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Shaped Stimuli-Responsive Layer-By-Layer Hydrogels For Targeted Drug Delivery, Bing Xue Jan 2018

Shaped Stimuli-Responsive Layer-By-Layer Hydrogels For Targeted Drug Delivery, Bing Xue

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The development of polymeric delivery systems help overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of systemically-delivered therapeutic drugs, such as poor solubility and stability, multidrug resistance, inefficient accumulation in the diseased sites and unexpected toxicity to normal tissues. Polymeric vehicles possessing stimuli-sensitivity can prevent premature drug leakage and enable controlled cargo release. The modification with bioactive ligands aids to the accumulation of carriers in the targeted tissues to locally increase the concentration of therapeutics and decrease off-target toxicity. The manipulation of physical characteristics (e.g. size, shape) is also essential in the design of drug delivery systems since these properties play pivotal roles in …

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Effects Of Dietary R,S-1,3 Butanediol Diacetoacetate On Components Of Energy Balance, Rachel A H Davis Jan 2018

Effects Of Dietary R,S-1,3 Butanediol Diacetoacetate On Components Of Energy Balance, Rachel A H Davis

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Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to attenuate the decline in energy expenditure occurring from calorie restriction-induced weight loss, but long-term adherence can be difficult due to the strict nature of the diet. The growing body of evidence supporting KD-treatment of neurologic and metabolic diseases, as well as obesity, has prompted interest in the ability to increase circulating ketones via exogenous delivery. Ketone esters (KE) can raise blood ketone concentrations similarly to fasting and appear to reduce food intake acutely, but studies assessing effects on energy balance are limited and provide a potentially promising direction for weight control. Previous investigations …

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Macrodomain Mystery: Investigating The Structure-Function Link In Novel Tylonycteris Hku4 And Rousettus Hku9 Coronavirus Proteins, Robert Glenn Hammond Jan 2018

Macrodomain Mystery: Investigating The Structure-Function Link In Novel Tylonycteris Hku4 And Rousettus Hku9 Coronavirus Proteins, Robert Glenn Hammond

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Since 2003, two severely human pathogenic viruses have emerged as a formidable health threat with no effective treatment to date. These viruses belong to the coronavirus (CoV) family. Upon infection, this viral family uses host cell machinery to translate nonstructural proteins (nsps) which are used to facilitate the viral life cycle. The first major human viral threat, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, contains a multidomain region within its nsp3 called the SARS Unique Domain (SUD). This region contains macrodomains, which are implicated in viral replication. Macrodomains bind monomeric and polymeric ADP-ribose, a biomolecule involved in many cellular processes. …

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Elucidating The Role Of Hedgehog Signaling In Modulating Macrophage Function In Breast Cancer, Ann Hanna Jan 2018

Elucidating The Role Of Hedgehog Signaling In Modulating Macrophage Function In Breast Cancer, Ann Hanna

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In the tumor microenvironment, breast cancer cells participate in crosstalk with the surrounding stroma. This tumoral-stromal interaction forms a balance that dictates tumor suppressing or tumor promoting response mechanisms. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are plastic and can mediate several functions depending on their activation states. Tumor associated macrophages co-exist as two major phenotypes: anti-tumorigenic and immune-eliciting classically activated M1 as well as tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Alternatively activated macrophages are specifically associated with more aggressive stages and poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients as they suppress the tumoricidal properties of the immune system, thus facilitating …

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Applications Of Next-Generation Sequencing And Functional Genomics In Translational Medicine, Andrew Hardigan Jan 2018

Applications Of Next-Generation Sequencing And Functional Genomics In Translational Medicine, Andrew Hardigan

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The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to unparalleled advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of disease, evolution, and genetic and genomic regulation. Building on the advances made in the Human Genome Project and more recent efforts such as the Encylopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and the Roadmap Epigenomics Project, whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing (WGS/WES) and a wide variety of NGS-enabled functional assays are bridging the gap between scientific discovery and clinical medicine. This trend towards genomically informed “bench-to-bedside” translational medicine is driven in large part by the sharply decreasing costs for NGS in both clinical …

