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Agricultural Experiment Station News April 1980 Apr 1980

Agricultural Experiment Station News April 1980

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:
FROM THE DIRECTOR'S OFFICE
1972-73 ENROLLMENTS
PROJECTS APPROVED FROM JANUARY THROUGH MAY 1980
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
PERSONNEL ACTION FROM JANUARY THROUGH MARCH 1980
FEATURE ARTICLE: AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION – WHO WINS? WHO LOSES?
NEBRASKA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PUBLICATIONS - March 1980
BULLETINS PRINTED

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Female Sexual Arousal And The Menstrual Cycle, Paula Englander-Golden Ph.D., Horng-Shing Chang, Mary R. Witmer, Richard A. Dienstbier Mar 1980

Female Sexual Arousal And The Menstrual Cycle, Paula Englander-Golden Ph.D., Horng-Shing Chang, Mary R. Witmer, Richard A. Dienstbier

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Self-reports of sexual arousal were significantly affected by conditions under which they were elicited. Such self-reports in women not taking oral contraceptives were congruent with a hormonal basis for such arousal only when the women were “unaware” that the study investigated sexual arousal as a function of the menstrual cycle. The “unaware” condition was operationalized by means of daily self-reports elicited from males and females for 11 weeks under the guise of a study of biological rhythms. A composite of one to three menstrual cycles for 26 women not taking oral contraceptives showed that sexual arousal during the luteal phase, …

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Exclusion Of Gulls From Reservoirs In Orange County, California, William Amling Mar 1980

Exclusion Of Gulls From Reservoirs In Orange County, California, William Amling

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Measures to exclude gulls from two coastal domestic water supply reservoirs in Orange County have included the use of shotguns, exploding shell cartridges and carbide cannons. Alternative methods were explored which hopefully would prove more effective and less costly than the harassment techniques being employed. The installation of a network of spaced wire over the reservoir water surface has successfully excluded gulls from these bodies of water.

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Mountain Beaver Problems In The Forests Of California, Oregon And Washington, John E. Borrecco, Robert J. Anderson Mar 1980

Mountain Beaver Problems In The Forests Of California, Oregon And Washington, John E. Borrecco, Robert J. Anderson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) cause considerable damage to forest trees in the Pacific Northwest. Feeding injuries result in mortality, growth losses, deformity of trees, and understocked plantations. Losses are most severe in new plantations with significant damage problems also occurring in sapling stands. Trapping, and placing physical barriers around individual trees, are the most common methods of control. Both methods are costly but effective in reducing damage.

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The Situation Of Grain-Eating Birds In Somalia, Richard L. Bruggers Mar 1980

The Situation Of Grain-Eating Birds In Somalia, Richard L. Bruggers

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Research into the biology and control of pest birds in Somalia has continued intermittently since 1971 under UNDP funding of four projects. Data have been gathered on the identification, distribution, and status of the principal pest species to agriculture. These species include the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea), of which northern and southern races occur, and several other ploceid weavers (Ploceus spp.) which may damage cereal crops. The movements, food habits, and corresponding impact of these species on agriculture in Somalia are discussed in detail. As a result of the information obtained during these years of research, emphasis has recently shifted …

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Lithium Chloride Bait Aversion Did Not Influence Prey Killing By Coyotes, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly Mar 1980

Lithium Chloride Bait Aversion Did Not Influence Prey Killing By Coyotes, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Conditioned food or flavor aversion has been proposed as a method to stop coyote predation on sheep. The method entails treating sheep carcasses or meat baits with an emetic, lithium chloride (LiCl), and scattering them on sheep ranges. Theoretically, coyotes eat the baits, become ill, and subsequently desist from killing and eating sheep because they associate sheep flavor with sickness. In recent studies, coyotes have not formed prey aversions. Coyotes avoided baits because of LiCl flavor rather than prey flavor and prey killing aversions were not found. We conducted a study designed to find the best LiCl-prey flesh concentration to …

