Digital Commons Network^™

The Probe, Issue # 148 -- October 1994

The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association

Hantavirus: prevention is the best defense, by Suzanne Graham for Pacific Northwest Station (Reprinted from Forestry Research West, Sept. '94 issue, USDA Forest Service
A Call for Praxis
Evaluate the Technique's Financial Practicality
Mixed Results Using Propane Exploders to Repel Deer
Revised Damage Handbook Available
Trapping Weasels, by James E. Forbes, President, NADCA
Internships Available with the Wildlife Management Department of NRA
The NADCA Employment Committee has been created and is open for business. Committee members are James E. Forbes, Chairman, and Chris Engel.

Escherbothrium Molinae N. Gen. Et N. Sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) In Urotrygon Chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) From The Gulf Of Nicoya, Costa Rica, Reva Berman, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cestodes collected in spiral valves of the stingray Urotrygon chilensis from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica represent an undescribed species of Tetraphyllidea. By possessing more than 2 loculi as well as an apical sucker on each bothridium, the new species is diagnosably distinct from all other tetraphyllidean genera; therefore, a new genus is proposed for it. The new species also possesses globular structures irregularly arranged on the surface of the bothridia. We found similar structures on the bothridial faces of Trilocularia acanthiaevulgaris, possibly indicating phylogenetic relationships with the new species. This possibility is enhanced by the observation that …

Description Of A New Blood-Fluke, Cruoricola Lates N. G., N. Sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), From Sea-Bass Lates Calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) (Centropomidae), Brett W. Herbert, Faizah M. Shaharom-Harrison, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new blood-fluke, Cruoricola lates n. g., n. sp., is described from sea-bass Lates calcarifer cultured in Malaysia. It is also found in Thailand and Australia. All fish examined over 15 cm in length were infected in the type-locality. This sanguinicolid is differentiated from other genera by the spherical seminal vesicle; the large, single testis extending beyond the intestinal caeca; the medial, bi-lobed ovary; and the single column of submarginal, laterally directed, evenly spaced spines. It has separate genital pores which are close together. Adults are found predominantly in the mesenteric venules of the venous circulation. Juveniles are commonest in …

Phylogeny Of The Malarial Genus Plasmodium, Derived From Rrna Gene Sequences, Ananias A. Escalante, Francisco J. Ayala

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Malaria is among mankind's worst scourges, affecting many millions of people, particularly in the tropics. Human malaria is caused by several species of Plasmodium, a parasitic protozoan. We analyze the small subunit rRNA gene sequences of 11 Plasmodium species, including three parasitic to humans, to infer their evolutionary relationships. Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent of the human species, is closely related to Plasmodium reiehenowi, which is parasitic to chimpanzee. The estimated time of divergence of these two Plasmodium species is consistent with the time of divergence (6-10 million years ago) between the human and chimpanzee lineages. The …

Ard News August 1994

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:

COMMENTS FROM THE DEAN
WIDAMAN TRUST DISTINGUISHED GRADUATE ASSISTANT AWARD
HARDIN DISTINGUISHED GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP FOR 1994-1995
CALL FOR PROPOSALS - SARE
PROPOSALS SUBMITTED FOR FEDERAL GRANTS
NEW OR REVISED PROJECTS
DR. DAVID STANLEY •SAMUELSON SELECTED FOR LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COURSE
TRAVEL TO REGIONAL RESEARCH COMMITTEE MEETINGS
PROJECTS APPROVED BY THE COMMODITY BOARDS JULY 1, 1994 – JUNE 30, 1995
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS RECEIVED JUNE AND JULY, 1994
FY199S CSRS BUDGET PROJECTION
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) GUIDELINES FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO TEACHING AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

An Abattoir Study Of Tuberculosis In A Herd Of Farmed Elk, Terry L. Whiting, Stacy V. Tessaro

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and distribution of grossly visible lesions of tuberculosis in a herd of 344 North American elk (Cervus elaphus) depopulated during a three-month period in 1991. Abattoir inspection detected mycobacterial lesions in 134 (39.8%) of the 337 animals received for slaughter. The prevalence of lesions increased with the age of the animals. Lesions were predominantly suppurative rather than caseous, and mineralization was less evident than in tuberculous lesions in cattle. Lesions occurred predominantly -in lymph nodes, and lungs were the only organs in which mycobacterial lesions were found. The …