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A Qualitative Descriptive Study Exploring The Adaptation Of Families Of Children With Multiple Sclerosis From The Perspective Of Family Caregivers, Yolanda Carol Harris Jan 2018

A Qualitative Descriptive Study Exploring The Adaptation Of Families Of Children With Multiple Sclerosis From The Perspective Of Family Caregivers, Yolanda Carol Harris

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Two to 5% of the US population of individuals afflicted with multiple sclerosis (N = 400,000) are diagnosed prior to the age of 18 with pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMS). Most children and teens with POMS have a relapsing remitting course of the disease with unpredictable relapse onset causing cognitive and physical disability. This can result in school absences, hospital and outpatient visits, poor academic performance and interruption in normal social activities. In turn, these individuals may develop an inability to provide self-care, which could lead to poor quality of life. POMS can affect the individual diagnosed but may also …

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Evaluation Of The Factors Influencing Feed Intake And Satiety Of The Variegated Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus, Marlee Hayes Jan 2018

Evaluation Of The Factors Influencing Feed Intake And Satiety Of The Variegated Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus, Marlee Hayes

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Feed intake is the primary determinant of nutrient and energy acquisition for most metazoans. Satiety regulates feed intake and may have cascading effects on nutrient acquisition and health. Satiety of many higher organisms involves complex processes and a variety of signaling molecules that are responsive to many factors associated with nutrient intake. However, the ability to sate is observed in many simpler animals with less complex physiological processes. Sea urchins, with relatively simple digestive and nervous systems, provide an ideal model for the study of fundamental drivers of feed intake. Understanding the process of satiety in this primitive deuterostome can …

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Diginol: A Joule-Heated Binary-Partitioned Nitinol Actuator, Martin Dawson Holland Jan 2018

Diginol: A Joule-Heated Binary-Partitioned Nitinol Actuator, Martin Dawson Holland

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New and innovative robotic designs are always needed in both research and commercial fields. To that end, new and innovative actuators are needed as well. In this paper, a digitally controlled Nitinol actuator, Diginol, is proposed. Diginol is a Nitinol actuator that uses Joule heating to individually activate partitions of a length of Nitinol. The lengths of the partitions follow a base-2 pattern, minimizing the number of partitions required for a given number of actuation lengths. Activating separate partitions instead of the entire length of Nitinol circumvents the need to account for the hysteresis and nonlinearities inherent in the transformation …

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Epigenetic Regulation Of Stem Cell Fate Determination And Tumorigenesis, Kushani Shah Jan 2018

Epigenetic Regulation Of Stem Cell Fate Determination And Tumorigenesis, Kushani Shah

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It is unclear how H3K4 methylation, an epigenetic modification associated with gene activation, regulates stem cell fate determination and tumorigenesis. DPY30 is one of the core subunits of the SET1/MLL complex in mammals responsible for H3K4me. DPY30 enhances the H3K4me activity of the SET1/MLL complex. Here, I sought to define role of DPY30 and H3K4me3 in postnatal neurogenesis and hematopoietic malignancies. Using a conditional knockout model, I found that Dpy30 deficiency halts the development of postnatal hippocampus, the subventricular zone, and cerebellum. Deficiency in cerebellum is most likely the cause of uncoordinated ataxia-like movements in these mice. By deleting Dpy30 …

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Early Childhood Temperament And Eating Behaviors, Desti Shepard Jan 2018

Early Childhood Temperament And Eating Behaviors, Desti Shepard

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Childhood obesity is a nationwide epidemic associated with serious metabolic and mental health issues, as well as increased risk for obesity in adulthood. Many factors influence the development of obesity in childhood, including individual factors such as deficits in self-regulatory behaviors. This study examined associations among aspects of self-regulation and eating behaviors of young children. We hypothesized that 1) children with lower attention scores would be rated as having greater food responsiveness (FR) and poorer satiety responsiveness (SR); 2) children with poor inhibitory control would be rated as having greater FR; 3) children with poorer emotion regulation abilities would be …

