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Book Review: The Olympics That Never Happened: Denver '76 And The Politics Of Growth, Samuel M. Clevenger
Book Review: The Olympics That Never Happened: Denver '76 And The Politics Of Growth, Samuel M. Clevenger
Global Sport Business Journal
The issue of economic growth and its historical ties to modern sport is of central importance to contemporary sport business researchers. After all, considering that the growth-driven sport industry is increasingly trying to balance improving the sustainability of their present practices and facilities with maintaining its emphasis on expansion, accumulation, and revenue generation–resulting in organizations like the International Olympic Committee (IOC) engaging in “greenwashing” (Boykoff, 2025)–we (meaning sport researchers) need plentiful work that takes seriously the issue of economic growth and its impacts on the decision-making of sporting organizations. Adam Berg’s recent book The Olympics That Never Happened: Denver ‘76 …
Book Review: Magic In The Air: The Myth, The Mystery, And The Soul Of The Slam Dunk, Andrew C. Sellers
Book Review: Magic In The Air: The Myth, The Mystery, And The Soul Of The Slam Dunk, Andrew C. Sellers
Global Sport Business Journal
Book review of Mike Sielski's (2025) Magic in the Air: The Myth, the Mystery, and the Soul of the Slam Dunk.
Gsbj Editor's Note, Robert Mcdermand
Gsbj Editor's Note, Robert Mcdermand
Global Sport Business Journal
Editor's Note for Volume 10 (2025)
Professional Sport Venue Threats, Security Measures, And Technological Solutions, Brandon Allen, Laurajean Holmgren, Stacey A. Hall
Professional Sport Venue Threats, Security Measures, And Technological Solutions, Brandon Allen, Laurajean Holmgren, Stacey A. Hall
Global Sport Business Journal
Several incidents involving large crowds have led venue security directors to adopt preventive strategies. Venue organizers should foster a safe and secure environment, which requires assessing risk levels, recruiting and training staff, exercising plans and protocols, and leveraging technology solutions. The purpose of this study is to explore professional sport venue threats, security measures, and technology utilization. Security directors (n=52) from five major sports leagues in the United States (MLB, MLS, NBA, NFL, and NHL) participated in the study. Key findings focus on staffing, training and development, fan behavior, and facility operations. Recommendations include investing in multiple strategies to enhance …
A Multidimensional Model Of Attitudes Toward Sponsorship, Zachary C. T. Evans, Terry Eddy
A Multidimensional Model Of Attitudes Toward Sponsorship, Zachary C. T. Evans, Terry Eddy
Global Sport Business Journal
Sport sponsorship is an important marketing tool, with many of its elements having received previous research attention. Although researchers have examined attitudes toward sport sponsorship, the theoretical grounding of attitudes is often incomplete, and theoretically distinct terms are frequently used interchangeably (e.g., attitudes and beliefs). The purpose of this study was to critically examine the literature regarding attitudes toward, and beliefs about, sponsorship to review the common frameworks utilized in examining the constructs, and analyze their theoretical appropriateness. A systematized review methodology was undertaken, through which a definition for attitude toward sponsorship was developed using the tripartite framework for attitude …
2025 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Robert Mcdermand
2025 Gsba Conference Abstracts, Robert Mcdermand
Global Sport Business Journal
2025 GSBA Conference Abstracts
Book Review: Justice Batted Last, Darlene A. Kluka, Aaron Livingston
Book Review: Justice Batted Last, Darlene A. Kluka, Aaron Livingston
Global Sport Business Journal
Book Review of Don Zminda's (2025) Justice Batted Last: Ernie Banks, Minnie Miñoso, and the Unheralded Players Who Integrated Chicago's Major League Teams
Book Review: Basketball Beyond Paper, Chad Goebert
Book Review: Basketball Beyond Paper, Chad Goebert
Global Sport Business Journal