Marine Flora And Fauna Of The Eastern United States. Platyhelminthes: Monogenea, Sherman S. Hendrix

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

This manual includes an introduction to the general biology of the platyhelminth class Monogenea, an illustrated key to the generic level, an annotated systematic list of 108 species in 75 genera and 28 families, a glossary of terms, a host-parasite list, a selected bibliography, and a systematic index. The species listed have been reported on fishes taken in the coastal waters of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from the U.S.-Canada border to Beaufort, North Carolina. Many of the species, however, have wider geographic distributions that are not reported herein unless adjacent to the geographic area above. In addition, a single species …

A New Species Of Vexillata (Nemata: Ornithostrongylidae) From The Coarse-Haired Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus Hispidus In New Mexico, Scott Lyell Gardner, Edward B. Fong, Luma Al-Banna, Stacie R. Raymond

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Individuals of a new species of trichostrongyloid nematode of the genus Vexillata were collected from the intestines of the coarse-haired pocket mouse, Chaetodipus hispidus, from eastern New Mexico. This new species possesses general features of the genus Vexillata but may be recognized as distinct from all other species by unique features of the dorsal ray of the caudal bursa and the synlophe.

Experimental Infection Of Contracaecum Tipapillatum (Nematoda: Anisakinae) From Mexico In The Domestic Cat, Victor Manuel Vidal-Martinez, David Osorio-Sarabia, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Juveniles of Contracaecum multipapillatum infected the Mayan cichlid (Cichlasoma urophthalmus) and adults infected the olivaceous cormorant (Phalacrocorax olivaceus) and the great egret (Casmerodius albus) in the coastal lagoon at Celestun, State of Yucatan, Mexico. All are new host records, and, even though the geographic locality record of Mexico for the species has not been published, unidentified but presumably conspecific specimens have been reported from there. When juveniles of C. multipapillatum were fed to a kitten, but not rats, ducks, or chickens, they developed into adults. Measurements and morphological data are provided on the specimens …

Prairie Dogs, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Dallas R. Virchow

Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Handbook

Prairie dogs are stocky burrowing rodents that live in colonies called “towns.” French explorers called them “little dogs” because of the barking noise they make. Their legs are short and muscular, adapted for digging. The tail and other extremities are short. Their hair is rather coarse with little underfur, and is sandy brown to cinnamon in color with grizzled black and buff-colored tips. The belly is light cream to white.
Five species of prairie dogs are found in North America: the black-tailed (Cynomys ludovicianus), Mexican (C. mexicanus), white-tailed (C. leucurus), Gunnison’s (C. gunnisoni), and Utah prairie dog (C. parvidens). The …

Effect Of Baculovirus Penaei On Growth And Survival Of Experimentally Infected Postlarvae Of The Pacific White Shrimp, Penaeus Vannamei, Kenneth C. Stuck, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In a series of experiments conducted to investigate age and size-dependent effects of the baculovirus BP on postlarvae of the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, six groups of specific pathogen-free shrimp of different ages (mysis 2–3 through PL 25) were exposed to the virus and cultured for 15 to 21 days. All BP-exposed groups of early postlarvae (PL 9 or younger) became heavily infected within 2–5 days of initial exposure to the virus, and some of those groups experienced high mortalities compared to the noninfected controls. Postlarvae that survived the infection had highly variable and significantly reduced growth, as …

Paraophioidina Scolecoides N. Sp., A New Aseptate Gregarine From Cultured Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus Vannamei, Timothy C. Jones, Robin M. Overstreet, Jeffrey M. Lotz, Paul F. Frelier

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The aseptate gregarine Paraophloidina scolecoides n. sp. (Eugregarinorida: Lecudinidae) heavily infected the midgut of cultured larval and postlarval specimens of Penaeus vannamei from a commercial 'seed-production' facility in Texas, USA. It is morphologically similar to P. korotneffi and P. vibiliae, but it can be distinguished from them and from other members of the genus by having gamonts associated exclusively by lateral syzygy. Shrimp acquired the infection at the facility; nauplii did not show any evidence of infection, but protozoea, mysis, and postlarval shrimp had a prevalence and intensity of infection ranging from 56 to 80 % and 10 to …

