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Uniform Distribution Of Fractional Parts Of Average Of Kth Power Of Prime Divisors, Chitpanu Chairatanagul
Uniform Distribution Of Fractional Parts Of Average Of Kth Power Of Prime Divisors, Chitpanu Chairatanagul
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
In this thesis, we prove that for every positive integer k greater than or equal to two, the sequence of the fractional parts of the arithmetic mean of the kth power of prime divisors of n counted with or without multiplicity, as n runs through all positive integers, is uniformly distributed modulo one.
Characteristics And Mechanisms Of Coastal Upwelling In The Gulf Of Thailand, Pacharamon Sripoonpan
Characteristics And Mechanisms Of Coastal Upwelling In The Gulf Of Thailand, Pacharamon Sripoonpan
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The characteristics and mechanisms of coastal upwelling in the Gulf of Thailand was investigated through 2 approaches; 1) Ekman transport upwelling index (UIET) and sea surface temperature upwelling index (UISST), and 2) Hydrodynamics model DELFT3D-FLOW under the influences of tide, spatially varying wind, water temperature, salinity and river discharge. The UIET indicated favorable upwelling conditions along the west coast of the GoT mostly during northeast monsoon in January and 1st inter-monsoon in March, while the favorable upwelling condition indicated by UISST was found along the east coast during southwest monsoon in August and 2nd inter-monsoon in October. The model expressed …
"Train To Busan" Movie : A Reflection Of Social Problems In South Korea, Souwaluck Sungnoi
"Train To Busan" Movie : A Reflection Of Social Problems In South Korea, Souwaluck Sungnoi
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The purpose of this research is to analyze a reflection of social problems in “Trian to Busan” movie. The study is a qualitative research that uses Roland Barthes’s semiology to analyze the social problems which are reflected in the movie through elements such as scenes, dialogues of characters The results from this study show that “Train to Busan” movie reflects the social problems in contemporary South Korean society through scenes, dialogue of characters. These problems are family problems, social class and inequality, environmental problems and political problems. The problems which occur in South Korea are a result of the rapid …
Social Integration Of Foreign Students In Korean Higher Education : A Case Study Of Southeast Asian Student In Seoul National University, Supatcha Thubsook
Social Integration Of Foreign Students In Korean Higher Education : A Case Study Of Southeast Asian Student In Seoul National University, Supatcha Thubsook
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This study aims to understand social integration of Southeast Asian students who studied in Seoul National University by using Bosswick & Heckman social integration theory in order to understand social integration and how important of language towards foreign students help them in specially adjust themselves into Korean society. The important of language is used to examine social integration. The qualitative approach was applied in this study. Four dimensions of social integration theory are acknowledged as the central components of successful integration: structural, cultural, interactive, and identification. And the samples were 20 Southeast Asian students in Seoul National University. The research …
Generalized Topologies Induced By Monotonic Maps And Hereditary Classes, Sahawat Wongkhunen
Generalized Topologies Induced By Monotonic Maps And Hereditary Classes, Sahawat Wongkhunen
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
It is shown in [3] that every generalized topology can be extended to a new one by using hereditary classes, called a generalized topology via a hereditary class. Following [5], the continuity on generalized topological spaces via hereditary classes was studied. In this thesis, we introduce the notion of generalized topological spaces induced by monotonic maps and hereditary classes and provide some of their properties. Also, we define and study the continuity on generalized topological spaces induced by monotonic maps and hereditary classes in various situations. Finally, we study some properties and characterizations of generalized topological spaces induced by monotonic …
Classification Of Aircraft With Shadow Using Keypoint Descriptor From Remote Sensing Images, Natnicha Meeboonmak
Classification Of Aircraft With Shadow Using Keypoint Descriptor From Remote Sensing Images, Natnicha Meeboonmak
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Presently, aircraft classification from remote sensing images is widely used in military and civilian. However, aircraft type classification is still challenging to discriminate. The reason is that the aircraft displayed in the image has different in color, shape, size, and orientation. Moreover, there is the shadow appeared over and behind the aircraft that obscures some details of aircraft. Therefore, this work proposes the classification of aircraft with shadow method. This method modifies the deeply supervised salient object detection with short connections to make the aircraft be outstanding from the shadow and other objects in the background and then segment it. …
Spectra Of Unitary Cayley Graphs Of Matrices Over Finite Commutative Rings, Jitsupat Rattanakangwanwong
Spectra Of Unitary Cayley Graphs Of Matrices Over Finite Commutative Rings, Jitsupat Rattanakangwanwong
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
For a finite ring R with identity, the unitary Cayley graph of R, CR, is the graph with vertex set R and for each x, y ∈ R, x and y are adjacent if and only if x − y is a unit of R. In this thesis, we determine some eigenvalues of CMn(F) , where F is a finite field, by using the additive characters and use these eigenvalues to analyze strong regularity, hyperenergetic graphs and Ramanujan graphs. Next, we extend the results to CMn(R) , where R is a local ring. We characterize all local rings R and …
Normalized Hodge Laplacian Matrix And Its Spectrum, Nalinpat Ponoi
Normalized Hodge Laplacian Matrix And Its Spectrum, Nalinpat Ponoi
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
No abstract provided.