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Regulation Of Effector Cd4 T Cell Pathogenicity During Chronic Inflammation, Boyoung Shin Jan 2018

Regulation Of Effector Cd4 T Cell Pathogenicity During Chronic Inflammation, Boyoung Shin

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Effector CD4 T cells are essential for the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses during homeostasis. Dysregulation of effector CD4 T cell responses results in chronic inflammatory disorders such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), however therapeutic options for these diseases are limited. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate pathogenicity of effector CD4 T cells is critical to devise new therapeutic interventions. Herein we show two different mechanisms that profoundly impact pathogenic potential of CD4 T cells by regulating heterogeneities of effector functions and differentiation states. Different subsets of effector CD4 T cells utilize distinct metabolic pathways. …

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Autophagy In Mitochondrial Quality Control And Proteotoxicity In Neurons, Matthew Redmann Jan 2017

Autophagy In Mitochondrial Quality Control And Proteotoxicity In Neurons, Matthew Redmann

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorder with aging as a significant risk factor. Sharing with aging brains, postmortem PD brains exhibit cellular deficits including autophagic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and intracellular protein aggregates of alpha-synuclein. This dissertation will focus on the interplay between these key disease features. To that end, we coupled primary cortical neuronal cultures from either rats or mice with Seahorse extracellular flux, metabolomics and biochemical techniques. Autophagy is an important cell recycling program responsible for the clearance of damaged proteins and organelles. Bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine are compounds that inhibit autophagy by targeting the …

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Intervention Strategies That Support Middle School Student Transitions To High School: A Grounded Theory Study Of Best Practices Identified By Middle School Principals, Larry Parker Haynes Jan 2017

Intervention Strategies That Support Middle School Student Transitions To High School: A Grounded Theory Study Of Best Practices Identified By Middle School Principals, Larry Parker Haynes

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INTERVENTION STRATEGIES THAT SUPPORT MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENT TRANSITIONS TO HIGH SCHOOL: A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY OF BEST PRACTICES IDENTIFIED BY MIDDLE SCHOOL PRINCIPALS LARRY PARKER HAYNES DOCTOR OF EDUCATION ABSTRACT Adolescent students experience many challenges as they navigate their way through psychological, physiological, and emotional transformations with the onset of puberty (Wigfield, Lutz, & Wagner, 2005). Because the majority of the research investigates the transition from elementary to middle school, more research is necessary in regard to how middle school and high school environments can reinforce needs of students all the way through the middle-school-to-high-school transition (Caskey, 2011; Uvaas & …

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A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial To Compare Free Gingival Grafts And Connective Tissue Grafts Around Implants With A Lack Of Keratinized Mucosa, Jeffrey Thomas Hsu Jan 2017

A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial To Compare Free Gingival Grafts And Connective Tissue Grafts Around Implants With A Lack Of Keratinized Mucosa, Jeffrey Thomas Hsu

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A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL TO COMPARE FREE GINGIVAL GRAFTS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE GRAFTS AROUND IMPLANTS WITH A LACK OF KERATINIZED MUCOSA JEFFREY T HSU PERIODONTOLOGY ABSTRACT Although evidence is equivocal regarding the need for keratinized mucosa around dental implants, the consensus among researchers and clinicians is that peri-implant keratinized mucosa is beneficial to the health and stability of the implant prosthesis. An adequate width of keratinized mucosa (WKM) provides a resistant barrier to bacterial infiltration, facilitates restorative procedures, improves esthetic outcomes, patient comfort, and ease of oral hygiene. Many surgical approaches have been used to increase WKM around dental …

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Research On Freshman And Sleeping Habits (Refresh): Effects Of A Text Message Based Sleep Intervention On Sleep Quality And Sleep Hygiene Behaviors In College Students, Kathryn E. Jones Jan 2017

Research On Freshman And Sleeping Habits (Refresh): Effects Of A Text Message Based Sleep Intervention On Sleep Quality And Sleep Hygiene Behaviors In College Students, Kathryn E. Jones

