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The Effects Of Reinforcement Magnitude And Temporal Contingencies On Pre-Ratio Pause Duration, Marilyn K. Bonem

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The present study was conducted to determine whether conjugate magnitude and temporal contingencies were effective in increasing the pre-ratio pause (PRP) duration and to determine the controlling variables that govern such contingencies. It has been reported in the literature that magnitude of reinforcement, if presented contingently, is effective in controlling performance and that inserting intervals of blackout (BO), during which responding does not lead to reinforcement, virtually always leads to control of responding, even though it has not been presented contingently. The conjugate schedules experimentally arranged reinforcement such that the longer the PRP, the longer was the duration of access …

Evaluation Of Spatially-Distributed Snowpack Estimation Using Pattern Recognition, Cheng-Hua Leu

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A procedure for spatially-distributed snowpack estimate is proposed and evaluated herein. This procedure is divided into two parts, off-line and on-line parts. The off-line procedure uses Fuzzy c-Varieties (FCV) algorithms to perform the watershed classification based on Landsat TM data and a digital elevation model and estimate influence coefficient for all pixels in the watershed. Through the concept of influence coefficient, a set of prototypical points can be selected and located. The on-line procedure estimates snowpack properties at these prototypical points and then transforms them to estimates of snowpack properties at any point in the watershed. To effectively evaluate this …

Effect Of Feeding A Viable Yeast Culture On Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Milk Production Response And Apparent Nutrient Digestibility In Holstein Cattle, Mohamed H. Shokair

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Four barren Holstein cows fitted with ruminal fistulas were assigned to each of two dietary treatments in a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of a basal ration and a basal ration plus 10g/d of a viable yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Cows were fed treatments for a 21-day adaption followed by a 7-day collection period. Total ruminal bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected by treatment. Feeding the viable yeast culture significantly increased ruminal acetic acid and acetic/propionic ratio. Molar percentage of propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric acids and rumen ammonia-N levels were significantly reduced …

Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera Postica (Gyllenhal), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Response To Environmental Factors In Alfalfa Fields In Northern Utah, Larry Edward Jech

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Economic damage to forage alfalfa by the alfalfa weevil occurs frequently enough in northern Utah to warrant applications of an insecticide in some years but not all. Currently a five to ten day period is available to recognize injurious populations then make applications.

Sticky boards, pitfall traps, Berlese funnels sweep samples, stem bouquets, climatic variation and marking techniques were evaluated for alfalfa weevil population predictions. The prevailing climate was the most important factor controlling early adult activities. Early adult feeding and sexual development was the key to forecasting later larval populations. Regional surveys were not adequate for local control recommendations. …

Determinants Of The Components Of A State's Tourist Image And Their Marketing Implications, Zafar Uddin Ahmed

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A state's image as perceived by its actual and potential tourists plays a significant role in determining its competitiveness as a tourist destination. A state's image influences a tourist's vacation destination decisions. A tourist's image of a given state is influenced by numerous factors including his amount of touring experience within that state, geographical affiliation, demographic profile, vacation characteristics, and the amount and source of tourist information used.

Utah was used as a case study to test the viability of the proposed research model. A mail questionnaire requested information concerning 1) attributes of Utah's tourist image considered when choosing a …

Journalistic Codes Of Ethics: A Proposed Standard For Juries In Libel Trials, Michael H. Eldridge

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The standard of judgment for determining fault in tort law as applied to libel is ambiguous. Juries are allowed to rule against media defendants by using a standard that does not consider professional journalistic practice. I argue that the determination of professional fault is beyond the understanding of a lay jury due to the unique professional practice of journalists. Juries find it far easier to empathize with private party plaintiffs than with media defendants. I abstract criteria from standards of conduct for the journalism profession and determine what the reasonable journalist might do in general practice. In conclusion, I offer …

Kinetics Of Two-Substrate Reactions Using Integrated Rate Equations, Leonard D. Holmes

