Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Life Sciences (19928)
- Animal Sciences (9731)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (8179)
- Environmental Sciences (7329)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (3664)
-
- Agriculture (3180)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (3150)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (3104)
- Plant Sciences (2933)
- Zoology (2818)
- Education (2558)
- Biodiversity (2118)
- Ornithology (2113)
- Natural Resources and Conservation (2100)
- Environmental Health and Protection (2009)
- Veterinary Medicine (1816)
- Arts and Humanities (1787)
- Other Environmental Sciences (1729)
- Natural Resources Management and Policy (1643)
- Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology (1640)
- Poultry or Avian Science (1600)
- Entomology (1580)
- Immunology and Infectious Disease (1495)
- Population Biology (1412)
- Engineering (1398)
- Parasitology (1175)
- Meat Science (1140)
- International and Area Studies (1110)
- Agricultural Science (1063)
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health (1053)
- Keyword
-
- Extension circular (788)
- Nebraska (651)
- Cattle (313)
- Invasive species (242)
- Swine (234)
-
- Management (226)
- Agriculture (223)
- Publications (200)
- Livestock (197)
- Control (193)
- Beef (183)
- Reproduction (178)
- Beef cattle (173)
- University of Nebraska (165)
- Nutrition (160)
- Corn (144)
- Grus americana (142)
- Disease (140)
- Cooperative Extension (139)
- Nebraska Cooperative Extension (136)
- Birds (133)
- Conservation (133)
- Extension publications (132)
- Pigs (125)
- Sorghum (125)
- Sheep (123)
- Guide (122)
- Growth (121)
- Coyote (120)
- Sus scrofa (118)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications (2570)
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials (1492)
- Nebraska Bird Review (1477)
- Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports (1281)
- Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications (1280)
-
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications (1269)
- School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications (658)
- Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications (570)
- School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications (561)
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports (539)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications (510)
- United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications (481)
- Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop (424)
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications (405)
- Textile Society of America: Symposium Proceedings (403)
- Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings (365)
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications (365)
- NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County (362)
- University of Nebraska Historical Extension: Bulletin (356)
- Range Beef Cow Symposium (351)
- Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications (339)
- United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications (339)
- Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports (330)
- Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013) (327)
- Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications (318)
- Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (301)
- University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers (299)
- Insecta Mundi (294)
- Nebraska Swine Reports (291)
- Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013) (285)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 36181 - 36210 of 38013
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Index Catalogue To Russian, Central And Eastern European, And Chinese Literature In Medical Entomology, Volume 2: Ticks, George Anastes
Index Catalogue To Russian, Central And Eastern European, And Chinese Literature In Medical Entomology, Volume 2: Ticks, George Anastes
United States Naval Medical Research Unit 3: Publications
Introduction
Over the past several years, a large number of references from the USSR, Eastern Europe, and Cairo have been collected dealing with arthropods of medical importance. These references were coded on key-sort cards which made it possible to index as many as fifteen subject areas on one card. The usefulness of this indexing system was evident by a number of medical entomologists who used ___ searching for references as their specialty. In response to requests from workers in the United States and other countries who did not have ready access to the index, it was decided to publish these …
Index Catalogue To Russian, Central And Eastern European, And Chinese Literature In Medical Entomology, Volume 1: Diptera, George Anastes
Index Catalogue To Russian, Central And Eastern European, And Chinese Literature In Medical Entomology, Volume 1: Diptera, George Anastes
United States Naval Medical Research Unit 3: Publications
Over the past several years a large number of references from the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China have been collected dealing with arthropods of medical importance. These references were coded on keysort cards which made it possible to index as many as fifteen subject areas on one card. The usefulness of this indexing system was evident by the number of medical entomologists who used it in searching for references in their specialty. In response to requests from workers in the United States and other countries who did not have ready access to the index. it was decided to publish these …
Helminths Of The Shrew-Mole Neürotrichus Gibbsii (Baird) In Oregon, Robert L. Rausch
Helminths Of The Shrew-Mole Neürotrichus Gibbsii (Baird) In Oregon, Robert L. Rausch
Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications
Helminths of the shrew-mole from Oregon are described. They include a cestode Hymenolepis neurotrichi sp. n., a trematode Microphallus aspalacis sp. n., and the third-stage larva of an undetermined species of Porrocaecum (nematode), probably P. depressum (Zeder, 1800), or P. angusticolle (Molin, 1860). Preserved viscera of ten animals were examined. Three were infected.
