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The Experience And Perception Of Concurrent Versus Retrospective Chocolate Cravings, Harriet Taylor Dec 2009

The Experience And Perception Of Concurrent Versus Retrospective Chocolate Cravings, Harriet Taylor

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Seventy undergraduate students participated in a self-report study to investigate the perception of concurrent versus retrospective chocolate-related cravings. This study was interested in exploring whether retrospective cravings were reported as more intense than concurrent cravings due to cognitive distortions over time. Results showed that retrospective chocolate cravings were reported as significantly stronger and more urgent (p< .001), and were characterised by more vivid gustatory imagery (p< .025), than concurrent cravings. All other aspects of chocolate craving were reported similarly across groups. This indicates that retrospective measures of chocolate cravings may provide inaccurate representations of the craving experience. This difference may potentially be found with other types of cravings, and for that reason, where possible, concurrent measures of craving should be given priority.

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Involving Students In Researching Learning And Teaching Approaches: An Additional Focus For Undergraduate Student Publications?, Sue Berkill Dec 2009

Involving Students In Researching Learning And Teaching Approaches: An Additional Focus For Undergraduate Student Publications?, Sue Berkill

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Sue Burkill, Head of Education Enhancement, University of Exeter

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Applying Palaeoecology To Conservation: A Long-Term Perspective For Informed Management Of A Fynbos Nature Reserve, James Macpherson Dec 2009

Applying Palaeoecology To Conservation: A Long-Term Perspective For Informed Management Of A Fynbos Nature Reserve, James Macpherson

The Plymouth Student Scientist

This investigation proposes that long-term perspectives are essential in ecological conservation/restoration. Such a perspective is particularly important for fynbos, which has been substantially altered by an unspecified level of anthropogenic disturbance. Fossil pollen and micro-charcoal deposits are used to establish a proxy record for ecosystem state that can be applied to conservation. This is carried out at a nature reserve in the Langeberg Range, Western Cape, South Africa. Modern pollen-vegetation relationships are also examined to reduce inaccuracies in the fossil record. Three distinct phases are identified for the reserve over a period extending up to ~1000 years before present (BP). …

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Can Children Use Similarity Between Actions To Learn Grammar?, Fiona Anning Dec 2009

Can Children Use Similarity Between Actions To Learn Grammar?, Fiona Anning

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The present study was a replication and extension of Casenhiser and Goldberg (2005). Children aged 5;0 to 7;6 were assigned to one of two training conditions, either they were only taught novel verbs in a novel construction paired with appearance scenes or they were additionally trained on novel verbs in the transitive construction. All participants were assessed on both word orders with new novel verbs using a forced-choice comprehension test. The children in both conditions performed significantly worse on the appearance items than the causative trials, which fails to replicate the original study. The translation post-test responses suggest that poor …

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Microdeterminants Of Poverty Among The Farming Population In Bangladesh, S Rahman Dec 2009

Microdeterminants Of Poverty Among The Farming Population In Bangladesh, S Rahman

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

This paper examines the determinants of poverty among the farming population of Bangladesh by applying a probit model with heteroscedastic structure (hetprobit). The model diagnostic reveals that the choice of hetprobit instead of a standard probit is more appropriate in this case. Among the socioeconomic factors, land ownership, farm resource endowments and non-agricultural income significantly reduce the probability of becoming poor. On the other hand, the number of dependants and education of female members significantly increase the likelihood of becoming poor. Adoption of green revolution technology does not seem to have any significant influence on the likelihood of being poor. …

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Quantification Of Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour In Captive European Starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris), Bo Brilot, L Asher, G Feenders, M Bateson Nov 2009

Quantification Of Abnormal Repetitive Behaviour In Captive European Starlings (Sturnus Vulgaris), Bo Brilot, L Asher, G Feenders, M Bateson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Stereotypies are repetitive, unvarying and goalless behaviour patterns that are often considered indicative of poor welfare in captive animals. Quantifying stereotypies can be difficult, particularly during the early stages of their development when behaviour is still flexible. We compared two methods for objectively quantifying the development of route-tracing stereotypies in caged starlings. We used Markov chains and T-pattern analysis (implemented by the software package, Theme) to identify patterns in the sequence of locations a bird occupied within its cage. Pattern metrics produced by both methods correlated with the frequency of established measures of stereotypic behaviour and abnormal behaviour patterns counted …