Two New Species And Temporal Changes In The Prevalence Of Eimerians In A Free-Living Population Of Townsend's Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus Townsendii) In Idaho, P. G. Wilber, Ben Hanelt, B. Van Horne, Donald W. Duszynski

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

More than 1,180 fecal samples were collected from 253 juvenile and 384 adult Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) at the Snae Snake River Birds of Prey Area near Boise, Idaho, from February to June 1992. Oocysts of 7 eimerians were observed. Five are new host records (Eimeria beecheyi, Eimeria bilamellata, Eimeria callospermophili, Eimeria lateralis, and Eimeria morainensis), 2 species are described here as new, and new structural information on E. morainensis is added. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria adaensis n. sp. are ovoidal, 19.6 x 22.7 (16-22 x 18-26) μm with sporocysts ellipsoidal …

Choanotaenia Atopa N. Sp. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) From A Domestic Cat In Kansas, Robert L. Rausch, R. D. Mckown

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Choanotaenia atopa (Cestoda: Dilepididae) is described (host: domestic cat from the vicinity of Manhattan, Kansas); its natural host is presumed to be a rodent. Choanotaenia atopa is morphologically similar to cestodes of 6 species, all from rodents, formerly placed in the genus Rodentotaenia Matevosian, 1953, and subsequently removed to the genera Choanotaenia Railliet, 1896, or Monopylidium Fuhrmann, 1899. The systematic position of those cestodes is discussed; Monopylidium and Rodentotaenia are treated as synonyms of Choanotaenia. Choanotaenia atopa is distinguished by size and form of rostellar hooks, regularly alternating genital pores, and other characters in genital organs.

Cc00-A Resource : A Catalog Of Publications And Computer Programs

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

Campaign Circular 00-A: Resource is a catalog of publications and computer programs.

Hanta Viruses And Their Rodent Reservoirs In The United States, James E. Childs, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Pierre E. Rollesf, John W. Krebs, Sherif Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, C.J. Peters, Gregory E. Glass

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Since 1993, three novel hantaviruses have been identified from the United States of which at least two can cause a severe respiratory disease termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Rodent reservoirs have been identified for two viruses; Peromyscus maniculatus is the primary host of Muerto Canyon Virus (MCV) in the western United States and genetic analyses have implicated Sigmodon hispidus as the probable host of a hantavirus in Florida. Of 813 P. maniculatus tested in the southwestern United States 30.4% were infected; 12 of 90 (13.3 %) S. hispidus from Florida were infected. The S. hispidus-associated virus has not been isolated …

The Role Of Predators In The Ecology, Epidemiology, And Surveillance Of Plague In The United States, Kenneth L. Gage, John A. Montenieri, Rex E. Thomas

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 16th (1994)

Predators play important roles in the ecology, epidemiology, and surveillance of plague in the United States. Most predators are accidental hosts of plague and, with the possible exception of grasshopper mice (Onychomys spp.), are not important sources of infection for feeding fleas. However, predators undoubtedly do play an important role in the natural cycle of plague by transporting infected fleas between different populations of plague-susceptible rodents. Predators are known to be at least accidental hosts for 40 of the 50 flea species that have been found to be naturally infected with plague in the U.S. Carnivores, including domestic cats, …

Echinococcus Granulosus (Taeniidae) And Autochthonous Echinococcosis In A North American Horse, Eric P. Hoberg, S. Miller, M. A. Brown

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We report the first documented case of autochthonous echinococcosis in a horse of North American origin. Three fully maturll and viable unilocular hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) were an incidental finding at necropsy in the liver of a 14 year-old gelding thoroughbred that had been foaled in Virginia and raised in Maryland. Protoscolices were armed with two rows of 28-37 rostellar hooks; small hooks measured 23-30 μm; large hooks measured 26-33 μm. Morphologically, these were compatible with rostellar armature considered typical for the equine strain of E. granulosus currently known primarily from the United Kingdom. This horse had …