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The usual procedure employed in enzyme kinetic analysis is the method of initial rates. However, it has been appreciated for years that the analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions could, in principle, be more efficiently performed by examining the entire time course. There is much more information contained in a progress curve than in a simple initial rate. With the appearance of the computer, the formidable computations necessary for the use of integrated-rate equations are quite possible. The intention of this research was to develop the analytical and statistical methodology for applying an integrated-rate equation to a two-substrate reaction. I have analyzed …

Teacher-Student Writing Conferences As An Intervention In The Revision Practices Of College Freshmen, Lynn Riley Neil

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In case studies of six college freshmen of average English ability, as determined by ACT scores, the researcher explored the connections between teacher-student writing conferences and students' subsequent revisions. The following question guided this study: How does the teacher-student conference conversation relate to students' subsequent revisions? Three principles drawn from the review of literature also guided the study: 1) writing conferences can be used as a mid-composing intervention, 2) the purpose of such intervention is to guide student revision of a specific draft as well as instruct in general revision strategies, and 3) a study of student changes on drafts …

Control And Evaluation Of Big Game Browsing Damage To Commercial Fruit Orchards, William E. Stone

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Diversionary feeding, artificial feeding designed to divert animals away from areas where they might cause property damage, was tested for efficacy in reducing fruit orchard browsing by big game animals during two consecutive winters in Utah. Strategically placed attractive feedstuffs lured deer to feed stations and reduced fruit-bud browsing (1st year, P < 0.07; 2nd year, P < 0.01). Blossom and apple numbers were greater (P < 0.05) on trees in the feed (treatment) orchard than in the no feed (control) orchard in each year. However, higher (P < 0.05) apple production on trees where browsing was excluded in the treatment orchards compared to the control orchards indicated that intercept feeding did not increase crop production. Tree periodicity and other factors affecting apple production masked the effect of diversionary feeding on crop yield.

Two independent browsing damage assessment methods, a paired-tree technique and a harvest-inflation technique, predicted that the ratio of apples lost per browsed bud was 0.158 and 0.082, respectively. However, the values of the ratio varied widely with each method of estimation. Browsing damage differed ( …

A New Approach To Forest Site Quality Modeling, David L. Verbyla

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Multiple regression and discriminant analysis procedures are commonly used to develop forest site quality models. 'When they contain many independent variables relative to sample size, these models may be subject to predicton bias. Fit statistics such as R² in regression and classification tables in discriminant analysis show the apparent model accuracy but this may be a biased estimate of the model's actual accuracy. Sample splitting methods such as cross-validation and the bootstrap can be used to get an unbiased actual accuracy estimate.

A discriminant procedure called classification tree analysis uses cross-validation to build the classifier with the greatest estimated …

Nutrient And Water Interrelationships Between Crested Wheatgrass And Two Shrub Species, Paul B. Baker

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

When crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum) grows in mixture with sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), its production declines. Its production increases when grown in mixture with fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), according to previous reports. This study investigated soil water extraction and potassium (K) nutrition of the two shrubs to identify possible causes of the differential responses of crested wheatgrass.

Crested wheatgrass had reduced, rather than increased, nitrogen (N) and K yield in mixture with fourwing saltbush. No differences in N and phosphorous (P) concentrations were observed between sagebrush and fourwing saltbush, but fourwing saltbush had a much …

The Modeling And Measurement Of Respiratory Carbon Use And Net Carbon Gain Of Two Agropyron Bunchgrasses, Halldor Thorgeirsson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The rate of photosynthetic carbon fixation and of root and shoot respiratory carbon use was measured in the laboratory and in the field (shoots only) for Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. and Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. and Smith. The rate of respiratory carbon use of the root system declined within hours of the shading or defoliation of the shoot system, resulting in as much as 60% reduction in specific rate of root respiration. The mean whole-plant growth efficiency (the ratio of whole-plant net carbon gain to gross photosynthetic carbon fixation) in full irradiance in the laboratory was 0.53 and …

Factors Affecting Recovery From Defoliation During Drought In Two Aridland Tussock Grasses, Carlos Alberto Busso

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The importance of several factors in limiting recovery from defoliation was investigated in field-grown plants of Agropyron desertorum and Agropyron spicatum exposed to drought , natural or irrigated conditions. Leaf extension rate, components of leaf area production, number of metabolically active axillary buds and carbohydrate availability were examined on the same plants immediately after defoliation and/or in the following spring from 1984 until 1986.