Development Of Facial Expression Detection Model For Stroke Patients, Rawinan Praditsangthong
Development Of Facial Expression Detection Model For Stroke Patients, Rawinan Praditsangthong
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
A stroke patient should be cared and treated closely since the patient cannot speak, communicate, and move the body when needed. In addition, the number of stroke patients is increasing in Thailand and around the world. Unfortunately, the number of medical staffs does not vary by the number of stroke patient. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop a facial expression detection model for stroke patients during their treatments. This research proposes the facial expression detection model for stroke patients from facial features, such as Interpalpebral Fissure (IPF), Palpebral Fissure Length (PFL), Palpebral Fissure Region (PFR), Inner Brow …
Binomial Characterizations Of Inner Product Spaces, Saranyachakri Roekrit
Binomial Characterizations Of Inner Product Spaces, Saranyachakri Roekrit
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
We study the sufficient conditions for a normed space to be an inner product space. We found that some characterizations of inner product spaces are in a form [equation] satisfy some algebraic conditions. We then introduce some characterizations of inner product spaces relating to the binomial identity and conclude that a nomed linear space (X,II.II) is an inner product space if there exist positive integers k and m with 2m
Solving Interval-Valued Returns Mean Absolute Deviation Portfolio Selection Model Under Basis Stability, Songkomkrit Chaiyakan
Solving Interval-Valued Returns Mean Absolute Deviation Portfolio Selection Model Under Basis Stability, Songkomkrit Chaiyakan
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This work discusses a portfolio selection model with interval linear programming arising from the uncertainty of future rates of return and the disagreement over their estimates. The risk of the overall portfolio is proposed as an objective function to obtain a well-diversified portfolio with a certain threshold rate of return. The optimization problem employs mean absolute deviation as a risk measure for the sake of risk diversification and time complexity. The possible ranges of optimal portfolio returns and associated risks are derived. The duality theory contributes to an enclosure of the optimal portfolios. When the bounds on future rates of …
Aircraft Detection Using Single Shot Scale-Invariant Face Detector With Viridis Saliency Map From Remote Sensing Image, Teepakorn Lilek
Aircraft Detection Using Single Shot Scale-Invariant Face Detector With Viridis Saliency Map From Remote Sensing Image, Teepakorn Lilek
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Aircraft detection from remote sensing images is a useful task and essential in many fields; for example, in the military, aircraft detection systems are used to search and inspect an enemy aircraft from remote sensing images. Nowadays, aircraft detection from remote sensing images has gained increasing research attention because this task is very challenging. This task is difficult due to many occurred problems in remote sensing images, such as a shadow, a complicated background, and various aircraft scales. In this research, we create a Viridis saliency map using many techniques from image processing such as color mapping, morphological image processing, …
Logo Classification Of Amphetamines By Surf And Bag-Of-Features Model, Tharaphon Nitijiramon
Logo Classification Of Amphetamines By Surf And Bag-Of-Features Model, Tharaphon Nitijiramon
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
An amphetamine is one of the drugs apprehended by the policemen in Thailand. At present, when an amphetamine drug seller is arrested, captured amphetamines are sent to the Scientific Crime Detection Center Region 1 to identify the amphetamines' source. Each drug is classified based on the printed character to relevant information from the source of drugs. For each case, a large volume of drugs is sent to be classified by only three staff members. It is a time-consuming task. In this work, we propose a framework for classifying the image of amphetamines based on their logo using the SURF and …
Covers For Leo Moser's Worm Problem, Thitipong Kanchai
Covers For Leo Moser's Worm Problem, Thitipong Kanchai
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Leo Moser’s worm problem was posted in 1966 stating that “What is the region of the smallest area that can cover every unit are?”. In 2018, N. Ploymaklam and W. Wichiramala illustrated a new cover, which is currently smallest. Their cover was adapted from the cover of R. Norwood and G. Poole. In this work, we modify the region from the work of R. Norwood and G. Poole and the work of N. Ploymaklam and W. Wichiramala. Our regions are modified by changing their upper boundary. However, the regions remain satisfying properties in the work of R. Norwood and G. …
Path Following And Obstacle Avoidance For Autonomous Vehicle Based On Gnss Localization, Kanin Kiataramgul
Path Following And Obstacle Avoidance For Autonomous Vehicle Based On Gnss Localization, Kanin Kiataramgul