New Morphological Characters For Identifying Individual Specimens Of Haemonchus Spp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) And A Key To Species In Ruminants Of North America, J. Ralph Lichtenfels, P. A. Pilitt, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The large stomach worms Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, and Haemonchus similis are important pathogens of cattle and sheep. This paper describes characteristics of surface cuticular ridges (synlophe), which for the first time provide morphological criteria for identifying individual adult specimens of either sex. The diagnostic patterns of the synlophe on the anterior half of specimens can be observed at 400 x in temporary mounts on glass slides. The synlophe can be studied in cleared preserved specimens or in living or freshly thawed frozen specimens mounted in water. The synlophe of H. contortus has 30 ridges in the region …

A New Species Of Heterorhabditis From The Hawaiian Islands, Scott Lyell Gardner, S. Patricia Stock, Harry K. Kaya

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new species of nematode of the genus Heterorhabditis (Nemata: Heterorhabditidae) was found during a survey of the soil entomopathogenic nematode fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Heterorhabditis hawaiiensis sp. n. can be separated from all other species of Heterorhabditis by the length of the infective juvenile and the morphological characters of the spicules, gubemaculum, and bursa. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragment analysis showed that this species also has a distinct genetic pattern in RAPD bands relative to the other 6 species or isolates of Heterorhabditis that were compared.

Out-Of-Season Births Of Elk Calves In Wyoming, Bruce L. Smith

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

ive out-of-season births of Rocky Mountain elk were documented over a 24-month period at the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming. One of four November neonates was radio-instrumented and subsequently died seven days later due to hypothermia. An April-born calf was killed by a coyote. Supplemental winter feeding of elk at the Refuge may increase the frequency of asynchronous reproduction.

Serologic And Genetic Identification Of Peromyscus Maniculatus As The Primary Rodent Reservoir For A New Hantavirus In The Southwestern United States, James E. Childs, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Christina F. Spiropoulou, John W. Krebs, Sergey Morzunov, Gary O. Maupin, Kenneth L. Gage, Pierre E. Rollin, John Sarisky, Russell E. Enscore, Jennifer K. Frey, C. J. Peters, Stuart T. Nichol

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome(H PS) in the southwestern United States was etiologically linked to a newly recognized hantavirus. Knowledge that hantaviruses are maintained in rodent reservoirs stimulated a field and laboratory investigation of 1696 small mammals of 31 species. The most commonly captured rodent, the deer mouse( Peromyscus maniculatus), had the highest antibody prevalence(3 %)to four hantavirus antigens. Antibody also was detected in 10 other species of rodent and in 1 species of rabbit. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction( RT-PCR)products of hantavirus from rodent tissues were indistinguishable from those from human H PS patients. More than 96% of …

White-Tailed Deer As A Potential Reseroir Of Ehrlichia Spp., Jacqueline E. Dawson, James E. Childs, Kristine L. Biggie, Charla Moore, David Stalknecht, John Shaddock, John Bouseman, Erik Hofmeister, James G. Olson

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

We determined the antibody prevalence to Ehrlichia spp., in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and the geographic distribution of seropositive animals in 84 counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia (USA). Using an indirect fluorescent antibody test we detected antibodies (≥ 1:128) to this bacterium in 544 (43%) of 1269 deer. Presence of antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. was related to a southerly latitude, low elevation, and resulting milder climatic conditions. It appears that whitetailed deer were naturally infected with Ehrlichia spp.; the infection …

Expression Of Functional Protease And Subviral Particles By Vaccinia Virus Containing Equine Infectious Anaemia Virus Gag And 5' Pol Genes, Travis C. Mcguire, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Timothy V. Baszler, Steven R. Leib, Alberta L. Brassfield, William C. Davis

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Cells infected with vaccinia viruses expressing the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) gag gene (VGag) or gag plus the 5' pol encoding protease (VGag/PR) were evaluated with monoclonal antibody to a p26 capsid protein linear epitope (QEISKFLTD). Both recombinant viruses expressed Gag precursor protein (55K) whereas only VGag/PR expressed a detectable Gag-Pol fusion protein (82K) with a functional protease, shown by subviral particles containing processed p26. Horses inoculated with VGag/PR produced antibodies reactive with EIAV Gag proteins.

