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Cattle As Grazing Management And Seed Dispersal Tools For Increasing Native Species Diversity On Great Basin Rangelands, Marina K. Whitacre

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A series of experiments evaluated: 1) the influence of seed intake and gut retention time on seed passage, recovery, and germinability; 2) fecal seeding and broadcast /trampling as techniques to incorporate seeds into a well-established Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult. stand in Skull Valley , Utah; 3) intensive grazing as a means to reduce Agropyron biomass and increase establishment and survival of seeded species; and 4) the recovery and germinability of seed extracted from dung collected from the field. Two shrubs (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young and Atriplex confertifolia Torr. & Frem.), a grass (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) …

Effect Of Raw Lngredient Surface Area, Storage Time And Antioxidants On Color And Oxidative Stability Of Ground Beef In 80% Oxygen Modified Atmosphere Packaging, Avanthi Vissa

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fresh beef packaged in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has longer red color stability than beef in oxygen-permeable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. However, fresh beef in high oxygen becomes rancid by 10 days storage at 2°C. Thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various antioxidants (milk mineral, MM; sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; vitamin E, E) on color and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of ground chuck stored in 80% oxygen MAP for 14 days at 1° C. A preliminary experiment was also done to determine the effect of raw meat history (surface area during storage and storage …

Multiple Mentors And Family Involvement In Mentoring At-Risk Youth, Christine W. Woodbury

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study examined whether higher family involvement plus additional mentoring relationships had a greater positive effect than a one-on-one relationship with a mentor and low family involvement. The study demonstrated, in this sample, that having two mentors does not have a greater impact on academic motivation, social competency, family unity, self-esteem, and deviance than having one mentor. It was also shown, in this sample, that higher family involvement does not have a greater impact on academic motivation, social competency, family unity, self-esteem, and deviance than lower family involvement. Although additional studies are needed to fully understand the impacts of mentoring …

Influence Of Fall Grazing By Sheep On Plant Productivity, Shrub Age Class Structure And Herbaceous Species Diversity In Sagebrush Steppe, Ryan Duncan Woodland

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Traditional chemical and mechanical treatments of Wyoming Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) are costly and have typically focused solely on increasing forage for livestock production. Managing these systems biologically with grazing can potentially reduce costs and increase both biodiversity and understory production as well as rejuvenate Wyoming Big Sagebrush (ARTRWY). This experiment was conducted on Deseret Land and Livestock Ranch in northern Utah in October 2003. One hundred and twenty sheep (dry ewes) grazed 3, 60m x 40m plots (40 sheep plot^-1). Sheep were provided a protein-energy supplement to facilitate use of the secondary metabolites …

Adult Attachment Styles And Their Correlation With Marital Adjustment And Divorce, Cheryl Jones

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

The theory of attachment is a fairly recent approach to studying the relationship between romantic partners. Attachment theory was originally studied to explain the needs and behaviors between infants and their primary caregivers. The attachment style that infants have with their primary caregiver characterizes them throughout their entire lives. Three different styles of attachment have been described: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent. Secure individuals find it easy to get close to others. Avoidant individuals are nervous when people get too close. Ambivalent individuals want to get very close to others and are fearful of abandonment.

Various research studies suggest that attachment …

Magnesium Intake And Its Relationship With Type 2 Diabetes, Caralee Wilcock

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and is the second most abundant cation in the human body. Magnesium plays important roles in the structure and the function of the human body; it is involved in more than 300 essential metabolic reactions in the body. Magnesium has been implicated in the prevention and treatment of many diseases including diabetes. Magnesium depletion is commonly associated with both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes. A significant number, (between 25% and 39%) of diabetics have been shown to have decreased serum levels of magnesium. There are many possible reasons and mechanisms for this. Diabetics …