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Negotiating Responsibility: Ideas Of Protecting And Disciplining The Child In London Schools 1908 And 1918, Imogen Lee Nov 2009

Negotiating Responsibility: Ideas Of Protecting And Disciplining The Child In London Schools 1908 And 1918, Imogen Lee

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article aims to contextualise notions of state care and responsibility as set out by the London County Council in their suggested amendments to the 1908 Children’s Bill. It discusses the relationships and environments which surrounded London schools, children and parents and how these may have influenced national debate. The research focuses on three schools in Woolwich, a peripheral London borough that ranged from an industrial heartland to a middle-class suburb. I argue that particularly amongst working class families and those with children deemed ‘defected,’ teachers had to negotiate where a parent’s authority and care for a child stopped and …

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Policy Networks And The Juvenile Court: The Reform Of Youth Justice, C. 1905-1950, Anne Logan Nov 2009

Policy Networks And The Juvenile Court: The Reform Of Youth Justice, C. 1905-1950, Anne Logan

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article examines in detail the construction of government policy for juvenile courts during the first half of the twentieth century. The Children Act 1908 required that criminal charges against children and young persons be heard by a court sitting at a different time or in a different place from the summary court hearings held for adults. Later government legislation (for London, in 1920) and guidance (for the rest of England and Wales) added that children's cases should be dealt with by specially selected justices, specifically chosen for their knowledge and understanding of young people. Drawing on policy networks theory, …

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British Legal History Conference July 2009, University Of Exeter, 'Making Legal History: Methodologies, Sources And Substance', Henry Yeomans Nov 2009

British Legal History Conference July 2009, University Of Exeter, 'Making Legal History: Methodologies, Sources And Substance', Henry Yeomans

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

No abstract provided.

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Youth And Crime: Centennial Reflections On The Children Act 1908, Kate Bradley Nov 2009

Youth And Crime: Centennial Reflections On The Children Act 1908, Kate Bradley

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

No abstract provided.

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Crime Violence And The Modern State Ii May 2009, Herzen State Pedagogical University, St Petersburg, ' Blame, Shame And Culpability', Judith Rowbotham Nov 2009

Crime Violence And The Modern State Ii May 2009, Herzen State Pedagogical University, St Petersburg, ' Blame, Shame And Culpability', Judith Rowbotham

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

No abstract provided.

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More Ignorant And Stupid Than Wilfully Cruel: Homicide Trials And 'Baby-Farming' In England And Wales In The Wake Of The Children Act 1908, Daniel Grey Nov 2009

More Ignorant And Stupid Than Wilfully Cruel: Homicide Trials And 'Baby-Farming' In England And Wales In The Wake Of The Children Act 1908, Daniel Grey

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article examines the impact of the Children Act 1908 on longstanding concerns that foster or informally 'adoptive' parents were uniquely likely to murder the children in their care. Making particular reference to the last two high-profile cases of 'baby-farmers' tried for homicide on the Welsh and English Assize circuits (in 1907 and 1919, respectively) it argues that the infant life protection provisions in the 1908 Act had a dramatic and immediate impact on such prosecutions, removing the automatic presumption of malice in cases where fostered or adopted children died in suspicious circumstances.

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"A Grave Question": The Children Act And Public House Regulation, C. 1908-1939, Stella Moss Nov 2009

"A Grave Question": The Children Act And Public House Regulation, C. 1908-1939, Stella Moss

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article considers the impact of the Children Act 1908 on the regulation of public houses in the period c.1908-39. The Act banned minors under 14 years old from public bars in the attempt to protect them from what were seen by reformers as the inimical influences of licensed premises. The article examines the impact of the Act, illuminating efforts to ensure its strict upkeep during the Great War. Also explored are the tensions surrounding the Act, and in particular its failure to address problems such as the continued presence of children in the vicinity of licensed premises, typically by …

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Inside The Inner London Juvenile Court, C. 1909-1953, Kate Bradley Nov 2009

