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Articles 10591 - 10620 of 13623
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Peroxynitrite-Mediated Oxidations: Nitration And Nitrosation, Rachel Bolzan
Peroxynitrite-Mediated Oxidations: Nitration And Nitrosation, Rachel Bolzan
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Using a direct ultraviolet second-derivative spectroscopy method, three peroxynitrite preparative methods were investigated for the nitrite and nitrate present either as impurities or produced during peroxynitrite decomposition: (I) ozonation of azide, reaction of hydrogen peroxide with (II) isoamyl nitrite and (III) nitrous acid. The oxidation of morpholine by peroxynitrite in the presence and absence of added carbonate gives N-nitromorpholine and N-nitrosomorpholine. Nitration and nitrosation of morpholine are catalyzed by low levels of CO2; however, excess CO2 dramatically reduces the yields of nitrosation but not nitration, and the combined yields of the products are about the same under …
Nutrient Profile, Functional Properties, And Microstructure Of Dried Waste Milk Products For Use As A Potential Animal Feed, Ronald I. Thompson
Nutrient Profile, Functional Properties, And Microstructure Of Dried Waste Milk Products For Use As A Potential Animal Feed, Ronald I. Thompson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of concentrating the wastewater of a butter/powder factory for use as an animal feed. Two concentrated products were evaluated: recovered milk product (RMP), which is the direct factory waste stream; and formulated recovered milk product (FRMP), which is a product made by combining RMP and separator de-sludge in a 3:1 ratio. Three pilot scale dryer systems were used to concentrate the product: a spray dryer, a roller dryer, and a pulse combustion dryer. Dried samples were analyzed for fat, moisture, protein, ash, nitrates, chloride, pH, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and amino acids. Values …
The Role Of Cysteine 230 And Lysine 238 Of Biotin Carboxylase In The Deprotonation Of Biotin And Synthesis Of Bisubstrate Analogy Inhibitor Of Carboxyltransferase, Keith Logan Levert
The Role Of Cysteine 230 And Lysine 238 Of Biotin Carboxylase In The Deprotonation Of Biotin And Synthesis Of Bisubstrate Analogy Inhibitor Of Carboxyltransferase, Keith Logan Levert
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of fatty acids. The Escherichia coli form of the enzyme consists of a biotin carboxylase protein, a biotin carboxyl carrier protein, and a carboxyltransferase protein. This enzyme uses the cofactor biotin as a carboxyl carrier. In order for the carboxylation of biotin to occur, biotin must be deprotonated at its N-1 position. It has been proposed that the active site residues cysteine 230 and lysine 238 act as an acid-base pair to deprotonate biotin. To test this hypothesis, site-directed mutagenesis was used to mutate cysteine 230 to alanine (C230A) and lysine …
Markov Models To Estimate And Describe Survival Time And Experience In Cohorts With High Euthanasia Frequency, Giselle Louise Hosgood
Markov Models To Estimate And Describe Survival Time And Experience In Cohorts With High Euthanasia Frequency, Giselle Louise Hosgood
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Unique to survival analysis of veterinary clinical data is classification of observations from euthanized animals. The first study highlighted limitations of Kaplan-Meier product limit analysis (KM) of veterinary clinical data. Three data sets with different outcome proportions (alive, lost-to-follow-up, dead due to disease, dead due to other, euthanized due to disease, euthanized due to other) were used. Different classifications of observations from euthanized animals caused inconsistent conclusions of significant differences between strata within data sets. At times, ranking of median survival time estimates for strata was reversed. The KM was found inappropriate to evaluate observations from euthanized animals. This finding, …
Hydrodynamics And Freshwater Diversion Within Barataria Basin, Dongho Park
Hydrodynamics And Freshwater Diversion Within Barataria Basin, Dongho Park
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In order to understand the physical processes in the Barataria estuary, a previously developed two-dimensional, depth-integrated hydrodynamic model is applied to simulate estuarine processes. The equations for conservation of mass and momentum predict specific physical processes when forced by tidal and salinity variations at the open boundaries, wind forcing patterns, precipitation and evaporation over the model domain, and freshwater runoff as point sources. This study is focused on examining the impact of freshwater dispersion from the freshwater sources. Thus, a hydrologic model was developed to estimate runoff. Furthermore grid size was reduced, a new advective code added, and baroclinic effects …
Effects Of Structural Marsh Management And Salinity On Sediments, Hydrology, Invertebrates, And Waterbirds In Marsh Ponds During Winter On The Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, Francois Bolduc
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Compositions of wintering waterbird communities are dependent upon food accessibility (via water depth), biomasses and sizes of their invertebrate prey, which in turn are influenced by the hydrology and sediments of wetland habitats. The hydrology and sediments of marsh ponds on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain probably are affected by structural marsh management (levees, water control structures and impoundments; SMM) and salinity; therefore, SMM and salinity ultimately may affect wintering waterbird communities. Accordingly, I measured sediment and hydrologic variables, biomasses and sizes of common aquatic invertebrates, and densities of common wintering waterbird species in ponds of impounded freshwater (IF), impounded …