The diurnal course of leaf growth did not relate to turgor pressure in the expanded portion of leaf laminae. Rather growth was apparently associated with air temperature. Leaf extension rate was lower under drought than under …

Nesting And Habitat Parameters For Selected Raptors In The Desert Of Northwestern Utah, David L. Peterson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study examined the effects of habitat parameters, disturbances and predation on the reproductive success of golden eagles (Aguila chrysaetos), ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) in the desert area southwest of the Great Salt Lake in northwestern Utah.

The prairie falcon was the only species examined that had a normal reproductive output during the study years of 1984-1986. The prairie falcon was better able to utilize the avian prey species which were very difficult for the larger and slower raptor species to capture. During …

A Model Of Energy Expenditure In White-Tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus Townsendii) Based On Integrated Studies Of Energetics And Field Ecology, Gordon L. Rogowitz

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to develop a model of energy expenditure in a population of white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii). Field work in southwestern Wyoming during 1985-87 showed that the breeding season commenced at snowmelt and ceased during late- July drought. Adult females reproduced relatively synchronously and produced a mean of three litters annually. Greatest fetal production occurred in the second litter period. Collections indicated a 1:1 sex ratio, few jackrabbits >2 years-old, and a density of 7 animals / km² in the population. Postnatal growth was sigmoidal, culminating in heavier adult females than males. Using …

Pastoral Development Strategies In The Sahel And East Africa: Can The Mistakes Be Corrected?, Ahmed Musa Haji Ahmed

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

There is much controversy on the definition given to those people who raise livestock on the natural vegetation. Differences in the degree of their dependence on livestock and livestock products for food, as well as differences in the patterns of their movements, create the controversy. "Pure-pastoralists", "nomadic pastoralists", "semi - pastoralists", "semi-nomadic", "transhumant", and "semisedentary" are but some of the many terms used in the literature to describe them (see, for example, Johnson, 1969; Jacobs, 1965; McGee, 1986; Horowitz, 1981). To avoid much of the confusion created by the use of these terms, we use the definition of pastoralists as …

Multiphoton Ionization Followed By Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy Of Sputtered Neutrals, M. J. Pellin, C. E. Young, D. M. Gruen

Scanning Microscopy

Multiphoton ionization (MPI) by pulsed, tunable lasers provides a sensitive means for detection of neutral atoms, resulting from the high probability achievable in both the ionization and subsequent detection steps. Substantial selectivity is achieved by excitation between energy levels of the atom of interest. This resonant MPI technique can access all atomic states including ground and metastable levels.

The high efficiency of MPI technique permits detailed sputtering data to be obtained with minimal target damage. The goal is to obtain velocity and angular distributions for each energy level of every sputtered species. In practice, two types of experimental configurations have …

Utah Science Vol. 49 No. 1, Spring 1988

Utah Science

2 THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE: AN ALTERNATIVE POLLINATOR OF APPLES P. Torchio The blue orchard bee could be the answer to a threatened honeybee shortage.

10 BEATING THE ODDS-IDENTICAL TWINS FOR CA TILE RESEARCH C. W. Arave, T. D. Bunch, C. H. Mickelsen and D. Purcell Methods of splitting embryos to obtain more identical twin calves will facilitate research and may eventually lead to techniques to clone embryos on a commercial scale.