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Armadillos: Problems And Control, Patricia A. Chamberlain Mar 1980

Armadillos: Problems And Control, Patricia A. Chamberlain

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) has been successful in extending its range throughout the southeastern states. It occupies such a diverse range of habitats that its effects on its surroundings depend largely on where it is located. It offers benefits from its burrowing and eating patterns by creating dens for furbearers and destroying large quantities of injurious insects and their larva. Those same activities in urban and suburban areas are now being recognized as a source of considerable nuisance and moderate damage. Damage is most severe from July through early November. They have been recognized in connection with several diseases …

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Changes In A Feral Pig Population After Poisoning, James Hone, Henry Pedersen Mar 1980

Changes In A Feral Pig Population After Poisoning, James Hone, Henry Pedersen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The changes in a feral pig population associated with 1080 poisoning were examined. There was a 58.1% reduction in population size after poisoning with no age-specific effect. The population size increased over 11.5 months after poisoning at an observed instantaneous rate of increase per year of 0.57. The results are discussed relative to feral pig control.

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Proceedings: Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference Mar 1980

Proceedings: Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Proceedings: Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference

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Needs Of County Agents For Vertebrate Pest Control Information In Georgia, Jeffrey J. Jackson Mar 1980

Needs Of County Agents For Vertebrate Pest Control Information In Georgia, Jeffrey J. Jackson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The general public in the state of Georgia is faced with at least 45 kinds of vertebrate animal damage control problems. Their questions asking for problem solutions are often directed to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service agents in 156 counties. County agents in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area receive an average of 325 requests for vertebrate pest control information a year. Agents in the Coastal Plain Area receive an average of 140 questions per year as does the Extension Wildlife Specialist. The combined total of vertebrate animal damage control questions received by all agents is approximately 60,000 per year. Typically difficult questions …

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Levels Of Bird Damage To Sorghum In The Awash Basin Ofethiopia And The Effects Of The Control Of Quelea Nesting Colonies, Michael M. Jaegar, William A. Erickson Mar 1980

Levels Of Bird Damage To Sorghum In The Awash Basin Ofethiopia And The Effects Of The Control Of Quelea Nesting Colonies, Michael M. Jaegar, William A. Erickson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Quantitative assessments of bird damage to lowland sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were made annually from 1976 through 1979 in the major growing areas associated with the Awash River Basin. Results indicated that the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) can be an important limiting factor in the overall production of this cereal, and that damage can be locally severe. Lethal control of Quelea breeding colonies found along the Awash River and at Lake Zwai was undertaken in September/ October of both 1978 and 1979. Subsequent assessments showed substantially less bird damage in both years and overall losses were minimal.

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The Problem Of Pika Control In Baluchistan, Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Khan, William R. Smythe Mar 1980

The Problem Of Pika Control In Baluchistan, Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Khan, William R. Smythe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The collared pika, Ochotona rufescens has been recorded as a serious pest in apple orchards in the uplands valley of Ziarat in Baluchistan. In the winter, when the natural vegetation is lacking, the pikas debark the apple tree trunks or branches resulting in the killing of the tree and reduced fruit production. In summer, damage to wheat, corn and potatoes is also very severe. It is estimated that pikas cause hundreds of thousands of dollars (US) in annual apple production losses. The apple production in Baluchistan accounts for about 35 percent of the total provincial income through food production. During …

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Baiting Blackbird And Starling Congregating Areas In Kentucky And Tennessee`, C.E. Knittle, J.L. Guarino, P.C. Nelson, R.W. Dehaven, D.J. Twedt Mar 1980

Baiting Blackbird And Starling Congregating Areas In Kentucky And Tennessee`, C.E. Knittle, J.L. Guarino, P.C. Nelson, R.W. Dehaven, D.J. Twedt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Four studies were conducted in January 1977-79 in Kentucky and Tennessee. Two of these studies were to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of selectively reducing starlings from mixed blackbird/starling winter roosts by baiting their congregating areas with Starlicide Complete pellets. The two remaining studies dealt with determining bait preference of starlings and nontarget birds for two formulations of pelleted baits (Layena and corn). Starlicide baitings were fairly selective for starlings, but nontarget hazards were encountered. Starlings showed no significant preference for either type of pelleted bait, but nontargets preferred corn over Layena pellets. Methods are suggested to minimize nontarget hazards …