Phylogeny Of Ericameria, Chrysothamnus And Related Genera (Asteraceae : Astereae) Based On Nuclear Ribosomal Dna Sequence Data, Roland P. Roberts
Phylogeny Of Ericameria, Chrysothamnus And Related Genera (Asteraceae : Astereae) Based On Nuclear Ribosomal Dna Sequence Data, Roland P. Roberts
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Phylogenetic relationships and classification of Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Xylothamia and related genera were investigated. The internal transcribed spacer and 3' external transcribed spacers (ITS and ETS) of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA were analyzed separately and combined employing different optimality criteria. These analyses indicated that the previous classifications and hypotheses of relationships were not monophyletic. Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Xylothamia, and related genera were placed in separate lineages irrespective of data set and optimality criteria. Chrysothamnus species, as traditionally delimited, were resolved in four, not necessarily closely related lineages affiliated with the Solidagininae. Previous sectional classification of Chrysothamnus based primarily on morphology was …
Patterns Of Nucleotide Substitution Within And Among Mitochondrial Gene Regions In Sea Star (Leptasterias Spp), Adam Wayne Hrincevich
Patterns Of Nucleotide Substitution Within And Among Mitochondrial Gene Regions In Sea Star (Leptasterias Spp), Adam Wayne Hrincevich
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In this study, 23 molecular lineages within the species-rich sea star genus Leptasterias subgenus Hexasterias section Camtschatica and an outgroup Leptasterias polaris were examined for patterns of mtDNA nucleotide sequence variation and evolution. Two separate regions of the mitochondrial genome were sequenced. The first region (549-bp) spanned the partial 3' ends of the 12s rRNA and 16s rRNA genes, complete tRNAs for glutamic acid and threonine, and complete putative control region. The second region (1644-bp) spanned approximately 85% of the 3' end of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, complete tRNA for arginine and approximately 85% of the 5' end …
Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Cotton Following Corn In Rotation And Foliar Fertilization Of Cotton Using Leaf Blade Analysis, Charles Chism Craig
Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Cotton Following Corn In Rotation And Foliar Fertilization Of Cotton Using Leaf Blade Analysis, Charles Chism Craig
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Research is needed to ensure proper cotton N fertilization in various production practices without the detrimental effects of excess fertilization on yield and the environment. The objectives were i) to evaluate the effect of residual N on the uptake efficiency of cotton-applied N when following corn in rotation, ii) evaluate the potential for using leaf blade analysis and preset N thresholds to trigger foliar applications of N to cotton grown on clay soils and iii) evaluate the effect of preplant N on early root and shoot growth and N assimilation of cotton grown on a clay soil. Nitrogen rates of …
It Came From Outer Space: The Virus, Cultural Anxiety, And Speculative Fiction, Anne-Marie Thomas
It Came From Outer Space: The Virus, Cultural Anxiety, And Speculative Fiction, Anne-Marie Thomas
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This study seeks to explore and interrogate the “viral reality” of the 1990s, in which the virus, heavily indebted to representations of AIDS for its metaphorical power, emerged as a prominent agent in science and popular culture. What becomes apparent in both fictional and non-fictional texts of this era, however, is that the designation of “virus” transcends specific and material viral phenomena, making the virus itself a touchstone for modern preoccupations with self and other. As constituted by the human body’s interaction with pathogenic agents, the binary of self and other may be deconstructed by an interrogation of the virus …
Tryptophan Requirements And The Effects Of Supplemental Tryptophan On Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites, And Meat Quality In Nursery, Growing, And Finishing Pigs, Amy Christina Guzik
Tryptophan Requirements And The Effects Of Supplemental Tryptophan On Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites, And Meat Quality In Nursery, Growing, And Finishing Pigs, Amy Christina Guzik
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This research was conducted to estimate the true digestible Trp (dTrp) requirements in nursery, growing, and late finishing pigs and the effects of supplemental Trp on physiology, behavior, and meat quality. Five experiments were conducted to estimate the dTrp requirement in nursery pigs. Using broken-line regression analysis, dTrp requirements were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.18% for Phase I (5.2 to 7.3 kg), II (6.3 to 10.2 kg), and III (10.3 to 15.7) nursery pigs. In addition, four experiments were conducted to estimate the dTrp requirements in growing and finishing pigs. Using broken-line regression analysis, the dTrp requirement of pigs weighing 30.9, …