Dean Oliver’s Basketball Beyond Paper is a thoughtful and in-depth follow-up to his paradigm-shifting work in 2004, Basketball on Paper. Twenty years after Basketball on Paper laid the groundwork for possession-based efficiency metrics, Oliver returns with a deeper focus: incorporating the human side of the game. Rather than simply refining statistical models, Oliver argues that understanding motivation, emotional ups and downs, distractions, and team dynamics is just as critical to winning as traditional data analysis. Written with a direct and technical style, Oliver not only advocates for the importance of analytics in the transformation of how basketball is played, but …
March Sadness: A Content Analysis Of Division I Men's And Women's Basketball Athletes' Instagram Posts Following The Cancellation Of The Ncaa Basketball Tournament, Amanda L. Paule-Koba, Sarah Stokowski, Chelsea Kaunert, Alison Fridley
March Sadness: A Content Analysis Of Division I Men's And Women's Basketball Athletes' Instagram Posts Following The Cancellation Of The Ncaa Basketball Tournament, Amanda L. Paule-Koba, Sarah Stokowski, Chelsea Kaunert, Alison Fridley
Global Sport Business Journal
On March 12, 2020, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) made the decision to cancel the coveted men’s and women’s basketball tournaments over growing concerns regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. Using Schlossberg’s (1981) Model of Analyzing Human Adaptation to Transition, the purpose of this study was to examine how men’s and women’s Division I basketball athletes in their final year of eligibility internalized the non-normative transition brought on by COVID-19. A content analysis of photos posted on Instagram by Division I basketball athletes on AP top 25 rosters was conducted. The 246 photographs revealed that the majority of basketball athletes posted …
Analysis Of Fan Motivation Factors In A Summer Collegiate Baseball League, Susan Wallrich, Katelyn Romsa, Jon Lim, Thomas Orr, Bryan Romsa
Analysis Of Fan Motivation Factors In A Summer Collegiate Baseball League, Susan Wallrich, Katelyn Romsa, Jon Lim, Thomas Orr, Bryan Romsa
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the factors motivating season ticket holders and multi-game pack purchasers to attend summer collegiate baseball games. The Sport Fan Motivation Scale (Wann, Schrader, & Wilson, 1999) was slightly modified in this study to determine fan attendance motives at summer collegiate baseball games. The participants of this study (n = 70) were season ticket holders and multi-game pack purchasers of the St. Cloud Rox baseball organization, a summer collegiate baseball team in the Northwood’s League. Results revealed that sport marketers may want to focus a majority of their attention to entertainment, considering …
I Want To Vs. I Can't: A Case Study On Motives And Constraints For Chinese College Students Attending Or Media Viewing The 2018 Winter Olympics, Jeeyoon Kim, Haozhou Pu
I Want To Vs. I Can't: A Case Study On Motives And Constraints For Chinese College Students Attending Or Media Viewing The 2018 Winter Olympics, Jeeyoon Kim, Haozhou Pu
Global Sport Business Journal
This case study aims to understand what motives and constraints affect Chinese college student’s intention to attend or media view the 2018 Winter Olympics. Grounded on ‘negotiation of motives and constraints’, key internal and external motives and intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints were identified through thought-listing procedures (n=35); their influences on attendance and media viewing intentions were tested based on online surveys (n=313) and structural equation modeling. Highlighting key findings, motives of social influence and interest in winter sport had strong effects on both intentions. Structural constraints such as lack of time were more likely to affect both intentions than …
Making Old Cool: An Examination Of Retro Branding In Sport, Olzhas Taniyev, Brian S. Gordon
Making Old Cool: An Examination Of Retro Branding In Sport, Olzhas Taniyev, Brian S. Gordon
Global Sport Business Journal
While there has been a “nostalgia boom” in the sport industry from the standpoint of apparel and branding, the interpretation of retro design components by sport consumers has been neglected by sport management scholars. The primary aim of this study was to decipher distinct patterns in retro design specifications and how sport consumers respond to these retro branding elements. Concentrating on specific details of retro branding (e.g., aspects of team logo and uniform design elements), the present study enhances the understanding of retro branding tactics utilized by sport organizations and how retro product offerings are perceived by the consumer. Sixteen …