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Nowadays, many systems, formerly operated by human beings, are now developed to minimize user control effort. One outstanding system that receives close attention is the autonomous driving system. However, several autonomous driving systems that are currently developed utilize expensive sensing devices, e.g., camera and laser scanner. Moreover, these devices cannot be solely employed but a high-performance processing unit is also required. These pricey components result in an expensive system that does not worth to be used in some practical applications. Therefore, this research intends to utilize other low-cost sensing devices so that the final price of the developed system can …
The Incidence Of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus Spp. Colonization And Infection In Children And Adults With Atopic Dermatitis, Matchima Laowansiri
The Incidence Of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus Spp. Colonization And Infection In Children And Adults With Atopic Dermatitis, Matchima Laowansiri
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic and recurrent eczematous rash. AD occurs in both children and adults, but children are more affected. An important aggravating factor is caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. Therefore, topical (beta-lactam, macrolides, clindamycin) and systemic (mupirocin and fusidic acid) antibiotics are essential for treatment of AD. However, frequent use of antibiotics results in an increase in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. Methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) becomes a problem in the treatment of skin diseases. It’s found that the change from penicillin binding protein (PBP) to PBP2a with …
The Effect Of A Trehalase Inhibitor, Validamycin A, On The Growth Of Aspergillus Flavus, Napasawan Plabutong
The Effect Of A Trehalase Inhibitor, Validamycin A, On The Growth Of Aspergillus Flavus, Napasawan Plabutong
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Aspergillus flavus is a fungus found in the environment causing keratitis, cutaneous infections, sinusitis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in humans. Although this fungus can be treated with antifungal agents, these main antifungal agents have many side effects. Trehalase is an enzyme for digesting trehalose into two glucose subunits and is essential for virulence in many fungi. A trehalase inhibitor, called validamycin A, has been used effectively against a rice fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. In this study, we observed that validamycin A increased trehalose levels significantly in A. flavus spores and delayed the germination of those spores. In addition, to further investigate …
Identification Of Probiotic Bacteria With Anticancer Activity Against Colorectal Cancer In Vitro, Patcharin Prakobwat
Identification Of Probiotic Bacteria With Anticancer Activity Against Colorectal Cancer In Vitro, Patcharin Prakobwat
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. It is ranked third for new cancer patients in Thailand. Colorectal cancer is associated with multifactorial risk factors including the imbalance of gut microbiota. This project aimed to identify Lactobacillus strains isolated from Thai healthy populations that have anticancer activities against colorectal cancer in vitro. Lactobacillus cultured media (LCM) obtained from thirty-nine Lactobacillus strains, previously shown to have anti-inflammatory activity, were selected and used at different concentrations and/or pH adjustment to determine the anti-proliferative effect on HT-29 and Caco-2 colon cancer cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. …
Development Of Polymerase Chain Reaction Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay For Detection Of Human Papillomavirus 16 L1 Gene Methylation, Sasiprapa Liewchalermwong
Development Of Polymerase Chain Reaction Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay For Detection Of Human Papillomavirus 16 L1 Gene Methylation, Sasiprapa Liewchalermwong
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
It has been well known that cervical cancer is caused by persistent infections with the high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) especially HPV16 and 18. However, a minority of HR-HPV infected women developed cancer, therefore, triage test is necessary to particularly select some HR-HPV infected women who are at higher risk to progress to cervical cancer quickly for colposcopy examination. Since HPV16 L1 gene hypermethylation has been reported to be correlated well with high grade cervical lesions and cancer, the present study aims to develop PCR-ELISA for detection of HPV16 L1 gene methylation. Cervical cells were collected from women who referred …
The Role Of Chromatin Structure In Cellular Responses To Bacterial Cytolethal Distending Toxin In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Model, Siriyod Denmongkholchai
The Role Of Chromatin Structure In Cellular Responses To Bacterial Cytolethal Distending Toxin In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Model, Siriyod Denmongkholchai