Local, Regional, And Global Patterns Of Woodpecker (Picidae) Diversity: Ecological Explanations And Practical Applications, Alison Robinson Styring
Local, Regional, And Global Patterns Of Woodpecker (Picidae) Diversity: Ecological Explanations And Practical Applications, Alison Robinson Styring
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This study explored foraging ecology in a guild of 13 woodpecker species found in the lowland rainforests of peninsular Malaysia. The data collected were used for two purposes: (1) to compare species from temperate and tropical woodpecker assemblages in an attempt to understand patterns of diversity, and (2) to determine the effects of logging on Malaysian woodpeckers. Ecological and morphological patterns of diversity were investigated in woodpeckers from tropical sites in Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve) and Guatemala, and two temperate sites in North America. Multivariate analyses separated species into two ecomorphs: “conventional” - species that …
Spatial Patterns Of Morphological Diversity Across The Indo-Pacific: Analyses Using Strombid Gastropods, Kaustuv Roy, Deborah P. Balch, Michael E. Hellberg
Spatial Patterns Of Morphological Diversity Across The Indo-Pacific: Analyses Using Strombid Gastropods, Kaustuv Roy, Deborah P. Balch, Michael E. Hellberg
Faculty Publications
Biological diversity can be measured using various metrics, but existing knowledge of spatial patterns of diversity is largely based on species counts. There is increasing evidence that trends in species richness might not match trends in other biodiversity metrics, such as morphological diversity. Here, we use data from a large group of Indo-Pacific gastropods (family Strombidae) to show that the species richness of a region is a poor predictor of the morphological diversity present there. Areas with only a few species can harbour an impressive array of morphologies and, conversely, morphological diversity in the most species-rich regions is no higher …
Develping Consensus Indicators Of Sustainability For Southeastern United States Aquaculture (Bulletin #879), Rex H. Caffey, Richard F. Kazmierczak, James W. Avault
Develping Consensus Indicators Of Sustainability For Southeastern United States Aquaculture (Bulletin #879), Rex H. Caffey, Richard F. Kazmierczak, James W. Avault
LSU AgCenter Bulletins
This study investigates whether diverse aquaculture interest groups can collectively agree on ways to coordinate this resource use by developing goals and indicators of aquaculture sustainability. Specifically, this study used aquaculture experts from the production, research, regulatory and public interest sectors to identify and weight a broad range of indicators of aquaculture sustainability in the southeastern United States.
Intra- And Inter-Person Variability In Glycemic Responsiveness, Cassandra S. Baldwin
Intra- And Inter-Person Variability In Glycemic Responsiveness, Cassandra S. Baldwin
Honors Capstones
No abstract provided.
Accumulation Of A Polyisoprene-Linked Amino Sugar In Polymyxin-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium And Escherichia Coli: Structural Characterization And Transfer To Lipid A In The Periplasm, M. Stephen Trent, Anthony A. Ribeiro, William T. Doerrler, Shanhua Lin, Robert J. Cotter, Christian R.H. Raetz
Accumulation Of A Polyisoprene-Linked Amino Sugar In Polymyxin-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium And Escherichia Coli: Structural Characterization And Transfer To Lipid A In The Periplasm, M. Stephen Trent, Anthony A. Ribeiro, William T. Doerrler, Shanhua Lin, Robert J. Cotter, Christian R.H. Raetz
Faculty Publications
Polymyxin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium accumulate a novel minor lipid that can donate 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose units (L-Ara4N) to lipid A. We now report the purification of this lipid from a pss- pmrAC mutant of E. coli and assign its structure as undecaprenyl phosphate-α-L-Ara4N. Approximately 0.2 mg of homogeneous material was isolated from an 8-liter culture by solvent extraction, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, C18 reverse phase resin, and silicic acid. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry in the negative mode yielded a single species [M - H]- at m/z 977.5, consistent with undecaprenyl phosphate-α-L-Ara4N (Mr = …
Chromosomal Inversions And The Reproductive Isolation Of Species, M. A.F. Noor, K. L. Gratos, L. A. Bertucci, J. Reiland
Chromosomal Inversions And The Reproductive Isolation Of Species, M. A.F. Noor, K. L. Gratos, L. A. Bertucci, J. Reiland
Faculty Publications
Recent genetic studies have suggested that many genes contribute to differences between closely related species that prevent gene exchange, particularly hybrid male sterility and female species preferences. We have examined the genetic basis of hybrid sterility and female species preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis, two occasionally hybridizing North American species. Contrary to findings in other species groups, very few regions of the genome were associated with these characters, and these regions are associated also with fixed arrangement differences (inversions) between these species. From our results, we propose a preliminary genic model whereby inversions may contribute to the speciation …
Louisiana Agriculture Fall, 2001, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture Fall, 2001, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture
No abstract provided.
