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Essays In Financial Economics, An Hu Apr 2024

Essays In Financial Economics, An Hu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three essays in financial economics. The first essay is titled “Financial News Production.” I establish that financial news production can be strongly influenced by factors unrelated to the arrival of, and demand for, information. Fluctuations in real economic activity, such as advertising, generate cash-flow shocks to the media sector, which reacts by changing news quantity and quality. Such endogenous dynamics in news production then shift the levels of uncertainty and information asymmetry about firms, affecting real and financial outcomes. Implementing a within-firm estimator on a comprehensive data set of media advertising revenue, news, and job postings, …

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Essays On Spatial Sorting And Labor Markets, Ryungha Oh Apr 2024

Essays On Spatial Sorting And Labor Markets, Ryungha Oh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The dissertation consists of two independent essays that examine how worker and firm sorting across local labor markets shape both regional and aggregate economic outcomes and what are the policy implications. The first chapter of this dissertation studies why productive workers and firms locate together in dense cities. I develop a new theory of two-sided sorting in which both heterogeneous workers and firms sort across space. The location choices of workers and firms affect each other and endogenously generate spatial disparities in the presence of three essential forces: complementarity between worker and firm productivity, random matching within frictional local labor …

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Trans-Formação Da Literatura Brasileira: Haroldo De Campos Revê Antonio Candido, Gustavo Reis Da Silva Louro Apr 2024

Trans-Formação Da Literatura Brasileira: Haroldo De Campos Revê Antonio Candido, Gustavo Reis Da Silva Louro

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is a meta-critical comparative study of the literary and historiographical models ofBrazilian literature: that of Antonio Candido, in his magnum opus Formação de literatura brasileira, following the Romantic historiographical tradition, saw Brazilian literature as the national embodiment of what he calls the “Western spirit”, of which Brazilian literature is forcefully a “lesser branch”; and that of Haroldo de Campos, who, in his turn, will reframe Candido’s formative process, in light of the deconstructionist theories of Derrida, Walter Benjamin’s philosophy of history and Oswald de Andrade’s “antropofagia”. He will then advocate for a contercanon in which the idea of …

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Essays On Capacity Constraints In Healthcare Industries, Hiroki Saruya Apr 2024

Essays On Capacity Constraints In Healthcare Industries, Hiroki Saruya

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation, we explore the effects of capacity constraints on various outcomes ofservice users (referred to as “patients”) in healthcare industries. In Chapter 1, we investigate the effect of facility congestion on the care outcomes and welfare of patients in the Japanese long-term care industry. In Chapter 2, we study the effect of congestion on the admission decisions of the Japanese nursing facilities. Together, Chapters 1 and 2 provide useful insights on the effect of congestion on the quantity and quality aspects of service production, in a market with regulated prices. In Chapter 3, we examine the effect of …

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Studying The Potential Superconductivity And Magnetism Of Linked Graphene Oxide Nanosheets, Nikita Sugak Apr 2024

Studying The Potential Superconductivity And Magnetism Of Linked Graphene Oxide Nanosheets, Nikita Sugak

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Of late, the fundamental electronic properties of systems have been tuned using confinement, including strain tuning of bandgaps in 2D materials and inducing or altering magnetic and superconducting properties. The use of nanoscale materials intercalated into 2D confinement systems has tremendous potential for fabricating materials whose behavior is markedly different from that observed at the macroscale. Tuning nanoscale properties by means of varying confinement spacing and inducing superconductivity provides a route to designing application specific materials with further use in catalysis, solid state battery electrodes, optoelectronics and quantum sensing amongst other applications. However, the development of these technologies is hindered …

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Pathological And Protective Immune Responses During Covid-19, Jonathan Klein Apr 2024

Pathological And Protective Immune Responses During Covid-19, Jonathan Klein

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Since its introduction into humans in late 2019, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and resulted in the deaths of more than 6.5 million people in just 39 months. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a clinically heterogenous viral illness that may alternatively manifest as asymptomatic infection or a life-threatening viral pneumonia. This dissertation examines the range of pathogenic and protective immune responses generated in humans with COVID-19, with specific focus on the contribution of various maladaptive immune responses to the development of severe disease. The investigations presented here are organized into 4 chapters, …

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Implications For Energy Demand And Emissions By Mitigating Heat Stress In Heterogeneous Urban Building Types In India, Aishwarya V Iyer Apr 2024