Women In International Development Theory, Policy And Progress, Melina Tew

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

The Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women (1995) states: "Equality between women and men is a matter of human rights and a condition for social justice and is also a necessary and fundamental prerequisite for equality, development and peace." As this statement suggests, women are indispensable to any program in the developing world desiring sustainable, effective development. Despite efforts to thwart gender inequality, more women than men still live below the poverty line, and there is a global gender gap in levels of education and access to resources. In response to these conditions, the UN Population …

Snow Avalanche Disturbance In Intermountain Spruce-Fir Forests And Implications For The Spruce Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Elizabeth G. Herbertson

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

Spruce beetle outbreaks are the primary biotic disturbance affecting forests in the Intermountain spruce-fir zone. Major snow avalanches can produce large quantities of host material for spruce beetle colonization; however, few studies have examined the influence of avalanche disturbance on outbreak initiation. The purpose of my research was to investigate potential relationships between these two disturbance agents. In the first study, I used dendro-ecological analyses to date major avalanche years on the Wasatch Plateau in south-central Utah, and then determined what climate factors were associated with avalanche occurrence. The results indicated that mean January snowfall was significantly related to the …

Methods For Detection Of Salmonella Spp., Parichaya Attaphongse

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

Worldwide concern about food safety and associated health costs is increasing, and Salmonella contamination of foods is one of the most important causes of foodborne disease outbreaks. Although conventional detection methods for Salmonella offer high sensitivity and low cost, they require many different steps and are very time consuming. Ideally, methods to detect Salmonella in foods should be rapid, provide high specificity and sensitivity, be cost-effective, and low labor-intensive. Many rapid tests have been developed to address these goals, including DNA-based tests such as nucleic acid hybridization and PCR, immunoassay-based tests such as ELISA, ELF A and immunomagnetic method, and …

Influence Of Sodium Chloride, Calcium, Moisture, And Ph On The Structure And Functionality Of Nonfat Directly Acidified Mozzarella Cheese, Brian M. Paulson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Experiment A explored the influence of sodium on direct acid, nonfat Mozzarella cheese. Cheeses with differing salt levels were obtained by varying dry salt applications (none, 0.5%, and 1.0% NaCl w/w) and hot brine stretching (0%, 5%, and 10% NaCl wt/v). Salt application and salt content influenced cheese moisture, meltability, expressible serum, micro- and ultra-structure, and color. Moisture was highest when cheese was salted before stretching (P = 0.03). Melt was lowest in cheeses that were unsalted (P = 0.05). Cheeses stretched in salt brine had < 1% of the amount of expressible serum found in unsalted cheese (P < 0.0001). Unsalted cheeses had a more open structure with pockets of serum distributed throughout the protein matrix giving it an opaque, white appearance. Salted cheeses had a more homogeneous protein matrix lacking light scattering surfaces, resulting in a translucent cheese. Neither salt concentration nor method of salting affected the calcium content of the cheeses (P > 0.05).

Experiment B explored the influence of calcium, moisture, and …

Investigation Of The Effect Of Sulfitolysis On The Functional Properties And Extrusion Performance Of Whey Protein Concentrate, David P. Taylor

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Whey proteins have restricted use in many food applications because of limited functional properties. Whey proteins' relatively high content of disulfide bonds may be responsible for their lack of functionality, especially in extrusion applications.

To determine the effect of disulfide bond content on functional properties and extrudate performance, whey protein concentrate was treated with sodium sulfite to achieve four levels of disulfide bond sulfonation (0, 31, 54, and 71%). Sulfonated whey protein functional properties, extrusion-expanded snack properties (32% total protein), and extrusion-textured fibrous product properties (48% protein) were determined. Correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships between functional properties and …

Prevention Of Pigment Deterioration And Lipid Oxidation In Ground Beef And Pork, Preetha Jayasingh

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fresh beef was modified-atmosphere packaged in carbon monoxide or oxygen to prolong red surface color. After comparison of several packaging method using carbon monoxide, steaks pretreated with 5% carbon monoxide for 24 hours and then vacuum packaged had the best combination of color and microbial stability (5 weeks), with the least potential for carbon monoxide inhalation.