Inside The Inner London Juvenile Court, C. 1909-1953, Kate Bradley

SOLON Law, Crime and History (previously SOLON Crimes and Misdemeanours: Deviance and the Law in Historical Perspective)

This article considers the workings of an individual juvenile court – the branch of the Inner London Juvenile Court, which sat at Old Street from 1910 and Toynbee Hall from 1929. It examines the spatial environment of the juvenile court before using data sampled from the court registers between 1910 and 1950 to analyse the progress of children and young people through the court and the strategies used by the magistrates to deal with them. Finally, it looks at the social work backgrounds and connections of the magistrates at this court, the ways in which this impacted upon their practice, …

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Robust Adaptive Control Of A Class Of Nonlinear Strict-Feedback Discrete-Time Systems With Exact Output Tracking, Ss Ge, C Yang, S-L Dai, Zx Jiao, Th Lee Nov 2009

Robust Adaptive Control Of A Class Of Nonlinear Strict-Feedback Discrete-Time Systems With Exact Output Tracking, Ss Ge, C Yang, S-L Dai, Zx Jiao, Th Lee

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

In this paper, adaptive control is studied for a class of single-input–single-output (SISO) nonlinear discrete-time systems in strict-feedback form with nonparametric nonlinear uncertainties of the Lipschitz type. To eliminate the effect of the nonparametric uncertainties in an unmatched manner, a novel future states prediction is designed using states information at previous steps to compensate for the effect of uncertainties at the current step. Utilizing the predicted future states, constructive adaptive control is developed to compensate for the effects of both parametric and nonparametric uncertainties such that global stability and asymptotical output tracking is achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed control …

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Ice Internal Friction: Standard Theoretical Perspectives On Friction Codified, Adapted For The Unusual Rheology Of Ice, And Unified, Dc Hatton, Pr Sammonds, Dl Feltham Oct 2009

Ice Internal Friction: Standard Theoretical Perspectives On Friction Codified, Adapted For The Unusual Rheology Of Ice, And Unified, Dc Hatton, Pr Sammonds, Dl Feltham

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

Sea ice contains flaws including frictional contacts. We aim to describe quantitatively the mechanics of those contacts, providing local physics for geophysical models. With a focus on the internal friction of ice, we review standard micro-mechanical models of friction. The solid's deformation under normal load may be ductile or elastic. The shear failure of the contact may be by ductile flow, brittle fracture, or melting and hydrodynamic lubrication. Combinations of these give a total of six rheological models. When the material under study is ice, several of the rheological parameters in the standard models are not constant, but depend on …

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Role Of Hypoxia‐Inducible Factors In Epigenetic Regulation Via Histone Demethylases, J Yang, I Ledaki, H Turley, Kc Gatter, Et Al Oct 2009

Role Of Hypoxia‐Inducible Factors In Epigenetic Regulation Via Histone Demethylases, J Yang, I Ledaki, H Turley, Kc Gatter, Et Al

Peninsula Medical School

Eukaryotic chromatin is subject to multiple posttranslational histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. These various covalent modifications have been proposed to constitute a “histone code,” playing important roles in the establishment of global chromatin environments, transcription, DNA repair, and DNA replication. Among these modifications, histone methylation specifies regulatory marks that delineate transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin. These histone methyl marks were considered irreversible; however, recent identification of site-specific histone demethylases demonstrates that histone methylation is dynamically regulated, which may allow cells to rapidly change chromatin conformation to adapt to environmental stresses or intrinsic stimuli. Of major interest …

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Water Bathing Alters The Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off Of Escape Flights In European Starlings, Bo Brilot, L Asher, M Bateson Oct 2009

Water Bathing Alters The Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off Of Escape Flights In European Starlings, Bo Brilot, L Asher, M Bateson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Birds of most species regularly bathe in water, but the function of this behaviour is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that water bathing is important in feather maintenance, and hence should enhance flight performance. We manipulated European starlings', Sturnus vulgaris, access to bathing water in a 2 × 2 design: birds were housed in aviaries either with or without water baths for a minimum of 3 days (long-term access) before being caught and placed in individual cages either with or without water baths for a further 24 h (short-term access). We subsequently assessed the speed and accuracy of escape flights …

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Klair: A Virtual Infant For Spoken Language Acquisition Research, M Huckvale, Is Howard, S Fagel Sep 2009

Klair: A Virtual Infant For Spoken Language Acquisition Research, M Huckvale, Is Howard, S Fagel

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

No abstract provided.