Implications For Energy Demand And Emissions By Mitigating Heat Stress In Heterogeneous Urban Building Types In India, Aishwarya V Iyer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The buildings sector plays a key role in influencing global demand for energy and materials, and the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). 80% of future population growth is expected to take place in the Global South, primarily populated with low-and-middle income (LMI) countries, making these countries hotspots for growth in the buildings sector, especially the residential sector. India, the most populated low-and-middle income country, is expected to lead the world in energy growth from the residential sector in the next decades. However, previous global reports often do not represent the diversity in building types from these countries, especially excluding the …

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Three Essays On Political Institutions And Accountability, Collin Thomas Schumock Apr 2024

Three Essays On Political Institutions And Accountability, Collin Thomas Schumock

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Institutions structure politics in important ways that can both help and hurt accountability. This dissertation is a collection of three self-contained essays that study issues of political institutions and accountability. Abstracts of the three essays are provided below. Legislative Term Limits and Variation in State Intergovernmental Transfers (Chapter 2):State transfers provide local governments with revenues that are consequential in both magnitude and impact. Similarly, these transfers are a significant expense for state governments. This state aid funds, among other things, education, public health, and welfare programs. Given the importance of these funds for local governments, it is important to understand …

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Malaria Parasite, Host, And Drug Dynamics In The Context Of Artemether-Lumefantrine Treatment And Hiv-Infection, Justin Goodwin Apr 2024

Malaria Parasite, Host, And Drug Dynamics In The Context Of Artemether-Lumefantrine Treatment And Hiv-Infection, Justin Goodwin

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Malaria is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality with an estimated 249 million cases and 608,000 deaths in 2022, overwhelmingly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the primary treatment for malaria and combine a potent short-acting artemisinin with a longer-acting partner drug. ACTs rapidly reduce the initial parasite burden, eliminate residual parasites, and provide post-treatment prophylaxis against new infections. Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is the most widely prescribed ACT globally and in SSA. Unfortunately, ACT efficacy is threatened by widespread resistance in Southeast Asia, and by the emergence of partial artemisinin resistance in SSA. SSA also bears …

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Emergence Of Inhibitory Circuitry In The Developing Cortex, Alex Wang Apr 2024

Emergence Of Inhibitory Circuitry In The Developing Cortex, Alex Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The cerebral cortex is essential to the processing and integration of sensory information, allowing us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Cortical function is subserved by specialized neural circuits comprised of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons regulate the activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons to determine the output of cortical circuits across the entire brain. Interneurons are an extremely diverse population, but somatostatin-expressing interneurons play unique roles in cortical processing and function. In primary visual cortex, somatostatin interneurons exhibit robust visual responses, are broadly tuned for visual features such as stimulus size, and are modulated by …

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Ancient Maya Labor Relations: Building A Palace At Ucanha, Yucatán, Mexico, Jacob Welch Apr 2024

Ancient Maya Labor Relations: Building A Palace At Ucanha, Yucatán, Mexico, Jacob Welch

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation studies the labor relations involved in the construction of Ucanha Structure 92, a Maya palace located in Yucatán, Mexico. Archaeological investigations have uncovered a complex history of episodic building events that transformed a one-room building in the Terminal Preclassic (1–250 CE) period into Ucanha’s largest residence at the end of the Late Classic (750–900 CE) period. This transformation included the construction of entirely new monuments, as well as minor renovations to pre-existing construction phases. The monumentality of Ucanha Structure 92 implies that the site’s royal family could recruit laborers to build their residence; therefore, this structure offers an …

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Social-Ecological Practice Theory And Human-Wildlife Interactions: People, Cattle, And Predators In Makgadikgadi, Botswana, Katherine Orrick Apr 2024

Social-Ecological Practice Theory And Human-Wildlife Interactions: People, Cattle, And Predators In Makgadikgadi, Botswana, Katherine Orrick

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

2024My dissertation delves into the complex interplay between human activities and wildlife dynamics, focusing on understanding and mitigating human-wildlife interactions (HWI) for sustainable coexistence. Overseeing and managing HWI requires acknowledging that the behavior and actions toward humans and wildlife are made up of local variations across both ecological and social processes. This intertwinement of ecological and social processes is complex; hence, conservation projects aiming to overcome human-wildlife conflict may, in fact, risk exacerbating it whenever either process is only superficially addressed. Ecologists, social scientists, and policy makers are challenged with a lack of knowledge surrounding subject-specific theory and language to …

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Harnessing Microbial Warfare To Identify Products Lethal To Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Carrie Anne Flynn Apr 2024

Harnessing Microbial Warfare To Identify Products Lethal To Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Carrie Anne Flynn