Development Of Water Quality Criteria For Aquatic Life, Clarence M. Tarzwell
Development Of Water Quality Criteria For Aquatic Life, Clarence M. Tarzwell
United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications
It is now recognized that water pollution is an important problem, that it becomes more widespread and serious as population and industry expand, and that something must be done if aquatic life resource are to be saved and their productivity maintained. In the past there has been a great deal of uncertainty in approaching this situation and a general lack of understanding of the details and ramification of the overall problem. In the efforts for the abatement of pollution, only a few clearcut objectives have been established. Knowledge is lacking as to what the objectives should be. There is still …
Light Horses, M. E. Ensminger
Light Horses, M. E. Ensminger
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications
Light horses stand 14-2 to 17 hands high, weigh 900 to 1,400 pounds, and are used primarily for, riding, driving, or racing, or for utility purposes on the farm. Light horses generally are more rangy and are capable of more action and greater speed than draft horses.
Increasing interest is being shown in light horses. Today, there are 2¼ million horses in this country, of which 1.8 million are light horses. It is further estimated that 433,000 light horses are suburban-owned. About 250,000 horses are registered in a light horse breed registry.
Saddle clubs and 4-H horse clubs are growing …
The U.S. Feed Concentrate-Livestock Economy's Demand Structure, 1949-1959 (With Projections For 1960-70), James B. Hassler
The U.S. Feed Concentrate-Livestock Economy's Demand Structure, 1949-1959 (With Projections For 1960-70), James B. Hassler
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins
Several years ago, members of the NCM-19 Technical Committee on grain marketing research decided to do more detailed research on the spatial aspects of the livestock-feed economy. The major objectives of this study are (1) to quantify the demand functions for the major animal products of agriculture at the retail level, (2) to derive the demand functions for the unprocessed forms at the farm level, (3) to derive the equilibrium demand functions for feed concentrates at the farm level, (4) to estimate the separate annual impact rates of trends in per capita income, marketing costs, conversion rates, and population on …
Nebraska Bird Review (October 1962) 30(4), Whole Issue.
Nebraska Bird Review (October 1962) 30(4), Whole Issue.
Nebraska Bird Review
Table of Contents
Thirty-Seventh Annual Cooperative Spring Migration and Occurrence Report......................................... 54
Index To Volume XXX ......................................... 74
A Guide To Federal Requirements For Interstate Movement Of Swine
A Guide To Federal Requirements For Interstate Movement Of Swine
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications
This guide is NOT a regulation and is NOT to be used as such.
For detailed information on interstate movement of swine, refer to Part 76 (as amended) of Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations. Copies of the regulations are available from the Animal Disease Eradication Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A., Washington 25, D. C.
In addition to these Federal requirements, be sure to check the regulations of the State of destination.
Here is a general outline of the Federal regulations:
- a Healthy, unexposed slaughter hogs can be moved interstate without restriction directly to recognized slaughtering centers for slaughter; or …
The Archeology Of The Lime Creek Site In Southwestern Nebraska, E. Mott Davis
The Archeology Of The Lime Creek Site In Southwestern Nebraska, E. Mott Davis
University of Nebraska State Museum: Staff and Affiliates, Publications
The Lime Creek site is a stratified Early Lithic (Paleo-Indian) camp site buried in the Terrace-2A alluvial fill of a valley in the dissected loess plains. Geological correlations indicate an early Valders (Wisconsin- IV) date. A radiocarbon date (No. C-471) of 9524 B.P. from just below Lime Creek I, the lowest occupation zone, must be taken only as a minimal possible age for the site. The animal bones in Lime Creek I are primarily of pronghorn and beaver, whereas those in Lime Creek III, the highest occupation zone, are exclusively of bison. The change in hunting patterns seems due to …
Organic Phosphorus Poisoning And Its Therapy, William F. Durham, Wayland J. Hayes Jr.
Organic Phosphorus Poisoning And Its Therapy, William F. Durham, Wayland J. Hayes Jr.
United States Public Health Resources
Contents
Introduction
Nature and Physiologic Function of Cholinesterase
Symptoms of Organic Phosphorus Poisoning
Mechanism of Inhibition of Cholinesterase
Measurement of Cholinesterase Activity and Its Relationship to Symptomatology
Measurement of Metabolites and Their Relationship to Symptomatology
Use and Action of Atropine and Other Nonspecific Antidotes
Development of Specific Antidotes
Chemical and Physiologic Properties of Oximes
Antidotal Efficacy of Oximes in Poisoned Experimental Animals
Application of 2-P AM in Poisoning in Man
Suggestions for Treatment
Prevention of Poisoning
Comment and Summary
Introduction
Organic phosphorus compounds are of considerable interest and importance by virture of their widespread use as insecticides; their effectiveness in …
Nebraska Bird Review (July 1962) 30(3), Whole Issue.