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Socioeconomic And Ecological Aspects Of Field Rat Control In Tropical And Subtropical Countries, Hans Kurylas Mar 1980

Socioeconomic And Ecological Aspects Of Field Rat Control In Tropical And Subtropical Countries, Hans Kurylas

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The vital question, as to the cause of the permanent increase in field rat populations throughout most tropical and subtropical areas, has been the subject of researchers and fieldmen during the past years, in the hope of finding an answer to this problem. Man has made his way through history wherein he was gradually able to renounce nature and establish his own man-made cultural frame. Unlike other mammals, man has no natural instincts to guide him through life. Brain and spirit have to compensate for lack of physical capabilities and instincts. Man was forced to change his natural surroundings in …

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An Ecological Strategy For Controlling Bovine Rabies Through Elimination Of Vampire Bats, Rexford D. Lord Mar 1980

An Ecological Strategy For Controlling Bovine Rabies Through Elimination Of Vampire Bats, Rexford D. Lord

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Because of the limited resources of most Latin American countries, an ecological strategy for controlling bovine rabies through elimination of vampire bats is proposed instead of attempting total eradication. The strategy is essentially a combination of one or more of the anticoagulant control techniques applied with knowledge of the epizootiology of vampire rabies. Since rabies outbreaks in vampire bats are migratory, each outbreak is studied to determine the direction and velocity of its course, then an area is selected in its path where vampires are eliminated, forming a barrier and resulting in elimination of the outbreak.

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Closing Remarks ─ Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference , Rex E. Marsh Mar 1980

Closing Remarks ─ Ninth Vertebrate Pest Conference , Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Closing Remarks

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Avitrol-Treated Bait For Protection Of Grapes From House Finch Damage, Lee R. Martin, William T. Jarvis Mar 1980

Avitrol-Treated Bait For Protection Of Grapes From House Finch Damage, Lee R. Martin, William T. Jarvis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Damage to grapes by house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) is widespread and well documented in California. DeHaven (1974) estimated that damage in nine counties exceeded 0.75 million dollars while Clark (1976) indicates a probable loss of 3.7 million dollars throughout the entire state. Crase et al. (1976) indicated that house finches undoubtedly are the principal depredating species. Various protection measures are described by Piper & Neff (1937), Boudreau (1972), and Clark (1975, 1976). Current protection programs are explained by Crabb and Martin (1977).

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Federally Registered Pesticides For Vertebrate Pest Control, Raymond W. Matheny Mar 1980

Federally Registered Pesticides For Vertebrate Pest Control, Raymond W. Matheny

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

At the 1978 Vertebrate Pest Conference, Glenn Hood talked of vertebrate control chemicals, their registration status at that time, the rebuttable presumptions against registration and effects on users. He presented an overview of reregistration, classification, labeling, application certification, experimental use permits, emergency use and state registrations. Essentially, what he stated is as true today as when he addressed this conference. I'll try not to duplicate his fine presentation but rather give you an update about those long awaited for and somewhat controversial Guidelines for registering pesticides in the United States, the current status of strychnine and 1080 in the RPAR …

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Keynote Address ─ New Concepts In Wildlife Management, Lester Mccann Mar 1980

Keynote Address ─ New Concepts In Wildlife Management, Lester Mccann

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

New Concepts in Wildlife Management

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Protecting Polyethylene Irrigation Pipes Against Damage Caused By Woodpeckers, Schmuel Moran, Chaim Keidar, Yehuda Wolf Mar 1980

Protecting Polyethylene Irrigation Pipes Against Damage Caused By Woodpeckers, Schmuel Moran, Chaim Keidar, Yehuda Wolf

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Several methods were evaluated for protecting polyethylene irrigation pipes against pecking damage caused by the Syrian woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus). Only by burying the pipes in the ground damage was effectively prevented. Other methods studied, the use of the game repellent Arbinol, covering the pipes with polyethylene sheets, and growing a weed cover, though reducing the rate of the damage, proved not to be sufficiently effective as an economic solution of the problem.