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba (FLA) that causes untreatable, fatal infections of the central nervous system. FLA are ubiquitous in the environment, where they graze upon bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We interrogated P. aeruginosa—under evolutionary pressure to defend against amoebal grazing—as a producer of amoebicidal compounds that could serve as leads for new and urgently needed drugs to treat amoeba infections in humans. To accomplish this, we developed novel methods to quantify killing of A. castellanii trophozoites, pseudocysts, and cysts. Together, these high throughput, reproducible, and extensively validated assays provide a robust platform to measure viability of all …

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The Duality Of Neurons: Co-Transmission Of Serotonin And A Neuropeptide, Nlp-3, In The Caenorhabditis Elegans Egg-Laying Circuit, Allison Butt Apr 2024

The Duality Of Neurons: Co-Transmission Of Serotonin And A Neuropeptide, Nlp-3, In The Caenorhabditis Elegans Egg-Laying Circuit, Allison Butt

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Neurons typically release both a neurotransmitter and one or more neuropeptides in a process known as co-transmission. While this process is a widely observed phenomenon, the logic of why a neuron releases these two or more different types of signals to accomplish its myriad of functions remains largely unclear. In this dissertation, I studied how two serotonergic neurons in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit—known as the Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs)—release both the neurotransmitter serotonin and the neuropeptide NLP-3 to activate egg laying. Egg laying typically occurs in a temporal pattern with two-minute active phases, during which the HSNs are highly …

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How Molecular Chaperones Promote Pathogen Survival, Carissa Chan Apr 2024

How Molecular Chaperones Promote Pathogen Survival, Carissa Chan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

All organisms require metal ions to help carry out biological processes. Mg2+ is the most abundant divalent cation in all living cells, where it neutralizes negative charges on DNA and RNA, acts as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions, stabilizes macromolecular complexes, and fulfills numerous other essential roles. Due to the critical nature of Mg2+ in all cellular compartments, cells have developed intricate mechanisms of sensing and responding to changes in intracellular and extracellular Mg2+. Inside the cell, Mg2+ concentration in the cytoplasm impacts the synthesis, maintenance, and degradation of proteins, which perform the vast majority of biochemical functions. First, because …

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Microbial Controls On Globally Significant Methane Cycling In Wetlands And Forests, Wyatt Arnold Apr 2024

Microbial Controls On Globally Significant Methane Cycling In Wetlands And Forests, Wyatt Arnold

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Methane (CH4), like carbon dioxide (CO2), is a potent greenhouse gas that has played a critical role in the warming of the planet. Yet unlike CO2, virtually all of the methane emitted into the atmosphere is the product of biological activity. Specifically, it is the metabolic byproduct of a group of archaea that are collectively referred to as methanogens. These methanogens thrive in a diversity of habitats—from landfills, to ruminant guts, to the wood of trees—and excel at converting carbon into methane. Their vast presence and activity in natural environments, like wetlands and inland waters, accounts for more than half …

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Nanopatterned Electrochemical Biosensor Electrodes With Enhanced Signal And Sensitivity, Emily R. Kinser Apr 2024

Nanopatterned Electrochemical Biosensor Electrodes With Enhanced Signal And Sensitivity, Emily R. Kinser

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Innovations in materials and process development in recent decades have enabled surface engineering at the nanoscale, which provides a pathway to improvement in the performance and longevity of biomedical implants and biosensors. One such novel class of materials is bulk metallic glass. As an amorphous metal, bulk metallic glass can be molded with after initial casting to produce high-precision features by elevating the material above the glass transition temperature, Tg, via the process of thermoplastic forming (TPF). Thus, BMGs enable a unique pathway to molding nano-scale structures in air at comparably low processing temperatures. Platinum-base BMG alloys (Pt-BMGs) are of …

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Parental Death And Schooling: Gendered Spheres Of Production And Parental Preferences, Rodrigo Guerrero Castaneda Apr 2024

Parental Death And Schooling: Gendered Spheres Of Production And Parental Preferences, Rodrigo Guerrero Castaneda

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

A substantial fraction of the population in the developing world experiences the death of a parent during childhood. This dissertation analyzes the consequences of early parental death on schooling in India, where one in ten individuals faces such a loss before turning 18. By examining the mechanisms through which parental death affects schooling, this study sheds light on how educational choices are shaped by household resources, children's opportunity cost of time, parental preferences, and intrahousehold bargaining. The study disentangles and quantifies these mechanisms by using the death shock, time-use data, and itemized expenditure data to estimate a structural model of …

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Impact Of Medical Drugs On Microbiome Dynamics, Andrew Albert Verdegaal Apr 2024