17 IRON DEFICIENCY IN PLANTS: GENOTYPIC MODIFICATION OF SOIL FERTILITY J. H. Bennett, N. J. Chatterton, P. A. Harrison and W. R. Thornely A review of recent research …

Silver As A Removable Conductive Coating For Scanning Electron Microscopy, A. A. Mills

Scanning Microscopy

A thin film of silver, applied by sputtering or vacuum evaporation, provides an excellent conformal conductive coating for scanning electron microscopy of insulating specimens. When no longer required it is easily removed with Farmer's reducer a dilute aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide and sodium thiosulphate. No damage was apparent to fine structure in the calcite matrix of ostracode shells, or to other biological tissues. No problems have been encountered with grain in the silver film at magnifications up to 15,000 X, or in the storage of coated specimens in a desiccator for periods exceeding 6 months.

The Capabilities Of The Microprobe Kontron Image Analysis System: Application To Mineral Beneficiation, W. Petruk

Scanning Microscopy

Image analysis is a technique for determining quantities, grain size distributions, grain orientations, intergrowths, associations, liberations and degrees of alteration of minerals or phases in naturally occurring and processed materials. It is performed by analysing images of polished or thin sections of the material under study. To obtain accurate results the images must be faithful reproductions of the material, and each mineral or phase displayed in the images must be distinct enough to be automatically discriminated and identified without operator interaction. An image analysis system that meets these requirements was developed in the Process Mineralogy Section at CANMET by interfacing …

The Effects Of Polepiece Saturation On The Electron Optical Properties Of Asymmetric Condenser - Objective Lenses, Wenxiong Chen

Scanning Microscopy

The electron optical properties of an asymmetric magnetic condenser-objective lens are determined not only by its geometric structure and shape parameters, but also by the degree of saturation of its polepieces. A systematic investigation has been carried out for a series of asymmetric magnetic condenser-objective lenses. Results show that, owing to its small bore, the lower polepiece of such an asymmetric condenser-objective lens has considerable effects on the electron optical properties. When this polepiece is appropriately highly saturated, an asymmetric condenser-objective lens possesses low spherical aberration and chromatic aberration coefficients. On the other hand, the large bore of the upper …

Spectral Momentum Density From Graphite From Spectroscopy: Comparison With First Principles Calculations, Chao Gao, A. L. Ritter, John R. Dennison, N. A. Holzwarth

All Physics Faculty Publications

We have measured the spectral momentum density ρ(E,q) of graphite by (e,2e) spectroscopy for momentum parallel and perpendicular to the crystal c axis. In the independent-electron approximation, ρ(E,q)=Σ_G‖U_k(G)‖² δ(q-k-G)δ(E-E(k)) where the one-electron wave function is Ψ_k(r)=e^ik⋅rΣ_GU_k(G)e^iG⋅r) and G is a reciprocal-lattice vector. The measurements covered a range of momentum parallel to the c axis equal to 0≤‖q‖≤1.84 Å^-1 and a range of momentum perpendicular to the c axis equal to 0≤‖q‖≤2.35 Å^-1. The energy range spanned the valence band of graphite from …

A Physical Theory Of The Living State: Application To Water And Solute Distribution, G. N. Ling

Scanning Microscopy

This review begins with a summary of the disproof of the membrane-pump theory and the alternative theory of the living cell, the association-induction (AI) hypothesis. Being alive in the AI hypothesis represents the maintenance of a high (negative) energy-low entropy state in which the two major components K⁺ and water of the living cell are closely associated with the third major component of the living cells, proteins. K⁺ is adsorbed singly on 𝜷-and γ-carboxyl groups and the bulk of cell water in multilayers on the exposed NHCO groups of fully extended polypeptide chains of cell proteins. These adsorptions …

The Vascularization Of The Peripheral Nerve Of Chicken And Rat, M. A. Konerding, M. Lehmann, M. Blank

Scanning Microscopy

The vascular system of the sciatic nerve of chicken and rats was examined by means of the microcorrosion casting technique and freeze-broken specimens.

The main epineural vessels form two lateral and interfascicular vascular bundles which anastomose with one another and also with the peri -and endoneural plexuses. On epi- and perineural vessels one can find morphological correlates for regulative means such as sphincters. Even the endoneural vessels depict numerous anastomoses.