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Whether Crop Diversification Is A Desired Strategy For Agricultural Growth In Bangladesh?, S Rahman Aug 2009

Whether Crop Diversification Is A Desired Strategy For Agricultural Growth In Bangladesh?, S Rahman

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

This study aimed at examining the merit of crop diversification as a strategy for agricultural growth in Bangladesh. Specifically, the existence of economies of diversification, scale economies and diversification efficiencies at the farm level were examined using a stochastic input-distance function approach. The results reveal strong evidence of diversification economies amongst most crop enterprises except the combination of modern rice and modern wheat enterprises. Ray economies of scale exist in Bangladeshi cropping system. Also, significant are efficiency gains made from diversification among cropping enterprises. The key policy implication is that crop diversification should be a desired strategy for agricultural growth …

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Measures To Control Harmful Algal Blooms, Sofie Secher Jul 2009

Measures To Control Harmful Algal Blooms, Sofie Secher

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur globally and are caused by different species of microalgae. They can be harmful by producing toxins or by the rapid increase in biomass often leading to discoloration and hypoxic conditions. Toxins accumulating in shellfish and fish can cause shellfish poisoning in humans, major economical losses, especially damage to aquaculture, and affects on marine life. Bloom events are natural phenomena and have been reported for centuries but the recent increase in blooms and their global spread, which are often discussed in relation to human influences, has caused concern. In the absence of reducing such factors, controlling …

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Environmental Enrichment For Mammals In Captivity Focusing Primarily On Primates, Caroline Dawson Jul 2009

Environmental Enrichment For Mammals In Captivity Focusing Primarily On Primates, Caroline Dawson

The Plymouth Student Scientist

No abstract provided.

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Injuries Inflicted As A Predictor Of Winning In Contests Between Beadlet Anemones, Actinia Equina, Laura Robinson, Ben Porter, Jennifer Grocott, Kendal Harrison Jul 2009

Injuries Inflicted As A Predictor Of Winning In Contests Between Beadlet Anemones, Actinia Equina, Laura Robinson, Ben Porter, Jennifer Grocott, Kendal Harrison

The Plymouth Student Scientist

If the number of individuals in a population oversubscribes a resource then competition can occur and may lead to injurious fighting, if the cost of fighting is lower than the value of the resource. Here we consider how weapon size (nematocyst length), body size (pedal disc diameter, wet weight) and number of injuries inflicted are related to fighting ability in the common intertidal beadlet anemone, Actinia equina. 160 anemones were utilised from two sites, within two size classes, to engage in contest behaviour. There was no significant effect on pedal disc diameter, wet weight or nematocyst length of the outcome …

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Hemispheric Interaction In Simple Reaction Time As A Function Of Handedness, Emily Howe Jul 2009

Hemispheric Interaction In Simple Reaction Time As A Function Of Handedness, Emily Howe

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Efficiency of hemispheric interactions in simple reaction time as a function of hand preference was investigated. Research suggests that left-handed individuals have more efficient hemispheric interactions. This is possibly due to their need to transfer information between hemispheres more frequently than right-handed individuals, a result of differing patterns of cerebral dominance explained by Annett’s (1998) right shift theory. Forty-eight right-handers and 48 non-right-handers, assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971) completed the study. Mean reaction times for the Poffenberger paradigm (Poffenberger, 1912) were used to calculate the crossed-uncrossed-difference (CUD); a measure of inter-hemispheric transfer time. Analyses revealed a non-significant …

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Deep-Sea Coral Reefs: Distribution, Ecology And Anthropogenic Impacts, Victoria Oakham Jul 2009

Deep-Sea Coral Reefs: Distribution, Ecology And Anthropogenic Impacts, Victoria Oakham