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Taste-Aversion Learning And Its Implications For Rodent Control, Robert J. Robbins Mar 1980

Taste-Aversion Learning And Its Implications For Rodent Control, Robert J. Robbins

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Although bait shyness has long been recognized as a problem to be overcome in the control of vertebrate pests, it has recently been suggested that the phenomenon might be turned to an advantage and used as an alternative, non-lethal form of control. Unfortunately, this technique has not proven to be as useful as hoped, as the work which has been done on coyotes is inconclusive at best and some recent work on rodents has cast serious doubts upon the method's potential. However, an extensive literature dealing with the formation of poison-based food aversions now exists, and insights gained from these …

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The Habits And Influence On The Environment Of The Old World Porcupine Hystrix Cristata L. In The Northernmost Part Of Its Range, L. Santini Mar 1980

The Habits And Influence On The Environment Of The Old World Porcupine Hystrix Cristata L. In The Northernmost Part Of Its Range, L. Santini

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The Crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata L.) has been shown to have considerably increased in numbers, and to have occupied new territories in Tuscany, which is the northernmost part of its range. New data on its ecology and biology, and the negative effects of an excessive density of these rodents on the rural and natural environment are reported. Since this species is protected by law in Italy, because of its high value from the faunistic point of view, some possible techniques, to be improved upon, for the capture and redistribution of live specimens are discussed.

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Development Of A Simple Two-Ingredient Pyrotechnic Fumigant, Peter J. Savarie, James R. Tigner, Donald J. Elias, David J. Hayes Mar 1980

Development Of A Simple Two-Ingredient Pyrotechnic Fumigant, Peter J. Savarie, James R. Tigner, Donald J. Elias, David J. Hayes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

In laboratory tests with adult coyotes (Canis latrans) a pyrotechnic fumigant containing two active ingredients, sodium nitrate and charcoal, was found to be just as effective as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Gas Cartridge that contains six active and two inactive ingredients. The two-ingredient cartridge produces high concentrations of carbon monoxide. Field tests with cartridges containing 240 g of 65% sodium nitrate and 35% charcoal produced a 96% mortality rate in coyote pups. A cartridge containing 65 g of 65% sodium nitrate and 35% charcoal was effective in both laboratory and field tests on wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). …

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Studies Of The Toxicity Of Vacor (Rh-787) On The Reproductive Biology Of Rattus Rattus Rufescens, Y. Saxena, P.P. Sharma, M. Zutshi Mar 1980

Studies Of The Toxicity Of Vacor (Rh-787) On The Reproductive Biology Of Rattus Rattus Rufescens, Y. Saxena, P.P. Sharma, M. Zutshi

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Investigations on damage, losses and diseases attributed to rodents in India are well documented by Barnett and Prakash (1975), Fitzwater and Prakash (1973). The toxicity of rodenticides on the rodents have been studied by several investigators such as Cowan (1978), Marsh and Howard (1975, 1977). Some rodenticides are less potent and induce overall deleterious effects on biological systems but not on mortality. Therefore, studies on the effects of these agents on the reproductive biology would be of significance as reported by D'souza and Batra (1975). Srivastava et al. (1979) investigated the bait shyness as shown by rodents in case of …

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Multiple Litters In The California Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Beecheyi Fisheri, In Tulare County, George L. Simpson, Thomas K. Lamunyon Mar 1980

Multiple Litters In The California Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Beecheyi Fisheri, In Tulare County, George L. Simpson, Thomas K. Lamunyon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