A Method Of Measuring The Value Of Minor League Sports To A Community: An Illustration Of The Application Of Economic Impact Ananlyses, Dennis H. Tootelian, Audrey G. Mikhailitchenko
A Method Of Measuring The Value Of Minor League Sports To A Community: An Illustration Of The Application Of Economic Impact Ananlyses, Dennis H. Tootelian, Audrey G. Mikhailitchenko
Global Sport Business Journal
The American public, as well as those in other countries, has long been fascinated with athletes, sports teams, and sports events. As a result, one of the dilemmas confronting city managers in their efforts to serve their residents is whether to seek to add or retain a professional sports team to their city’s leisure/entertainment mix. In addition to assessing resident interest in spectator sports as a leisure-time activity, one of the more critical questions they must address in their decision-making processes is: How much economic value is there in having a professional sports team in the city? Economic value is …
The Impact Of A Democratic Leadership Style On Employee Satisfaction, Customer Satisfaction, And Customer Loyalty At A Midsized Nonprofit Sport And Recreation Center, John Vincent, Michael Baptiste
The Impact Of A Democratic Leadership Style On Employee Satisfaction, Customer Satisfaction, And Customer Loyalty At A Midsized Nonprofit Sport And Recreation Center, John Vincent, Michael Baptiste
Global Sport Business Journal
This study examined how leadership styles correlated with employee job satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty by surveying managers, employees, and customers at a midsized nonprofit sport and recreation center. Drawing on the extant literature and Heskett et al.’s (1994) service-profit chain model, we developed a conceptual model that hypothesized how the adoption of a democratic leadership style would facilitate employee job satisfaction, and mediate other positive outcomes. Of the three leadership styles examined, autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, only democratic leadership was found to be positively correlated with employee job satisfaction and customer satisfaction. The results showed that employee job …
A Pareto Principle Analysis Of The Nba: How Production Distribution Affects Team Success, Cole Berner, Joshua M. Lupinek, Jim Arkell, Margaret Keiper
A Pareto Principle Analysis Of The Nba: How Production Distribution Affects Team Success, Cole Berner, Joshua M. Lupinek, Jim Arkell, Margaret Keiper
Global Sport Business Journal
The Pareto Principle, also known as the 80/20 rule, states that in general “80 percent of consequences stem from 20 percent of causes” (Bunkley, 2008, p. 1). This research examines the relationship between the 80/20 rule and the National Basketball Association (NBA) with respect to the distribution of individual player production through secondary data analysis and linear regression modeling. While there are only so many superstars to go around, this research examines the Pareto Principle as an analytic dashboard metric that league executives can look at to try to find success in the “Big Three Era.” Regression modeling from ten …
An Investigation Of The Impact Of Team Jersey Sponsorship: Examining The Moderating Role Of Team Identification On Brand Attitude And Buying Intention, Youngmin Ik Suh, Zack Pedersen, Sanhak Lee, Antonio S. Williams, Paul M. Pedersen
An Investigation Of The Impact Of Team Jersey Sponsorship: Examining The Moderating Role Of Team Identification On Brand Attitude And Buying Intention, Youngmin Ik Suh, Zack Pedersen, Sanhak Lee, Antonio S. Williams, Paul M. Pedersen
Global Sport Business Journal
With the arrival in 2017 of jersey sponsorship at the highest level of professional basketball in the United States (i.e., National Basketball Association [NBA]), this study sought to identify how the various levels of team identification influence brand attitude and buying intention in terms of team jersey sponsorship. The focus was on examining the effect of team identification on fans’ attitudes toward a particular brand and their buying intentions when the jersey did and did not exhibit advertising. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare scores on the attitude toward the brand between highly, moderate, and low-identified …
Institutional Logic Multiplicity Among Ncaa Division I Student Athletes And Their Respective Institutions, Jay Martyn, Peyton J. Stensland, Dominique C. Kropp, Brent D. Oja, Jordan R. Bass