Nebraska Bird Review (July 1962) 30(3), Whole Issue.
Nebraska Bird Review
Table of Content
The Status of Wild Turkeys in Nebraska .......................... 34
Extinct Birds .......................... 35
Four Report of Fall Records, 1961 .......................... 41
General Notes .......................... 49
Meetings and Reports.......................... 50
Hawks and Owl Laws .......................... 51
Worm Eggs: Cost You Money, E.F. Frolik, E.W. Janike
Worm Eggs: Cost You Money, E.F. Frolik, E.W. Janike
School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications
Contents
One Million Eggs Daily.......... 3
Damaging Trip......... 4
Worm Remedies......... 5
Modern Worm Remedies......... 6
A Control Program.......... 8
Development Of Systemic Insecticides For Pests Of Animals In The United States1, R.C. Bushland, R.D. Radeleff, R.O. Drummond
Development Of Systemic Insecticides For Pests Of Animals In The United States1, R.C. Bushland, R.D. Radeleff, R.O. Drummond
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications
The first encouraging results in the search for systemic insecticides were obtained in 1944 by Lindquist and his co-workers (53), who found that bed bugs, Cimex lectularius Linnaeus and C. hemipterus (Fabricius), died after feeding on rabbits treated orally with DDT or pyrethrins. In 1946, Knipling and associates (48) treated rabbits with oral and intravenous dosages of insecticides,and reported that rabbits tolerated treatments of lindane and 2 -pivalyl-I,3-indandione at rates that were lethal to mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), and human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus when feeding on the rabbits. These findings, made at the Orlando, Florida, laboratory of …
The Anoka Focus, Thomas A. Witty
The Anoka Focus, Thomas A. Witty
Department of Anthropology: Theses and Student Research
In 1936, the Lynch site, 25BDl, in North Central Nebraska was investigated by a party from the University of Nebraska under the qirection of Earl H. Bell. Preliminary estimates of age measured in many hundreds and even thousands of years created widespread interest. These data, with more conservative conclusions as to their ambiguity, were considered by Freed (1954) in her Master’s Thesis on file at the University of Nebraska.
In 1939, the Arzberger site, 39HU6, near Pierre, South Dakota, was excavated by a party from Columbia University led by Albert C. Spaulding, under the general direction of the late W. …
Some Characteristics Of A Purified Heat-Stable Aldolase, P.J. Thompson, T.L. Thompson
Some Characteristics Of A Purified Heat-Stable Aldolase, P.J. Thompson, T.L. Thompson
Papers in Microbiology
THOMPSON, P. J. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln) AND T. L. THOMPSON. Some characteristics of a purified heat-stable aldolase. J. Bacteriol. 84:694-700. 1962-Aldolase from a thermophilic strain of bacteria was obtained in a state of high purity. Heat studies of purified aldolases from cells cultivated at 45 and 65 C showed them equally stable at 70 C for 1 hr. Metal-ion and chelate studies indicated that thermal aldolase is metal ion-independent. Carboxypeptidase did not alter activity or specificity. The enzyme was specific for fructose- 1, 6-diphosphate. Hydrazine was found inhibitory in the assay procedure. The inhibition was independent of pH over …
Toxic Hazards In Aerial Application, Paul W. Smith
Toxic Hazards In Aerial Application, Paul W. Smith
United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications
An analysis of the hazards accompanying the aerial application of toxic pest-control chemicals is presented. The nature of the chemicals, the symptoms of toxicity, recommended treatment, and suggestions for safe-handling, are discussed.
The introduction of the chlorinated, cyclic hydrocarbons for large-scale use as agricultural insecticides somewhat less than two decades ago, marked the beginning of a new era in agricultural pest control. In the intervening years, new chemicals, many of them engineered for specific agricultural purposes, have appeared in rapid succession. The large number and wide variety of these compounds, and their new and unfamiliar chemical and toxicological properties, have …
Animal Husbandry Through The Years At The University Of Nebraska, William J. Loeffel
Animal Husbandry Through The Years At The University Of Nebraska, William J. Loeffel
Department of Animal Science: Departmental News
From the establishment of the Agricultural College in 1872 to the present day (1962).