From the fall of 1977 through late spring of 1979, periodic examination of female ground squirrels in the low oak woodlands of southern Tulare County revealed that as much as 20 percent of the reproductively active females bred a second time within a given breeding season. This began to occur 50 to 80 days after the beginning of the breeding season. Evidence of litter loss from abortion was inapparent in 1979, but grossly obvious uterine inflammation was seen in 2 percent of the females in 1978. Neonatal losses were undetermined. Rebreeding appeared to occur in the older females, 2 years …

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Efficacy Tests Of Different Rodenticides On Some Species Of Rats In Thailand, Kasem Tongtavee Mar 1980

Efficacy Tests Of Different Rodenticides On Some Species Of Rats In Thailand, Kasem Tongtavee

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Two acute rodenticides, zinc phosphide and Vacor, at different concentrations were tested on the rice field rats (Rattus argentiventer) and the bandicoot rats (Bandicota indica) with a choice-feeding procedure. It was found that zinc phosphide at 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.6% caused 30%, 30%, and 60% mortality, respectively, to R. argentiventer, and at 1.6% caused death only 30% to B. indica, whereas Vacor at 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.6% caused 70%, 60% and 80% mortality, respectively to R. argentiventer and this compound at 1.6% killed 60% of B. indica. Five anticoagulants Actosin-P, warfarin, Racumin, brodifacoum, and chlorophacinone also were tested on R. argentiventer and …

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Rat Control In Coconut Palms In Colombia, Danilo Valencia Mar 1980

Rat Control In Coconut Palms In Colombia, Danilo Valencia

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The black rat (Rattus rattus) causes severe damage to coconut (Cocos nucifera) crops in Colombia. These rodents climb to the crown of producing palms and often nest there. Damage results from the rats gnawing the shells of the coconuts until they penetrate to the endosperm; the perforated nuts will fall within a period of 15 days and are unsuitable for harvest.
Since 1972, the Colombian Agricultural Research Institute (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario or ICA), through its Vertebrate Control Program, has been conducting a series of investigations to obtain information about the characteristics of this damage and the best means of reducing …

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Population Studies On Gerbils Of The Western Desert Of Egypt, With Special Reference To Gerbillus Andersoni De Winton, Kamal Wassif, Sohail Soliman Mar 1980

Population Studies On Gerbils Of The Western Desert Of Egypt, With Special Reference To Gerbillus Andersoni De Winton, Kamal Wassif, Sohail Soliman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Population studies on the gerbil, Gerbillus andersoni, were carried out in Omayed in the Western Desert of Egypt during the period from July 1976 through August 1978 inclusive. Studies included determination of the sex ratio in the different age and weight groups, as well as seasonal changes in this ratio. The mean weight and age at the onset of maturity and the reproductive activity of both sexes were determined. The study also included seasonal changes in mean body weights of both sexes, those of the testes in relation to body weights, as well as changes in the length of the …

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The Influence Of Insects In Bird Damage Control, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer Mar 1980

The Influence Of Insects In Bird Damage Control, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

Considerable effort has gone into developing and testing the various management methods for keeping blackbirds out of cornfields, but little work has been directed at understanding the relationship of the birds or the damage control methods to the other organisms within cornfields. This report shows that in a number of cases insects may influence bird-damage control programs. It points out the complex interaction among organisms that can occur in agricultural crops and the importance of considering pest control from an integrated view instead of from a single-species basis.

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Environmental Manipulation In Roof Rat Control Programs, Gene Zdunowski Mar 1980

Environmental Manipulation In Roof Rat Control Programs, Gene Zdunowski

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 9th (1980)

The control of roof rat Rattus rattus involves not just chemical and physical suppression, exclusion, and sanitation in an integrated environmental manipulation approach, but in order for the environmental manipulative technique to work, the environmental-behavioral habits of the individuals living in these roof rat infested areas must be modified. Once a target area of known rodent infestation has been initially impacted and environmentally improved upon, the task by the homeowner to continue to practice environmental manipulation must be ongoing. Continued maintenance of the environmentally improved area by staff knowledgeable in environmental manipulation and behavioral modification is the only way to …

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