In the evaluation of ground beef in high-oxygen, modified-atmosphere-packaging, thiobarbituric-acid numbers increased over time, and the flavor was disliked slightly after 6 or 10 days of storage at 2° Celsius.

The antioxidant effect of milk-mineral was tested in raw and cooked ground pork stored …

Rapid Detection Of Salmonella Without Enrichment, Emily J. Harrington

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Salmonella is one of the leading foodborne pathogens causing illness today. Because of this, Salmonella rapid detection methods are under immense study for use in food. The traditional method, using the Food and Drug Administration- approved Bacterial Analytical Manual procedure, takes 4-6 days for Salmonella detection in food. Other rapid methods still take at least 16 h for detection due to their enrichment steps.

The hypothesis of this study was that the use of immobilized antibodies coupled with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used for the rapid capture and detection of Salmonella spp. in food without the need for …

Development And Characterization Of Eukaryotic Biomimetic Liposomes, Bradley Jay Taylor

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study developed and characterized phospholipid vesicles, or liposomes, that mimic cell surfaces. Microemulsified liposomes contained biotinylated phosphatidylethanolamine, allowing them to be immobilized to avidin-coated glass. Laminin (LN), glycosphingolipids (GMl and GM3), and Escherichia coli's mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (EcoMscL) were embedded into liposome membranes. It was determined whether these embedded molecules exhibited their physiological roles of adhesion, cell recognition, and mechanosensation, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was employed to examine the interaction of fluorescently probed proteins, toxins, and bacteria with the immobilized microemulsified liposomes. Capture of individual and simultaneous multiple species of bacteria by GMl, GM3, …

Comparative Effects Of Sodium Levulinate And Sodium Lactate On Microbial Growth, Color, And Thiobarbituric Acid (Tba) Values Of Fresh Pork And Turkey Sausages During Storage, Mihir N. Vasavada

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study compared the effects of 1.4 or 2.7% sodium levulinate or sodium lactate on aerobic plate count (APC), color, pH, and TBA value of fresh pork and turkey sausage. Both sodium lactate and levulinate inhibited growth of aerobic microorganisms during storage, compared to controls. Bacteriostatic effects of sodium lactate were dose dependent, wherein 2.7% lactate was significantly more antimicrobial than 1.4% lactate. This was not the case for sodium levulinate, where 1.4% sodium levulinate was as inhibitory to microbial growth as 2.7% sodium levulinate. Additionally, 1.4% sodium levulinate was as inhibitory to microbial growth as the higher level (2.7%) …

Cultivation Of Mushroom Mycelia Using Whey Products As A Growth Substrate, Boyd S. Inglet

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

As part of a project designed to utilize common dairy waste products profitably, reconstituted dry whey permeate and delactosed whey were tested as growth substrates for mycelia of the edible mushroom Lentinus edodes. This mushroom was chosen because it is possible to profitably cultivate it due to its popular culinary appeal and perceived medical benefits.

Growth experiments were performed in petri dishes containing either reconstituted dry whey permeate or delactosed whey as a growth substrate, and the measured response was the size of the growing mycelia colony. When reconstituted dry whey permeate was utilized as a growth substrate, the …

Casein Supramolecules: Structure And Coagulation Properties, Bonney S. Oommen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The changes in quaternary structure of casein supramolecules with various physical and chemical treatments were studied using transmission electron microscopy, and a model to account for the changes is put forth. The effects of casein structure on coagulation properties were also studied. The sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy involved physical methods of fixation and flash freeing to preserve the structure of caseins in the sample.

