennett
Required Donations: An Empirical Test Of Prospect Theory & Framing Of Per-Seat Contributions In Intercollegiate Athletics, Jason D. Reese, Brandon Brown, Gregg Bennett
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this study was to examine how per-seat contributions are framed, and attempt to understand the effects of different price frames on consumer perceptions and behavior. In doing so, we apply prospect theory to explain how framing an outcome can change preferences and ultimately purchase behavior. The current study used an experimental design to determine which price frame most influences repurchase intentions, when considering three price tiers (e.g. low, moderate, high) determined in a pretest. Our results indicate the best way to increase purchase intentions when implementing per-seat contributions campaigns is to use the Combination price frame (i.e. …
Career Goals And Expectations Of Female Intercollegiate Athletic Administrators, Meg G. Hancock, Mary A. Hums
Career Goals And Expectations Of Female Intercollegiate Athletic Administrators, Meg G. Hancock, Mary A. Hums
Global Sport Business Journal
Sport management researchers have sought to understand and address the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in intercollegiate athletic departments. Studies suggest a male-dominated organizational structure and socio-cultural barriers as factors related to women’s inability to advance to senior leadership positions. This qualitative study provides a better understanding of the dynamic processes contributing to women’s career expectations and goals in intercollegiate athletic administration. Twenty female NCAA Division I assistant and associate athletic directors were interviewed. The findings of this study suggest professional interests and values play important roles in a woman’s choice to pursue the title of Athletic Director.
Scholarly Thrusts In The Journal Of Sport Management: Citation Analysis, Amy Chan Hyung Kim, Packianathan Chelladurai, Yu Kyoum Kim
Scholarly Thrusts In The Journal Of Sport Management: Citation Analysis, Amy Chan Hyung Kim, Packianathan Chelladurai, Yu Kyoum Kim
Global Sport Business Journal
To provide objective evidence for continued discussion of the body of knowledge in the field of sport management, this study reconstructed the knowledge structure through bibliometric analysis of the Journal of Sport Management (JSM) articles between 1997 and 2012. To be specific, this study employed citation analyses of articles published in the JSM to disclose the central themes, concepts, and methodologies. The results revealed that while the quantitative methods were prevalent during the entire period, structural equation modeling and qualitative methods emerged as new investigative methods in the later period (2004-2012). Content wise, articles in sport marketing were more cited …