Impact Of Medical Drugs On Microbiome Dynamics, Andrew Albert Verdegaal

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Medical drugs, especially orally delivered medical drugs, remain one of the most w¬idely used methods for treating diseases and ameliorating disease symptoms. Furthermore, all humans are colonized with a diverse representation of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tracts. As such, medical drugs administered to patients will encounter the gut microbiome. This dissertation describes some possible interactions occurring between host, drug, and the gut microbiome, and how these interactions can affect hos¬¬t health. The first example I present describes the intertwining of Parkinson’s disease (PD) drug-based therapies with the gut microbiome through a complex network of interactions. One group of PD drugs, …

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Superconducting Electro-Optic Modulator For Cryogenic Data Egress, Mohan Shen Apr 2024

Superconducting Electro-Optic Modulator For Cryogenic Data Egress, Mohan Shen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The increasing demanding for digital information processing capability presents significant challenge interms of energy consumption in big data centers and could servers. This high energy consumption results from the energy-intensive nature of CMOS-based CPU and GPU chips, which drives researchers to explore alternative computing platforms. Among them, cryogenic computing based on superconducting electronics is one of the most promising technologies, which includes rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) circuits for classical computing and superconducting quantum circuits for quantum computing. Fulfilling the superiority these cryogenic computation schemes promise, whether classical or quantum, relies on the development toward large-scale superconducting integrated circuits (ICs). …

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Essays In Nonparametric Econometrics: Endogeneity And Latent Heterogeneity, Sid Kankanala Apr 2024

Essays In Nonparametric Econometrics: Endogeneity And Latent Heterogeneity, Sid Kankanala

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

A substantial body of research focuses on the statistical analysis of economic models featuring either endogenous regressors or latent unobservable variables. These models are often characterized by nonlinear and possibly nonsmooth objective functions, low signal-to-noise ratios and high sensitivity to user-chosen tuning parameters. This thesis comprises three chapters, each proposing and developing novel methodology for nonparametrically estimating a broad class of economic models characterized by these features. In the first chapter, "Adaptive Estimation and Inference in Nonparametric IV Models" (with Xiaohong Chen and Tim Christensen), we introduce two data-driven procedures for optimal estimation and inference in nonparametric models using instrumental …

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Extension Of The Hawkes Process For Modeling Crowdfunding Platform Dynamics, Alexandra Djorno Apr 2024

Extension Of The Hawkes Process For Modeling Crowdfunding Platform Dynamics, Alexandra Djorno

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Crowdfunding has become a popular alternative to traditional financing for individuals and organizations seeking to raise funds from a large group of backers. Managers need information about dynamics of their platforms to optimize operations. The Hawkes process has been used to represent self-exciting phenomenon in a variety of domains, but has not been applied to crowdfunding in a way that could help managers understand crowd behaviors. We extend the Hawkes process to capture important properties of crowdfunding platform dynamics, and apply the model to analyze data from two donation-based platforms. A background review of point processes, structured around the three …

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Role Of Lipid Transfer Proteins In Lipid Droplet Dynamics, Neng Wan Apr 2024

Role Of Lipid Transfer Proteins In Lipid Droplet Dynamics, Neng Wan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize their cellular processes in organelles. Lipid droplets (LDs) are key organelles in energy and membrane lipid homeostasis. It has become evident that LDs form membrane contact sites with other organelles throughout their lifetime, from biogenesis to degradation. Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) localize to LDs, often at sites of LD-organelle contacts. Several known and newly identified LTPs impact LDs biogenesis and degradation, suggesting a role of protein mediated lipid transport in modulating LDs dynamics. The mechanisms of how lipid transport precisely participates in these functions is largely unclear. I characterized the protein spartin, mutations of which leads to …

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Crust And Mantle Structure Beneath The Eastern Margin Of North America And Tectonic Implications, Yantao Luo Apr 2024

Crust And Mantle Structure Beneath The Eastern Margin Of North America And Tectonic Implications, Yantao Luo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Plate tectonics is a vital factor to the uniqueness and habitability of the Earth. Fundamental plate tectonic processes including subduction, terrane accretion, and continental rifting not only shape the surface geologic features, but also modify the crust and mantle structure deep beneath the surface. Correlating the surface geologic information with the crust and mantle structure resolved by geophysical methods can further our understanding of key tectonic processes that have operated in the past and are still operating on this planet. In this dissertation, I investigate the crust and mantle structure beneath the eastern margin of North America using various seismic …

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“The Geopoetics Of An Undiscovered Continent: Eurasianism As A Writing Practice”, John Anthony Stachelski Apr 2024

“The Geopoetics Of An Undiscovered Continent: Eurasianism As A Writing Practice”, John Anthony Stachelski