Scid Mouse Spleen Does Not Support Scrapie Agent Replication, Katherine I. O'Rourke, T. P. Huff, C. W. Leathers, M. M. Robinson, J. R. Gorham

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were inoculated intracerebrally or intraperitoneally with scrapie agent strain ME7 to examine the role of functional lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells in splenic infectivity and PrP^sc accumulation. Intracerebrally inoculated BALB/c and SCID mice developed the clinical signs and microscopic lesions characteristic of scrapie. Spleens from terminally affected BALB/c mice contained PrP^sc which was detectable by immunoblot analysis; SCID mouse spleens did not contain detectable PrP so. SCID mouse spleens collected during the first 90 days after intraperitoneal infection contained neither infectivity nor PrP^sc.

Major Histocompatibility Complex-Restricted Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes From Horses With Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Recognize Env And Gag/Pr Proteins, Travis C. Mcguire, Daniel B. Tumas, Katherine M. Byrne, Melissa T. Hines, Steven R. Leib, Alberta L. Brassfield, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Lance E. Perryman

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can control some viral infections and may be important in the control of lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Since there is limited evidence for an in vivo role of CTL in control of lentiviruses, dissection of immune mechanisms in animal lentiviral infections may provide needed information. Horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, have acute plasma viremia which is terminated in immunocompetent horses. Viremic episodes may recur, but most horses ultimately control infection and become asymptomatic carriers. To begin dissection of the immune mechanisms involved in EIAV control, peripheral blood mononuclear …

G94-1206 Biosecurity And Disease Prevention For The Ratite Grower, Eva Wallner-Pendleton

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide acquaints the ratite grower with management techniques that can help reduce the likelihood of disease introduction and spread on the farm.

Introduction

Infectious diseases always concern people who raise animals, including ratite and poultry producers. In general, the larger the number of animals concentrated in a given area, the more potential there is for diseases to occur. This potential is greatly increased if new animals are frequently introduced. Other ways diseases are spread include allowing visitors near the animals, raising multiple ages close to each other or allowing contact with other species.

As the ratite industry matures, farms …

G94-1202 Vaccination Guide For The Small Poultry Flock, Eva Wallner-Pendleton

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials

This NebGuide will help the small flock owner decide whether vaccinations might help prevent disease in the flock. Types of vaccines and methods of application are also discussed.

Vaccines are widely used by the livestock industry to prevent diseases. Commercial poultry (farms with greater than 5,000 birds) are almost universally vaccinated against a variety of diseases. Preventative vaccinations have resulted in increased health and improved production efficiency in the poultry industry.

Recognition, Investigation, And Control Of Communicable-Disease Outbreaks In Child Day-Care Settings, Jeffrey P. Davis, William R. Mackenzie, David G. Addiss

United States Public Health Resources

As increasing numbers of young children attend day-care centers in the US, the elevated risk of acquiring infectious diseases in this setting has emerged as an important public health issue.¹ Outbreaks of infectious diseases occur frequently within the daycare setting,² and enteric and respiratory pathogens may be readily transmitted to household members and others in the community.^1,2 The economic burden of these outbreaks is considerable; for example, parents of children in day care miss an average of I to 4 weeks of work each year to care for their sick children.¹ Investigations of communicable-disease outbreaks in …

Molecular Subtyping Of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 8 Strains From The United States, Miguel A. Usera, Tanja Popovic, Cheryl A. Bopp, Nancy A. Strockbine

United States Public Health Resources

Salmonella enteridis is now the most common serotype of the genus Salmonella reported in the United States. Bacteriophage typing has been helpful for subdividing S. enteritidis strains from different sources in the United States. Most S. enteritidis outbreaks reported were egg related, and the majority of them were caused by strains of phage type 8. To determine whether restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rRNA genes (ribotyping) and of the genomic DNAs from two lysogenic phages from S. enteritidis could be used to discriminate between S. enteritidis phage type 8 strains, we conducted Southern hybridization studies on 24 isolates from …