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Cytolethal distending toxin subunit B (CdtB) is a DNase I-like bacterial genotoxin that causes DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and cell death. Previous reports demonstrated that CdtB has low level of DNase activity in vitro. Besides, a mutation at histone H2B phosphorylation site required for chromatin condensation during apoptosis (S10A) conferred partial resistance to CdtB in Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. Therefore, we hypothesized that chromatin structure may affect CdtB function. In this study, we identified chromatin regulators required for CdtB cytotoxicity in yeast. We found that deletions of certain components of SWR-complex (SWR1, SWC2, SWC5, SWC6, and ARP6), INO80-complex …
Characterization Of Mait Tcr Repertoire Of Gastrointestinal Tract And Peripheral Blood Mait Cells, Thidarat Kongkaew
Characterization Of Mait Tcr Repertoire Of Gastrointestinal Tract And Peripheral Blood Mait Cells, Thidarat Kongkaew
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell that rapidly respond to infection. MAIT cells are αβ T cells that possess a Vα7.2 (TRAV1-2) TCR with mostly pairing to TRAJ33, TRAJ20 or TRAJ12 and predominantly TRBV20-1, TRBV6-1 and TRBV6-4. MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) repertoire have been previously studied in peripheral blood. However, data on MAIT TCR repertoire in gastrointestinal tract are lacking. We studied 2 individuals who are underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy. Blood and biopsies were obtained. PBMCs were isolated from blood and LPLs were isolated from biopsies. Due to the low number of MAIT cells …
Measurement Of The Whole Body, Eye Lens And Extremity Occupational Exposures In Nuclear Medicine Staff At King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Siriwan Sisai
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Due to the epidemiology evidence of cataract and eye lens opacity, ICRP Publication 118 in 2012, recommended the new eye lens dose limit of occupational exposure at 20 mSv/year, averaged over 5-year periods, no single year exceeding 50 mSv. For the public eye lens dose limit is 15 mSv/year. After ICRP changed the eye lens dose limit, many reports on eye lens dose measurement using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) from interventional radiologists and interventional cardiologists were published. Few reports on eye lens dose measurement in nuclear medicine (NM) personnel were found. The primary objective of this study is to measure whole …
A Feasibility Study Of Diffusion Weighted Imaging And Parametric Response Map Analysis For Treatment Response Prediction In Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Titiya Jirawatwanith
A Feasibility Study Of Diffusion Weighted Imaging And Parametric Response Map Analysis For Treatment Response Prediction In Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Titiya Jirawatwanith
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an MRI technique which provides functional information of tissue by detecting microscopic motion of water molecules. The change of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) derived from DWI was used as an imaging biomarker for treatment response prediction in cancers. However, it was based on whole-tumor analysis which did not reflect heterogeneity within the tumor. To overcome this limitation, a new method called parametric response map (PRM) analysis was proposed to evaluate response by quantifying voxel-wise changes in ADC. Here we investigated the use of PRM analysis on ADC from DWI as an imaging biomarker for treatment response …
Dosimetric Comparison Between Single And Double Isocenters Volumetric Arc Therapy For Stereotactic Radiotherapy With Multiple Targets, Wai Lwin Lwin Kyaw
Dosimetric Comparison Between Single And Double Isocenters Volumetric Arc Therapy For Stereotactic Radiotherapy With Multiple Targets, Wai Lwin Lwin Kyaw
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric effects between single isocenter (SI) and double isocenters (DI) VMAT SRT of multiple brain metastases. There are two parts of study, which were experimental for energy selection, technique comparison and clinical part to use appropriate technique. As the first part, three lesions with 3 cm distance apart and 1 cm size for all lesions were created as standard plan by varying energy. Twelve VMAT SRT plans by varying energy with 6 MV, 10 MV, 6 FFF and 10 FFF were planned on simulated three lesions of CT image. 18 VMAT …
Effect Of Oxidative Stress On Microglial Activation And Iron Accumulation, Rattanakorn Suntawalimp
Effect Of Oxidative Stress On Microglial Activation And Iron Accumulation, Rattanakorn Suntawalimp
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Microglia are the glial cell in the central nervous system. They function as resident immune cells in the brain. Microglial activation was an increase in the normal aged brain and also more found in the aged brain with neurodegenerative disease. Activated microglial were found iron accumulation leading to increase ROS generation via the Fenton reaction. Therefore, the increase of microglial activation and iron accumulation is vulnerable to neuronal survival. However, the cause of iron accumulation in the activated microglia still unknown. This study hypothesized that oxidative stress which increases in the aged and neurodegenerative disease brain may cause microglial activation …