The structure of caseins in sodium and calcium caseinate varied with sodium caseinate not exhibiting any spherical structure as opposed to the spherical structure seen in calcium caseinate, non-fat dried milk and native milk. …

Voluntary And Involuntary Weight Change And Risk Of Osteoporotic Hip Fracture In Men And Women Of Utah, Megan Ruth Mcdonough

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Change in body weight is an important determinant of risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in aging adults. Weight loss has been associated with an increased risk of hip fracture and weight gain has been associated with a decreased risk of hip fracture. Weight gain cannot be recommended as appropriate prevention against hip fracture, however, because it is associated with such adverse health outcomes as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and weight loss is commonly recommended in the treatment of these types of diseases. Clarification of how weight loss is related to risk of hip fracture is needed to resolve this issue. …

Nutrition And Bone Density In Children With Cystic Fibrosis, Joanna K. Davidson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of these studies was to further research on bone density in children with cystic fibrosis, particularly as it pertains to nutritional parameters and care. The first paper presented a comparison of a group of 50 children with cystic fibrosis to a group of 32 control children. There were no significant differences between the groups in any of the pertinent bone density measurements. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was positively correlated with spine density z score in the cystic fibrosis group.

The second paper, incorporating all of the information obtained from the first paper, describes an intervention study with the …

Comparison Of Color And Thiobarbituric Acid (Tba) Values Of Cooked Hamburger Patties And Top Sirloin Steaks After Storage Of Fresh Beef Chubs And Raw Steaks In Modified Atmospheres Of 80% Oxygen Or 0.4% Carbon Monoxide, Liza John

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study compared the effect of packaging method (0.4% carbon monoxide, 80% oxygen or vacuum), storage time (7, 14 and 21 days) and internal cooking temperature 49, 57, 66, 71 and 79°C) on color and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of top sirloin steaks and ground beef patties. Ground beef was obtained from 3 different sources (chuck, loin and trim). All samples were stored at 2°C for 7, 14 and 21 days.

All raw ground beef samples stored in 0.4% carbon monoxide remained bright red throughout the 21-day storage period. The phenomenon of premature browning (appearance of cooked color at lower …

Hormone Mediated Transport Of Calcium And Phosphate In Polarized Epithelial Cells, Tremaine M. Sterling

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃, PTH and 25(OH)D₃ on phosphate or calcium uptake were studied in cultured, adherent chick enterocytes over a period of 10 min after hormone addition. Time course studies of cells treated with 130 pM 1,25(OH)₂D₃ showed an increase in ³²P uptake as early as 3 min. Similar studies with 65 pM bPTH(l1-34) resulted in an increase in ⁴⁵Ca uptake only if the cells had been cultured in serum. (OH)D₃, which is not firmly established as an active metabolite of vitamin D, was shown to increase …

Factors That Influence Marital Satisfaction In Couples Raising A Child With Cerebral Palsy, Sarah L. Stoker

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study examined factors that influence marital satisfaction in couples raising a child with cerebral palsy. The theoretical frameworks for this study were drawn from family systems theory and the social ecology model.

Twenty-eight married couples raising a child between the ages of 3-17 years, with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, comprised the sample for this study. Participants were classified as raising a child who is mildly/moderately or severely impaired by cerebral palsy. Participants were recruited through referrals of professionals working in local organizations that provide services and support for persons with disabilities and their families.

Data were analyzed using …

The Ability To Taste 6-N-Propylthiouracil (Prop) And Its Relation To A Parent's Emotional Investment In The Infant, Deann Jones

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Research on parenting is increasingly being studied from a biological perspective. An understanding of the biological mechanisms leading to individual differences in maternal behaviors can help direct research toward more focused intervention resulting in closer mother-infant attachment relationships, and therefore, positive child outcomes. This research was a preliminary study that tested mothers' ability to taste a harmless chemical, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), in relation to their responses to a questionnaire about the emotional investment they experience towards their infant. Although research attempting to relate these two variables together has not been carried out before, individual studies show potential links between these two. …

Watershed Management To Control Pollution In The Ayuquila River, Jalisco, Mexico, Luis Manuel Martinez Rivera

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The Ayuquila River watershed is important to western Mexico because of its biodiversity, physiography, fisheries resources, and water production. However, human activities are continuingly affecting natural resources within the basin. Soil erosion, as result of land use change, agriculture in steep land, extensive grazing activities and forest fires; and water diversion and pollution of the Ayuquila River are two relevant issues that have affected the natural resources of this watershed.