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Background: Sleep is fundamental to overall health and wellbeing. While poor sleep habits have the potential to affect individuals in all phases of life, college students may experience unique challenges related to sleep health as they undergo a significant transition in their life. Lack of understanding regarding the function of sleep and lack of education regarding healthy sleep practices may hinder college students from getting sufficient quality sleep. Sleep health educational interventions on college campuses are rare. Advances in technology, such as text messaging, offer novel ways of providing educational interventions for a variety of health issues. The field of …

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Osteoblast And Chondrocyte Specific Contribution Of The Runx2 Gene During The Development Of Cleidocranial Dysplasisa, Kayla Renee King Jan 2017

Osteoblast And Chondrocyte Specific Contribution Of The Runx2 Gene During The Development Of Cleidocranial Dysplasisa, Kayla Renee King

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The Runx2 transcription factor is essential for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into functional chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In humans, the haploinsufficiency of the Runx2 gene is associated with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD). The CCD is characterized by short stature, open sutures and fontanels in the skull, hypoplastic clavicles and supernumerary teeth. Skeletal elements disrupted in CCD patients are developed by intramembranous and/or endochondral ossification. However, the cell type specific roles of the Runx2 gene in the development of CCD-associated skeletal defects remain unknown. The main goal of this research was to define the specific role of the Runx2 gene in …

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The Role Of Hur In Astrocytes In Spinal Cord Injury, Thaddaeus Kwan Jan 2017

The Role Of Hur In Astrocytes In Spinal Cord Injury, Thaddaeus Kwan

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Neuroinflammation is a defining event during the acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI). The inflammatory cascade is initiated by activated glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia in the milieu of the injured tissue through release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species. These soluble factors produce cytotoxicity to neurons and other cells either directly or indirectly by promoting permeabilization of the blood-spinal cord barrier, edema and subsequent ischemia. These factors also serve to recruit and activate additional glia and peripheral immune cells. The mRNAs of many of these soluble factors such as TNFα, IL-1β, CXCL1, and …

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Nanoindentation Properties Of Newly Formed Bone Surrounding Dental Implants Treated With E7-Modified Rbmp-2 Peptides, Ryan Doud Jan 2017

Nanoindentation Properties Of Newly Formed Bone Surrounding Dental Implants Treated With E7-Modified Rbmp-2 Peptides, Ryan Doud

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Statement of Purpose: Use of titanium dental implants for treatment of partial or total edentulism has been well documented since the 1980s with consistent long term results. Osseointegration of these implants can be complicated by insufficient bone after healing of extraction sockets or systemic conditions such as osteoporosis or diabetes. Surface modifications, such as grit blasting (mechanical abrasion) or calcium phosphate (CaP) (chemical treatment) can improve healing time and bone quality around an implant. Our study combined a CaP coating with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rBMP-2) mimetic peptide and the polyglutamate domain E7. We used nanoindentation to compare the elastic …

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Investigating Gender Differences In The Metabolism Of Ketamine, Elise Erb Jan 2017

Investigating Gender Differences In The Metabolism Of Ketamine, Elise Erb

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Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that was developed for use as a short-acting anesthesia. It has a history of being a drug of abuse and is currently a Schedule III drug. Ketamine is being investigated as an antidepressant due to its fast-action and long-lasting effects in comparison to other antidepressants. The exact mechanism of action of ketamine on the brain that results in the antidepressant effects is currently unknown, as is the reason for differences in the way males and females respond to ketamine. Dr. Lori McMahon, Allie Widman, and Nateka Jackson in the Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology Department …

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The Function Of Protein Kinase Ck2 In Cd4 T Cell Differentiation And Autoimmunity, Sara Ann Gibson Jan 2017

The Function Of Protein Kinase Ck2 In Cd4 T Cell Differentiation And Autoimmunity, Sara Ann Gibson