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The introduction of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and manned submersibles has meant scientists can finally begin study deep-water scleractinian coral reefs, making valuable first-hand observations of the reefs themselves and their associated fauna. Known influences of deepwater coral reef distribution include the topography of the seabed, presence of currents, high nutrient levels and low sedimentation levels. Chemical tolerances (such as salinity, temperature range and calcium carbonate availability) are mostly known for only Lophelia pertusa corals. Debates exist within literature over the possible influence of hydrocarbon seeps from the seabed on coral reef growth and distribution. Studies show the importance of …

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The Effects Of Bisphenol A On In-Vitro Cell Viability Of Mammalian Cell Line By Neutral Red Assay, Aidan J. Mcglinchey Jul 2009

The Effects Of Bisphenol A On In-Vitro Cell Viability Of Mammalian Cell Line By Neutral Red Assay, Aidan J. Mcglinchey

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a known oestrogenic endocrine disruptor, has many effects in-vivo. However, most studies on its effects concentrate on this oestrogenic property and not on direct cytotoxicity. An in-vitro approach was taken here, showing that BPA has a dose-dependent effect on the viability of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Concentrations at which BPA directly generates cytotoxic effects were investigated by exposing CHO-K1 to BPA for 48 hours at 37oC and their viability assessed by their ability to take up and retain the neutral red staining agent. Cells were exposed to tenfold dilutions of BPA from 1x10-4M to 1x10-9M and viability …

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Environmental Issues In Surfing - Behaviours And Attitudes, Henry J. B. Davies Jul 2009

Environmental Issues In Surfing - Behaviours And Attitudes, Henry J. B. Davies

The Plymouth Student Scientist

A comprehensive study of the surf industry was conducted to identify the key issues within the industry. Using a sample of 125 surfers a questionnaire was performed to gain insight on green consumer behaviour and attitudes. A further questionnaire was conducted on 20 surf retailers. Results showed that the majority of UK surfers and retailers interviewed thought that there were not enough eco-products on the market, and when looking at the results the retailers gave it was clear they saw a strong future for the eco-product, that it wasn’t just a phase and that demand in the future is set …

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Anti-Predator Responses Of A Group Of Black Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Chrysopygus) In Reaction To A Terrestrial And An Aerial Predator, Sarah Creasey Jul 2009

Anti-Predator Responses Of A Group Of Black Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Chrysopygus) In Reaction To A Terrestrial And An Aerial Predator, Sarah Creasey

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Anti-predator training was conducted on a free-ranging group of black lion tamarins at the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, in July 2007. The study aimed to investigate the anti-predator behaviours exhibited in response to different predators, and determine if a predatory threat in the morning influenced behaviour later in the day. The tamarins were exposed to three treatments; a terrestrial predator, an aerial predator, and the aerial predator coupled with an adverse tamarin scream. The tamarins gave alarm calls and exhibited piloerection in response to both predators. A stronger reaction was perceived in response to the aerial threat; however this may …

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An Investigation On The Effects Of A Visuospatial Imagery Task On Smoking Related Craving, Marco C. Flatau Jul 2009

An Investigation On The Effects Of A Visuospatial Imagery Task On Smoking Related Craving, Marco C. Flatau

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Twenty eight undergraduate students participated in a study to examine the impact of a visuospatial imagery intervention and an articulatory cognitive intervention on self-reported smoking related craving, based on the framework introduced by the Elaborate Intrusion Theory of craving. A significant interaction between the duration of the experiment and self-reported craving was obtained, with a significant negative impact on craving after the articulatory cognitive task, indicating that the visuospatial imagery intervention demonstrated an inhibitory effect on substance related elaboration. A simple modality-specific imagery task, blocking intrusive substance related imagery by utilizing the same cognitive components of craving, worked to subdue …

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Body Mass Changes And Voluntary Fluid Intakes Of Keelboat Sailors, Samantha Norman Jul 2009

Body Mass Changes And Voluntary Fluid Intakes Of Keelboat Sailors, Samantha Norman

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Match racing is a highly competitive and physically demanding type of keelboat racing which requires each person on board to have a specific job. There is little time for breaks to re-stock on fluid and nutrients lost, even when out training, therefore performance may be affected. The aim of this study is to see if keelboat sailors are adequately hydrated for sailing. 36 volunteers (30 males and 6 females) from the University of Plymouth Yacht Club match racing team took part in the study on four different occasions. Body mass and fluid intake was measured pre and post sailing as …

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