Foreword
Introduction
The Agricultural College
The Crowning Years
The Research Program
Farmers Institutes
Extension Activities
Emergency Programs
Extra Curricular Activities
Personnel
Publications
This review is limited primarily to the Animal Husbandry Department. However, in an organization as closely knit as the College of Agriculture, it is impossible not to make occasional reference to other departments and activities. The narrative is confined largely to the organization at Lincoln, although some reference is made of work and workers at outlying stations.
52 pages
Whole Issue Nebraska Bird Review (April 1962) 30(2)
Whole Issue Nebraska Bird Review (April 1962) 30(2)
Nebraska Bird Review
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Birding Areas Near Aurora....................18
The Incidence of Nest Parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird....................20
Annual Winter Meeting....................23
Nesting Report, 1961....................24
Dr. Ralph W. Dawson....................28
General Notes....................29
Excerpts from Letters....................30
Nature Music and Surprises in Winter....................30
Treasurer's Report....................31
Book Reviews....................32
A Soil And Vegetation Inventory And Analysis Of Three Nebraska Sandhills Range Sites, Donald F. Burzlaff
A Soil And Vegetation Inventory And Analysis Of Three Nebraska Sandhills Range Sites, Donald F. Burzlaff
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins
This study was undertaken to inventory the soils and vegetation of certain areas of the Sandhills and to seek edaphic characteristics that may be the limiting factor in the distribution of various plant species. Information of this nature will permit formulation of more accurate management practices because of a refinement in delineation of range sites.
Methods Of Sewer Rat Control, Joe E. Brooks
Methods Of Sewer Rat Control, Joe E. Brooks
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
The control of rats in the urban environment involves more than merely dealing with the above-ground populations. The average urban sewage system provides a vast labyrinth of passages and nesting places for the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus. Here, in a protected underground habitat the rodent population is free to reproduce and ultimately expand to the maximum number that the environment can support. Eventually, the population outgrows its environment. At this point population pressures force animals to move out of the system. Rat burrows begin appearing in front yards, under sidewalks and driveways, and in flower beds, and rats themselves are …
Ectoparasite Control In Public Health , Allan M. Barnes
Ectoparasite Control In Public Health , Allan M. Barnes
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
The inclusion of a chapter on ectoparasite control in a work otherwise devoted to vertebrates has a great deal of justification; the ecologies of vertebrates and their invertebrate parasites are inseparable, thus, the vertebrate control specialist is brought into intimate contact with ectoparasites and ectoparasite problems. In many cases, the need for vertebrate and ectoparasite control problems is one, and knowledge of techniques in both areas is required. The term "ectoparasite" groups a broad array of invertebrate animals externally parasitic on larger animals, many of them blood feeders in at least one stage of their life cycles. The ecological relationships …
Pigeons, Starlings And English Sparrows, G. L. Hockenyos
Pigeons, Starlings And English Sparrows, G. L. Hockenyos
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
This paper deals with the control of excessive numbers of pigeons, starlings and English sparrows in urban situations in the Midwestern region of the United States. Control procedures should always be based on a survey of the factors involved in the problem so that the most feasible methods can be determined. There is no one tool of bird control that fits all situations, and in most cases more than one tool is indicated. Since the feral pigeon is the most common pest species, emphasis will be placed on pigeon control methods. Urban bird control, like urban rat control, may involve …
Review Of Current Vertebrate Pesticides, D. Glenn Crabtree
Review Of Current Vertebrate Pesticides, D. Glenn Crabtree
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
For the purpose of this brief review, emphasis will be placed on development, physical properties, physiological action, experience and limitations of vertebrate pesticides primarily of current opera¬tional importance in the control of field rodents and predatory animals.