The proximity of the vessels as well as the great number of anastomoses suggests a considerable compensatory potential with an adaptable perfusion rate in case of a partial breakdown of …

High Energy Secondaries For The Quantitative Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometric Analysis Of Minerals, J. B. Metson, D. L. Tui, I. J. Muir, G. M. Bancroft

Scanning Microscopy

The major hurdle in quantitative analysis by SIMS is the inconsistency and non-predictability of ion yields, particularly their sensitivity to sample matrix. High energy (100-500 eV) secondary ions have been shown to be considerably less susceptible to matrix effects than low energy secondary ions, particularly in mineral analysis. Therefore ion yields of some sixty elements were measured utilizing very high energy secondaries (~ 500 eV), from a standard silicate glass. They show a broad ionization potential dependence and a mass (or velocity) dependency which is not removed by the application of a M½ or M factor. The modification of yields …

Bioapplication Of Colloidal Gold In Microbiological Immunocytochemistry, Julian E. Beesley

Scanning Microscopy

Microbiological organisms are an ubiquitous group of animals encompassing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae and fungi. They are adapted for survival in many diverse habitats and exert a profound effect on man and his environment. Colloidal gold electron immunocytochemistry is a useful technique for studying these organisms and may be applied in several ways. The post-embedding technique is used to detect internal antigens, whilst the pre-embedding technique is employed for the detection of external antigens. In contrast the immuno-negative stain technique is applied to detect antigens on structures such as viruses or bacterial pili which may be dried down onto an …

Recovery Of Semiconductor And Defect Properties From Charge-Collection Measurements, C. Donolato

Scanning Microscopy

This paper discusses the modeling of the measurements which are performed with the charge-collection, or Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) technique of the scanning electron microscope, and the use of the related theoretical results for recovering bulk and local recombination properties of semi conductors. A general description of different EBIC measurements can be given on the basis of the notion of charge-collection probability 𝝋(r) in the device being examined. This function can be calculated by solving a stationary diffusion equation and the induced current results from the convolution of 𝝋(r) with the generation function of the …

The Depth Resolution Of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers: A Critical Evaluation, D. S. Mcphail, E. A. Clark, J. B. Clegg, M. G. Dowsett, J. P. Gold, G. D. T. Spiller, D. Sykes

Scanning Microscopy

The ability of five Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) instruments to resolve thin layer and modulated dopant structures by depth profiling has been assessed. Three magnetic sector instruments (two Cameca IMS 3f's and one 4f), which use optical gating and a high extraction field, were used, together with two different quadrupole based instruments (EVA 2000 and Atomika) , which use electronic gating and a low extraction field. The test structure, a thirty-one peak boron-in-silicon modulating dopant structure, was grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE).

In all the depth profiles the near surface peaks appeared narrow and asymmetric, being broadened only …

Clinical Applications Of Scanning Electron Microscopy And Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis In Dermatology - An Up-Date, Bo Forslind

Scanning Microscopy

Dermatological papers comprising scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis data published 1983 through 1986 in international journals are reviewed, as an update to our 1984 paper on Clinical applications of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis in dermatology. The present paper not only deals with a review of recent publications in this area but also presents the application of microincineration to hair and cryosectioned freeze-dried skin specimens. Examples of the increased contrast obtained in hair cross sections are presented and a discussion on the feasibility of microincineration at analysis of hair and skin cross sections is …

Three Dimensional Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, J. D. Brown

Scanning Microscopy

The determination of the three dimensional distributions of impurities and dopants at low concentrations in solid materials is possible using either ion probes or ion microscopes. The potential depth resolution in such determinations is of the order of 1 nm while the lateral resolution is limited to about 10-100 nm by collision processes. Ion microprobes are approaching these limits while ion microscope lateral resolution is currently ~ 0.5 μm. Ion microprobes have the advantage of a relatively simple ion detection and image formation system but at the expense of speed of data accumulation. Ion microscopes accumulate image information simultaneously over …