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Protein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase essential for cell viability. CK2 exhibits immense pleiotropy and has well characterized interactions with canonical cytosolic signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT. These pathways are critical for CD4+ T cell function, and further are known to be aberrantly active in the T cell-driven autoimmune disease Multiple Sclerosis, but little is known as to how CK2 functions in CD4+ T cells or in the context of autoimmune diseases. The current dissertation examines the understudied T cell-specific functions of CK2 utilizing two approaches, pharmacologic inhibition and genetic deletion. We discovered CK2 to …

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Marine, Jennifer Danielle Glassford Jan 2017

Marine, Jennifer Danielle Glassford

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Marine is a nonfiction work written as memoir. Major themes coursing through this body of work include family, fear of failure, self-awareness, self-reliance and female empowerment.

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Associations Among Perceived Stress, Pain Sensitivity, And Physiological Reactivity Following An Acute Noxious Stressor, Hailey Waddell Bulls Jan 2017

Associations Among Perceived Stress, Pain Sensitivity, And Physiological Reactivity Following An Acute Noxious Stressor, Hailey Waddell Bulls

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We recommend using HCCM estimators to estimate the variance of a regression model

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Long-Term Effects Of Early Parental Divorce On Parent-Child Relationships, Mental Health, And Alcohol Use, Tuba Demir Dagdas Jan 2017

Long-Term Effects Of Early Parental Divorce On Parent-Child Relationships, Mental Health, And Alcohol Use, Tuba Demir Dagdas

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The primary objective of this study was to fill a gap by examining the effects of early parental divorce on multi-dimensional views of parent-child relationships (e.g. support, strain, contact), mental health, and alcohol consumption among adult children. Many studies have shown that parental divorce has impacts on children’s well-being, however, few studies have examined the long-term effects of parental divorce on adult health. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of early parental divorce on adult children’s depressive symptoms and alcohol use via relationships with parents. Drawing from the life course paradigm and the stress process model, I examined …

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Mechanism Of Cytomegalovirus-Induced Mucosal Inflammation, Evida Adiko Dennis Jan 2017

Mechanism Of Cytomegalovirus-Induced Mucosal Inflammation, Evida Adiko Dennis

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic β-herpesvirus that causes severe mucosal inflammation in recipients of organ and stem cell transplants, HIV-1-infected subjects, and persons with inflammatory bowel disease. The gastrointestinal mucosa is among the most common sites of CMV inflammatory disease, and the inflammatory lesions associated with CMV mucosal infection contain infected macrophages and increased levels of macrophage-derived cytokines, implicating mucosal macrophages in the inflammatory process. Paradoxically, in healthy human intestinal mucosa, macrophages are profoundly down-regulated for pro-inflammatory responses (inflammation anergy) due to stromal TGF-β-induction of Smad signaling and inactivation of NF-κB. To elucidate the mechanism whereby CMV promotes macrophage-mediated mucosal …

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Development And Pilot Testing Of A Behavioral Intervention For Chronic Pain Tailored To Individuals With Hiv, Jessica Merlin Jan 2017

Development And Pilot Testing Of A Behavioral Intervention For Chronic Pain Tailored To Individuals With Hiv, Jessica Merlin

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Background. Chronic pain is a common and disabling comorbidity in individuals living with HIV. Behavioral interventions are among the most effective and safe nonpharmacologic treatments for chronic pain. However, the success of a behavioral intervention is influenced by how well it is tailored to the target population’s biological, psychological, and social context. Given well-documented psychosocial vulnerabilities among persons with HIV, it is critical to develop a behavioral intervention for chronic pain tailored to this population. Objective. To use qualitative methods to investigate patient preferences for the structure and delivery of a behavioral intervention for chronic pain in individuals with HIV. …

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Characterization Of Spinal Cord Injury And Spinal Cord Injury Induced Neuropathic Pain, Amanda Mohaimany-Aponte Jan 2017

Characterization Of Spinal Cord Injury And Spinal Cord Injury Induced Neuropathic Pain, Amanda Mohaimany-Aponte