STRYCHNINE (C21H22N2O2)
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (FCH2-CO-0Na)= "1080"
THALLIUM (Thallous-Sulfate TL2SO4)
ZINC PHOSPHIDE (Zn3P2)
CYANIDE (Compounds Yielding HCN on Hydrolysis)
RED SQUILL (Urginea maritima)
ANTU Alphanaphtylthiourea (l-(l-Napthyl)-2-thiourea)(C11H10N2S)
ANTICOAGULANTS--warfarin, diphacinone
TRACKING POWDERS
ARSENIC ERIOXIDE (AS2O3)
ENDRIN (1,2,3,4,-10, 10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octa-hydro-1,4-endo,endo-5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene)
CALCIUM CYANIDE (CaCN2)
CARBON DISULFIDE (CS2)
PYROTECHNIC (GAS) CARTRIDGES
Federal Law And Vertebrate Pest Control, Justus C. Ward
Federal Law And Vertebrate Pest Control, Justus C. Ward
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
Shortly after the passage of the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910, mammal control specialists in the Bureau of Biological Survey began to consider a similar law to cover the chemicals with which they were concerned. Work on the project went slowly and spasmodically, but reached the point of having a Federal Rodenticide Act available for study and possible revision in 1928. At this time, the mammal control chemicals in use were limited to strychnine--alkaloid and sulphate-arsenic, barium carbonate, thallium sulphate, phosphorus, sodium and calcium cyanide, carbon disulphide, and red squill. Strychnine alkaloid was about the only predatory animal control agent, …
Concluding Remarks Of Appreciation With Comments On Histoplasmosis And Cryptococcosis, Philip J. Spear
Concluding Remarks Of Appreciation With Comments On Histoplasmosis And Cryptococcosis, Philip J. Spear
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
The record of this meeting will stand as a permanent tribute to Dr. Walter Howard and his associates. It should remind them for years to come of their worthwhile contribution in conceiving, organizing, promoting, and handling the details of this first Vertebrate Pest Control Conference. Those of us privileged to attend will be grateful for the opportunity to enlarge our acquain¬tance with the workers in the vertebrate pest control field, and to share in this exchange of information. The National Pest Control Association, whose members provide among other services, control of many vertebrate pests, draw information and guidance from many …
Infectious Disease Hazards To Pest Control Operators, Paul Arnstein Dvm, Mph
Infectious Disease Hazards To Pest Control Operators, Paul Arnstein Dvm, Mph
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
One of the primary reasons for controlling most vertebrate pests is the role these creatures play as links in the infection chain of certain agents pathogenic to man. It is reasonable to assume that the persons engaged in the eradication or removal of pests are at some risk of contacting zoonoses - diseases transmissible from animals to man. Unfortunately, histories or epidemiological data of occupational infections among pest control operators are not available; perhaps this society may become a future assembly point for statistics in this field. The hazards therefore have to be approached theoretically: diseases known to be associated …
Control Of Opossums, Bats, Raccoons, And Skunks, Howard A. Merrill
Control Of Opossums, Bats, Raccoons, And Skunks, Howard A. Merrill
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
Opossums at times cause economic losses, especially around poultry farms, truck crops and river bottom corn fields. Under such circumstances, control may be required. When bats invade homes and occupied buildings to establish their roosts, they often become nuisances, necessitating some measure of control. Interest in bats has increased greatly during recent years due to the transmission of rabies to humans. Rabies virus has been isolated from over 20 species of bats in 36 States. Since 1953, five human deaths have been attributed, to rabid bat bites. More recently one field investigator has reported an experience which indicated that rabies …
Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard
Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
It is a pleasure and privilege for me to welcome all of you to this conference. And it is a conference, not a convention. No motions or resolutions will be entertained, as this conference is made up of representatives of many governmental agencies and countries; hence, not a place for resolutions. We are here to get acquainted with each other and to listen to experts from North America and Korea tell us about the best methods of controlling troublesome and pestiferous birds, mammals and snakes, and to discuss related problems concerning diseases and pesticides. Since the program is crowded, each …
The Pest Animal Problem: Keynote Speech, W. C. Jacobsen
The Pest Animal Problem: Keynote Speech, W. C. Jacobsen
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
There is an inscription across the top of the impressive facade of the National Archives Temple in Washington, D. 0., which reads: "What is Past is Prologue." So be it. Perhaps it applies to us here- At least the inscription furnishes a basis for me to indulge in a few com¬ments of historical significance as we undertake consideration of vertebrate pest control in its many phases. The earlier documents available to us reveal that with every expansion or westward advance into newer areas of agricultural production or livestock enterprises there also arose a variety of pest animal problems. However, it …
Methods Of Controlling Coyotes, Bobcats, And Foxes, Weldon B. Robinson
Methods Of Controlling Coyotes, Bobcats, And Foxes, Weldon B. Robinson
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 1st (1962)
In reviewing methods of predator control, it would first seem appropriate to define what is meant "by "methods" and what is meant by "control." Taking the last term first, control, as applied to the predatory coyotes, bobcats, and foxes, may be defined as regulating the numbers of these animals to the point where the economic losses for which they are responsible will be reduced to a practicable minimum. In some situations, area control, i.e., limiting the numbers of the offending predator over wide areas, may be necessary for satisfactory reduction of economic losses; in other situations, spot control or localized …