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Drawing on extensive archival research and a comprehensive body of scholarship, this dissertation offers a critical reimagining of early 20th-century Eurasianism through the prism of literature and art. Beginning with the proto-Eurasianist schema introduced by Konstantin Leontiev in the 19th century, I argue that the influence of his deeply aestheticized combination of politics and religious thought is essential to understanding the work of Eurasianism’s founders Petr Savitsky and Petr Suvchinsky, the figures around whom the ideology’s major split occurred. This dissertation challenges the way Eurasianism has often been understood and portrayed in scholarship, and simultaneously presents an original argument about …

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Business As Usual: Organizational And Market Responses To The Natural Environment And Magnification Of Inequality, Taylor Martin Holdaway Apr 2024

Business As Usual: Organizational And Market Responses To The Natural Environment And Magnification Of Inequality, Taylor Martin Holdaway

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Climate change is a multifaceted and insidious grand challenge facing the world. Natural disasters and extreme weather conditions, made more common by climate change, will cause enormous ecological, human, and economic damage across the globe. Businesses, organizations, and markets are critically implicated in climate change due to their culpability for greenhouse gas emissions and their roles in building or hindering adaptive capacity and mediating transfers of wealth resulting from climate change. In my dissertation, I investigate how individuals, businesses, and markets respond to climate-related disasters and extreme weather conditions and how these processes contribute to patterns of inequality in the …

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Spatial Multi-Omics Mapping Of The Human Brain Hippocampus, Graham Su Apr 2024

Spatial Multi-Omics Mapping Of The Human Brain Hippocampus, Graham Su

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

With the introduction of next-generation high-throughput DNA sequencing, “Omics” has become staple in biological and biomedical research. Currently, single-cell omics has enabled a wide range of biomolecular assays at single cell level including proteomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, and more. These techniques have the power to interrogate the different dimensional states of single cells and in parallel with one another. Extensive and rich datasets have been produced with these methods ranging from normal to developing to diseased cells, especially informative in delineating heterogeneous populations. However, the trade-off for high-throughput single-cell Omics is the loss of cellular phenotypic and positional information. When …

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Rhodium(Iii)-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis And New Approaches To High Oxidation State Sulfur Pharmacophores By Sulfur-Functionalization Of Sulfenamides, Nathaniel Scott Greenwood Apr 2024

Rhodium(Iii)-Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis And New Approaches To High Oxidation State Sulfur Pharmacophores By Sulfur-Functionalization Of Sulfenamides, Nathaniel Scott Greenwood

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Functionalization of imine C−H bonds allows for rapid and modular synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles which are present in nearly two-thirds of U.S. FDA approved drugs. The first chapter describes work on the synthesis of a class of nitrogen heterocycles by a new type of reaction, imidoyl C−H carbamylation. Unconventional chiral sulfur(VI) compounds, such as sulfoximines are also increasingly relevant to drug and agrochemical discovery. The second chapter details a catalytic enantioselective sulfur-alkylation of N-acylsulfenamides to access enantioenriched sulfilimine intermediates en route to sulfoximines. The third and fourth chapters demonstrate further methods to access sulfilimines by way of sulfur-arylation with commercially …

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High-Dimensional Molecular Quantum Dynamics With Tensor-Trains And Quantum Computation, Ningyi Lyu Apr 2024

High-Dimensional Molecular Quantum Dynamics With Tensor-Trains And Quantum Computation, Ningyi Lyu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This thesis introduces numerically exact methods for simulating the quantum dynamics of complex molecular systems beyond the limitations of current models like Transition State Theory and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. By leveraging tensor-train-based solvers and advancements in quantum hardware, particularly bosonic circuit Quantum Electrodynamics (cQED) processors, we address the computational challenges posed by the "curse of dimensionality" of high-dimensional molecular wavepackets. Our methods demonstrate significant progress in modeling intricate chemical processes such as electron and energy transfer and photochemical reactions across various systems from biological complexes to in-solvent intramolecular charge transfer processes. We specifically focus on the development and application of …

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Armed Political Parties And Their Violence, Drew Stommes Apr 2024

Armed Political Parties And Their Violence, Drew Stommes

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Armed political parties have contested elections in myriad democracies. However, prior scholarship does not conceptually distinguish these parties from other categories of organized violence, nor does existing research account for micro-level variation in armed parties’ attacks against partisan rivals. The first chapter in my dissertation conceptually-differentiates armed political parties from other forms of organized violence, including autonomous rebel organizations and party- backed riot networks. In the second chapter, I develop a micro-level theory which explains armed party violence against partisan rivals. I contend that armed parties’ pre- and post-election attacks against rivals intend to consolidate local monopolies over electoral competition …

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