Effect Of Jak2 Gene Mutations On Erythropoiesis Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Nungruthai Nilsri
Effect Of Jak2 Gene Mutations On Erythropoiesis Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Nungruthai Nilsri
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Activating mutations affecting the JAK-STAT signal transduction is the genetic driver of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) which comprise polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myelofibrosis. The JAK2p.V617F mutation can produce both erythrocytosis in PV and thrombocytosis in ET, while JAK2 exon 12 mutations cause only erythrocytosis. We hypothesized that these two mutations activated different intracellular signals. In this study, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were used to model JAK2-mutated MPNs. Normal iPSCs underwent lentiviral transduction to overexpress JAK2p.V617F or JAK2p.N542_E543del (JAK2exon12) under a doxycycline-inducible system. The modified iPSCs were differentiated into erythroid cells. Compared with JAK2V617F-iPSCS, JAK2exon12-iPSCs yielded more …
Development Of A Clinically Feasible Translational Medical Approaches In The Treatment Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Acinetobacter Baumannii Persistent Biofilm Infections., Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
Development Of A Clinically Feasible Translational Medical Approaches In The Treatment Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Acinetobacter Baumannii Persistent Biofilm Infections., Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Despite strengthened antimicrobial therapy, biofilm infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are associated with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Assessing antibiotics on planktonic bacteria can result in failure against biofilm infections. Currently, antibiotics to treat biofilm infections are administered empirically, usually without considering the susceptibility of the biofilm objectively before beginning treatment. For effective therapy to resolve biofilm infections it is essential to assess the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics against biofilms. Here, we offer a robust and simple assay to assess the efficacy of antibiotics against biofilms. In the present work, we carefully optimized the incubation time, …
Alteration Levels Of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Related With Non-Motor Symptoms And Their Fluctuation Patterns During On/Off Periods In Parkinson’S Patients, Patsorn Wichit
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. This study consisted of two parts. The purpose of part I was to investigate the difference in concentrations of DA, NE, 5-HT and their metabolites (3-methoxytyramine (3-MET), homovanillic acid (HVA), normetanephrine (NM), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) in peripheral body fluids between control and PD groups. In addition, the correlation between these neurotransmitter levels and NMSs were evaluated. The purpose of part II was to investigate the fluctuation of plasma DA, NE and 5-HT concentrations during medication ON/OFF periods in advanced-PD patients. In part I, the control and …
Qualitative And Quantitative Morphological Study Of Flexor Hallucis Longus Implicated In Tendon Harvesting And Transfer, Perin Wan-Ae-Loh
Qualitative And Quantitative Morphological Study Of Flexor Hallucis Longus Implicated In Tendon Harvesting And Transfer, Perin Wan-Ae-Loh
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) transfer is a widely used technique for reconstruction of Achilles tendinopathies, but the complications such as neurovascular injury and functional loss of toes have been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the morphology of FHL musculotendinous junction (MTJ), location of MKH in reference to the landmarks in foot, type and morphometry of tendinous interconnection between FHL and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendons and FHL tendon length in single incision, double incision and minimally invasive techniques. The dissection was performed in 104 embalmed and 62 soft cadaveric feet. The result showed type 1 (87.3%) and type 3 …
Effects Of Moderate - Intensity Exercise Training On Cardiac Angiogenic Capacity And Fibrosis In Middle-Aged And Aged Rats, Titiporn Mekrungruangwong
Effects Of Moderate - Intensity Exercise Training On Cardiac Angiogenic Capacity And Fibrosis In Middle-Aged And Aged Rats, Titiporn Mekrungruangwong
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of exercise training against age-induced the reduction of cardiac angiogenic capacity associated with p-Akt1, eNOS, Mdm2, p53, VEGF, and CD31 in rat hearts. Additionally, age-induced cardiac fibrosis association with TGF-β1 was also observed. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Sedentary - young group (SE-Young, aged 4 months), Sedentary - middle-aged group (SE-Mid-Age, 14 months), Sedentary – aged group (SE-Age, aged 22 months), Exercise-trained middle-aged group (ET-Mid-Age, aged 14 months), and Exercise-trained -aged group (ET-Age, aged 22 months). In the SE- groups, rats were immersed individually for 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week …