Institutional Logic Multiplicity Among Ncaa Division I Student Athletes And Their Respective Institutions, Jay Martyn, Peyton J. Stensland, Dominique C. Kropp, Brent D. Oja, Jordan R. Bass
Global Sport Business Journal
Institutional logics, proposed by Thornton, Ocasio, and Lounsbury (2012), provides a construct to evaluate how institutional actors are influenced by, create, and modify various beliefs, values, and expectations in their respective environments. Within the context of NCAA Division I athletics, it is possible that multiple logics may exist, resulting in logic multiplicity. The purpose of the study, framed by Besharov and Smith’s (2014) work regarding logic heterogeneity and multiplicity, was to explore the institutional logics perceived and managed by NCAA Division I student athletes. Interviews with 12 student athletes were conducted, transcribed, and coded. Results indicated, Division I student athletes …
Corporate Social Marketing: An Analysis Of Consumer Response To Nike’S Campaign Featuring Colin Kaepernick, Sarah M. Brown, Natasha T. Brison, Gregg Bennett
Corporate Social Marketing: An Analysis Of Consumer Response To Nike’S Campaign Featuring Colin Kaepernick, Sarah M. Brown, Natasha T. Brison, Gregg Bennett
Global Sport Business Journal
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is ubiquitous within the sport industry and a common business strategy to enhance brand image. This research focused on corporate social marketing (CSM) and how consumers processed and responded to Nike’s social injustice campaign featuring Colin Kaepernick. A thematic analysis of New York Times readers’ comments was conducted and comments were placed into predetermined categories. Together, attribution theory and the Inoue and Kent (2014) CSM framework were used to create five code categories: (1) corporate attributes, (2) corporate reputation, (3) CSM attributes, (4) cause attributes, (5) consumer behavior. Results demonstrated the campaign had an overall positive …
Not Your Typical Fan: A Phenomenological Study On Booster Club Membership For A Men’S Division I College Tennis Program, Alison Fridley, Erin Popejoy, Charles A. Ball, Sarah Stokowski
Not Your Typical Fan: A Phenomenological Study On Booster Club Membership For A Men’S Division I College Tennis Program, Alison Fridley, Erin Popejoy, Charles A. Ball, Sarah Stokowski
Global Sport Business Journal
This transcendental phenomenological study was focused on a NCAA Division I tennis team booster club and eight participants’ experiences of reality versus expectation regarding booster involvement. Team identification is an attachment that provides fans with a sense of belonging (Delia & James, 2018; Heere & James, 2007). This study used the social identity theory as the theoretical lens to better understand how the booster club members identify as a social group and the relation to team identity and brand equity. Multiple themes emerged from the data, including reciprocity, investment, and connection and belonging. Each of these themes fell under both …
Exploring Out-Of-Market Fans In An Nfl Fan Club, Peyton J. Stensland, Zach Scola, Brian S. Gordon
Exploring Out-Of-Market Fans In An Nfl Fan Club, Peyton J. Stensland, Zach Scola, Brian S. Gordon
Global Sport Business Journal
Sport fan motivations and points of attachment have been heavily investigated regarding the local fan. Yet, these important concepts have not been explored with out-of-market fans who are becoming increasingly important to sport league’s revenues (Collins et al., 2016). To examine this type of fan, the authors utilized semi-structured interviews with attendees of an out-of-market NFL fan club. Coding the interviews revealed themes regarding motivations and points of attachment. The motivations were social interaction and escape, as members were motivated to attend the watch party to hang out with like-minded fans and to break up their daily routine. The primary …
Face-Ism In Sport Communication: Examining Professional Athletes’ Twitter Profile Photographs, Ju Young Lee, Paul M. Pedersen
Face-Ism In Sport Communication: Examining Professional Athletes’ Twitter Profile Photographs, Ju Young Lee, Paul M. Pedersen
Global Sport Business Journal