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects between 40 and 80 million people globally. Within the United States over 400,000 individuals live with SCI, and annually over 17,000 individu-als are added to this population. SCI patients are afflicted with a myriad of issues, one of which being SCI induced neuropathic pain (SCI-NP). Up to 80% of SCI patients go on to develop SCI-NP, which has been shown to last chronically and present itself as evoked pain, spontaneous pain, or a combination of both. SCI-NP is a top concern for SCI pa-tients, often listed before functional recovery. SCI-NP has been shown to greatly …

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Identification Of The Microrna Mir-101a And Its Target Ezh2 As Contributors To Rodent Anxiety-Like Behavior, Joshua Cohen Jan 2017

Identification Of The Microrna Mir-101a And Its Target Ezh2 As Contributors To Rodent Anxiety-Like Behavior, Joshua Cohen

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Anxiety disorders are the most commonly diagnosed mental illness in the United States. Yet current treatment options are of limited efficacy, resulting in chronic disability for many patients. A greater mechanistic understanding of the neural states that cause anxiety behavior is necessary to develop better treatments for anxiety disorders. Since rodent models provide greater opportunity for investigating cellular and molecular under-pinnings of anxiety-like behavior, the present studies utilized rats bred for High Response to novelty (High Responders, HRs) and Low Response to novelty (Low Responders, LRs) which naturally exhibit low and high levels of anxiety respectively. Because the HR/LR anxiety …

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Tgf-Β Regulates The Stability Of Sox9 In Cartilage, George Coricor Jan 2017

Tgf-Β Regulates The Stability Of Sox9 In Cartilage, George Coricor

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One out of two people in the U.S. will experience some form of Osteoarthritis (OA) in their lifetime. Members of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily are important factors that stimulate chondrocyte matrix biosynthesis. Mice with a dominant-negative mutation of the TGF-βIIR develop a degenerative joint disease resembling OA. Another key chondrogenic factor, SOX9, is important for maintaining chondrocyte function. SOX9 and TGF-β receptors are decreased in OA patients. Our overall hypothesis is that TGF-β regulates SOX9 to maintain articular cartilage. We utilized two cell culture models for these experiments, ATDC5 cells, and primary bovine articular chondrocytes. We showed that …

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Elucidating The Cellular Function Of The N-Terminal Domain Of Tyrosyl-Dna Phosphodiesterase I, Selma Marcela Cuya Jan 2017

Elucidating The Cellular Function Of The N-Terminal Domain Of Tyrosyl-Dna Phosphodiesterase I, Selma Marcela Cuya

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Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) is a conserved eukaryotic DNA repair enzyme that removes adducts from DNA-ends. This includes DNA topoisomerase I (Top1)-DNA covalent complexes reversibly stabilized by camptothecins (CPTs). Tdp1s two-step catalytic cycle requires the action of its nucleophilic histidine (Hisnuc) that detaches the adduct by forming a Tdp1-DNA adduct, and its general acid/base histidine (Hisgab) to activate water, thereby releasing Tdp1 from the DNA-end. Tdp1 expression is associated with genomic instability, cancer etiology, chemotherapeutic resistance, and SCAN1-neurodegeneration, via Tdp1HisgabArg catalytic mutant. Our lab has characterized substitutions of the catalytic histidines in both yeast and human cell models. These substitutions …

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Effects Of Maternal And Child Depressive Symptoms And Child’S Perceived Stress On Glycemic Control As Mediated By Cortisol In Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes, Sara Laubinger Davis Jan 2017

Effects Of Maternal And Child Depressive Symptoms And Child’S Perceived Stress On Glycemic Control As Mediated By Cortisol In Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes, Sara Laubinger Davis

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Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common diseases of childhood affecting over 167,000 children under the age of 20. Despite adequate insulin regimens and concurrent treatments, many children still have trouble achieving glycemic control as evidenced by elevated HbA1c levels. Previous research indicates that parent-child interactions and parental involvement in diabetic care influence glycemic control. However, these relationships may be impaired in mothers with depressive symptoms or in children who have high levels of depressive symptoms or perceived stress. Moreover, cortisol, a stress hormone, may mediate the proposed relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this study was …

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