This river system plays an important role in wildlife conservation, containing 29 fish species, of which 12 are found inside the BRSM. The River also contains nine species of crustacean, …

Physicians' Health Promotion Practices For Mexican American Patients At Risk For Type 2 Diabetes, Holly Day Mcfarland

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The relationship between physicians' perceptions of Mexican American patients at risk for Type 2 diabetes and the subsequent care they provide was studied. Primary care providers responded to questionnaires about their health promotion practices. A 2x2 analysis of variance was used to identify differences in reported treatment of patients that accounted for both ethnicity and risk. Results indicated Hispanic patients received less time with their providers than Caucasian patients regardless of risk for Type 2 diabetes. Both groups received about the same reported care in terms of information gathered for diagnosis, diagnosis made, and treatment regimen prescribed. Data also suggested …

A Longitudinal Analysis Of Socioeconomic Differences In Obesity And Weight Change During The Early Adult Years, Young-Taek Kim

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in American society. However, not enough attention has been given to weight change by temporal and dynamic detailed social characteristics, controlled for unobserved heterogeneities nested in county and state. Using the National Longitudinal Survey Youth (NLSY79), this study examined weight change and its development into unhealthy conditions like being overweight or obese, in relation to change in social characteristics including life course events. This study also examined the social characteristics of remaining at a normal weight through all time intervals over a 19-year period. Using hierarchical linear multilevel analysis, this study found that changes in …

Snow Avalanche Disturbance In Intermountain Spruce-Fir Forests And Implications For The Spruce Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Elizabeth G. Hebertson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Spruce beetle outbreaks are the primary biotic disturbance affecting forests in the Intermountain spruce-fir zone. Major snow avalanches can produce large quantities of host material for spruce beetle colonization; however, few studies have examined the influence of avalanche disturbance on outbreak initiation. The purpose of my research was to investigate potential relationships between these two disturbance agents. In the first study, I used dendro-ecological analyses to date major avalanche years on the Wasatch Plateau in south-central Utah, and then determined what climate factors were associated with avalanche occurrence. The results indicated that mean January snowfall was significantly related to the …

Feeding Behavior Of Sheep In Relation To Kinetics Of Sagebrush Monoterpenes: Implications For Landscape Biodiversity, Luthando E. Dziba

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The sagebrush steppe is one of the most extensive vegetation types in the western US and an important habitat for wild and domestic herbivores. When sagebrush dominates, however, forage and habitat quality decline. Although sagebrush is nutritious, its forage value is reduced by terpenes. A better understanding of how terpenes limit intake is vital for increasing consumption of sagebrush and for enhancing and maintaining biodiversity in the sagebrush-steppe.

To better understand how terpenes in sagebrush limit intake, we studied feeding behavior of sheep in the field, influence of sagebrush monoterpenes on regulation of intake in pens, and the feeding behavior …

Predictors Of Graduation And Rearrest In A Contemporary Juvenile Drug Court Program, Anthony Phillip Tranchita

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Research on the efficacy of drug courts for substance-abusing criminal adult offenders has generally found reduced recidivism rates, and both actual and potential cost savings to the public. However, outcome research on juvenile drug courts has been limited. Furthermore, little research has examined variables that may be predictive of outcome in this population. This study reports graduation and rearrest rates for a sample of juvenile drug court participants in Salt Lake City, Utah. Also, this research assessed whether demographics, prior arrest history, attendance at drug education classes, serving detention time, or a preprogram measure of degree of substance abuse (SAS …

Sheep And Goats: Ecological Tools For The 21st Century, C. Kim Chapman, Chad Reid

All Current Publications

This publication explains the many benefits that sheep and goats can provide in today's society such as controlling noxious weeds, reducing incidences of wildfire, and improving rangeland.