Athletes who engage in social media have an opportunity to present their respective images in numerous ways. One strategy is through the use of profile photographs, an option that is provided by various social networking sites. Social media profile photographs are important in an online self-presentation context, and, as such, users attempt to construct positive self-images through such source publicity opportunities. This study analyzed the face-ism phenomenon of the Twitter profile photographs of professional athletes from the WNBA, NBA, LPGA Tour, PGA Tour, WTA, and ATP. The results revealed no differences in the facial prominence displayed between female and male …
Service Quality Within Officially Licensed University Retail Outlets, Michelle Childs, Robin Hardin, Gi-Yong Koo, Kwangho Park
Service Quality Within Officially Licensed University Retail Outlets, Michelle Childs, Robin Hardin, Gi-Yong Koo, Kwangho Park
Global Sport Business Journal
The collegiate licensing market is large and becoming increasingly competitive, particularly for officially licensed university retail outlets. In such competitive environments, retailers should have a strong customer orientation and provide exceptional customer service to foster loyalty. Based on responses from patrons of an official university retail outlet (n=249), this study found that dimensions of service quality (technical, environmental, and functional) impact customers’ satisfaction and subsequent loyalty. Further, this study found that when consumers identify with a team (i.e., team identification and identification through apparel), higher levels of service quality are perceived. Based on results, retailers can distinguish their retail outlet …
Not For Long: A Case Study Of A Professional Athlete Who Fell From Riches To Rags, Grace Allen, Patrick Payne, Aj Grube
Not For Long: A Case Study Of A Professional Athlete Who Fell From Riches To Rags, Grace Allen, Patrick Payne, Aj Grube
Global Sport Business Journal
This case study uses a fictional professional athlete to examine the financial challenges that many professional athletes encounter. The fictional athlete, at the center of this case, was enjoying a successful career in the National Football League while making millions of dollars. After only four years of signing a contract with a pro football team, his career ended abruptly with a severe injury. To make matters worse, the athlete, who had handled his new-found riches in an extremely irresponsible way, went from being a star with wealthy potential to being jobless and penniless. Students should gain insight on the importance …
Examining Consumer Response To Sport Sponsorship: A Case Study Among Fans Of A Group Of 5 Division I Programs, J. Michael Martinez, Anthony W. Dixon, Riley Montgomery
Examining Consumer Response To Sport Sponsorship: A Case Study Among Fans Of A Group Of 5 Division I Programs, J. Michael Martinez, Anthony W. Dixon, Riley Montgomery
Global Sport Business Journal
Considering sponsorships function as a prime source for revenue streams in intercollegiate athletics, the evaluation of sport sponsorship effectiveness is essential to maximize relationships between sponsors and athletic programs. While previous research has explored the topic of sponsorship effectiveness, previous work has largely focused on major college sports. This case study addresses this gap by examining the sponsorship effectiveness among fans of a Group of 5, Division I football team. The purpose of this case study is to measure consumer response to sport sponsorship by analyzing how attitude towards the sponsor and goodwill towards the sponsor both influence purchase intentions. …
Do Athletic Department Mission Statements Influence Employees’ Perceptions Of Psychological Contract Fulfillment?, Christopher R. Barnhill, Lauren Brown
Do Athletic Department Mission Statements Influence Employees’ Perceptions Of Psychological Contract Fulfillment?, Christopher R. Barnhill, Lauren Brown
Global Sport Business Journal
Mission statements are utilized by organizations to influence perceptions of key stakeholders, including employees. For more than two decades, scholars theorized mission statement content influenced employees’ psychological contract terms and perceptions of fulfillment although empirical research remained limited. Athletic department employees function to fulfill the mission of their department and host university. Utilizing a large sample of employees from National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic departments, this study explored how mission statement content influenced employees’ psychological contract terms and perceptions of fulfillment.
Camping For The Need Of Speed: An Analysis Of The Motives Of Nascar Fanatics To Rv Camp At Racing Events, Dylan P. Williams, Cheryl R. Rode, Mark A. Slavich
Camping For The Need Of Speed: An Analysis Of The Motives Of Nascar Fanatics To Rv Camp At Racing Events, Dylan P. Williams, Cheryl R. Rode, Mark A. Slavich
Global Sport Business Journal
Traveling to attend sporting events has become an increasingly popular activity in recent years. Prior investigations of sport tourism found individuals travel primarily because of the social aspect of the experience while the location of the event was relatively unimportant. Although traveling via recreational vehicles (RVs) gained in popularity, little research examined RV tourism in the context of NASCAR. Therefore, this study investigated the motives of RV tailgaters to Talladega Superspeedway and the role of destination image in individuals’ decision to travel. Results displayed RV tailgaters to Talladega were most motivated by the event’s destination image. In addition, race attractiveness …
The Relationship Between Perceived Event Service Quality And Direct Spending By Marathon Participants, Robert Case, Tanujit Dey, Christian Boughner, Greg Dowd, Bryan Smith
The Relationship Between Perceived Event Service Quality And Direct Spending By Marathon Participants, Robert Case, Tanujit Dey, Christian Boughner, Greg Dowd, Bryan Smith
Global Sport Business Journal
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between participant perceived event service quality and direct spending at a marathon event while controlling for demographic differences. Data for this study was collected online after the conclusion of the event from 1,370 respondents who participated in a multi-day marathon event. A relatively strong positive relationship was found between the marathon participant’s perceived event service quality levels and direct spending at the event. The higher the level of perceived service quality then more direct spending by event participants occurred. It was found that demographic data could not be used to …
#Selfpromote: A Case Study Analyzing Promotion On Nbc’S Official 2016 Olympic Instagram Account, Kevin Hull, Miles Romney, Ann Pegoraro, Matt Stillwell
#Selfpromote: A Case Study Analyzing Promotion On Nbc’S Official 2016 Olympic Instagram Account, Kevin Hull, Miles Romney, Ann Pegoraro, Matt Stillwell
Global Sport Business Journal
The 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil offered researchers an opportunity to investigate how Olympic broadcasters utilized social media to promote their televised coverage. This study focuses on posts shared by the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) on the network’s official Olympic Instagram account. Guided by the theory of the firm, the research examined nearly 1,050 Instagram posts from @NBCOlympics shared between the Opening and Closing Ceremonies to determine what percentage were promotional, what sports were more heavily promoted, and which athletes were featured most often in the network feeds. The analysis revealed that only 10% of all …
Brand Management In A Niche Sport: A Case Study Of An Lpga Golfer's Use Of Instagram, Melissa Davies, Michael Mudrick
Brand Management In A Niche Sport: A Case Study Of An Lpga Golfer's Use Of Instagram, Melissa Davies, Michael Mudrick
Global Sport Business Journal
As professional niche sports do not inherently come with the mass media appeal of the more prominent sport leagues, they are habitually tasked with finding unique ways to extend brand awareness and generate consumer interest. The purpose of this case study was to examine a year’s worth of a Ladies Professional Golf Association golfer’s (i.e., Natalie Gulbis) Instagram posts as they relate to brand management. A total of 400 photos and their captions were analyzed inductively, which resulted in the emergence of three primary categories (athletic expertise, community outreach, and travel) with six subsequent themes. Photos were also tagged as …
Korean Sport Consumers’ Perceptions Of Sports In The United States, B.J. Ruihley, K. Yu, Robin Hardin
Korean Sport Consumers’ Perceptions Of Sports In The United States, B.J. Ruihley, K. Yu, Robin Hardin
Global Sport Business Journal
This research examined Korean sport fans’ perceptions and consumption of United States-based sport. Spectators at two professional Korean Baseball Organization games completed a questionnaire exploring their understanding of sport in the United States and their media consumption habits, as well as their impression of Korean athletes participating in United States-based sport organizations. More than 75% of the respondents consumed United States-based sport, with the primary reason of following Korean players in professional leagues. U.S. sport culture was thought to be more business-oriented, with more financial investment, more talented athletes, and larger fan bases. These beliefs about U.S.-based sport are primary …