L-Cysteine-Mediated Destabilization Of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes In Proteins, Paul A. Rogers, Huangen Ding
L-Cysteine-Mediated Destabilization Of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes In Proteins, Paul A. Rogers, Huangen Ding
Faculty Publications
Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule in intercellular communication as well as a powerful weapon used by macrophages to kill tumor cells and pathogenic bacteria. Here, we show that when Escherichia coli cells are exposed to nitric oxide, its ferredoxin [2Fe-2S] cluster is nitrosylated, forming the dinitrosyl iron complex with a characteristic EPR signal at gav = 2.04. Such formed ferredoxin dinitrosyl iron complex is efficiently repaired in E. coli cells even in the absence of new protein synthesis. However, the repair activity is completely inactivated once E. coli cells are disrupted, indicating that repairing the ferredoxin dinitrosyl iron complex …
Commentary: Considerations For Use Of Racial/Ethnic Classification In Etiologic Research, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper
Commentary: Considerations For Use Of Racial/Ethnic Classification In Etiologic Research, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper
Faculty Publications
Numerous authors have critiqued the use of race as an etiologic quantity in medical research. Despite this criticism, the use of variables encoding racial/ethnic categorization has increased in epidemiology, and most researchers agree that important variation in disease risk is captured by this classification system. Previous discussions have generally neglected to articulate guidelines for appropriate use of racial/ethnic information in etiologic research. The authors summarize the logical, conceptual, and practical problems associated with the "ethnic paradigm" as currently applied in biomedical sciences and offer a set of methodological recommendations toward more valid use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic studies. These …
Kaufman And Copper Respond To "Race,'Racism,And The Practice Of Epidemiology, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper
Kaufman And Copper Respond To "Race,'Racism,And The Practice Of Epidemiology, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Function Of Escherichia Coli Biotin Carboxylase Requires Catalytic Activity Of Both Subunits Of The Homodimer, Kamala Janiyani, Tee Bordelon, Grover L. Waldrop, John E. Cronan
Function Of Escherichia Coli Biotin Carboxylase Requires Catalytic Activity Of Both Subunits Of The Homodimer, Kamala Janiyani, Tee Bordelon, Grover L. Waldrop, John E. Cronan
Faculty Publications
Biotin carboxylase catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin and is one component of the multienzyme complex acetyl-CoA carboxylase that catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis. The Escherichia coli biotin carboxylase is readily isolated from the other components of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex such that enzymatic activity is retained. The three-dimensional structure of biotin carboxylase, determined by x-ray crystallography, demonstrated that the enzyme is a homodimer consisting of two active sites in which each subunit contains a complete active site. To understand how each subunit contributes to the overall function of biotin carboxylase, we made hybrid molecules in …
Late Cretaceous Mammals And Magnetostratigraphy, Big Bend, Texas, Julia T. Sankey, Wulf Gose
Late Cretaceous Mammals And Magnetostratigraphy, Big Bend, Texas, Julia T. Sankey, Wulf Gose
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University
No abstract provided.
The Scientific Foundations Of Habitat Conservation Plans: A Quantitative Assessment, Elaine K. Harding, Elizabeth E. Crone, Bret D. Elderd, Jonathan M. Hoekstra, Alexa J. Mckerrow, John D. Perrine, Jim Regetz, Leslie J. Rissler, Amanda G. Stanley, Eric L. Walters
The Scientific Foundations Of Habitat Conservation Plans: A Quantitative Assessment, Elaine K. Harding, Elizabeth E. Crone, Bret D. Elderd, Jonathan M. Hoekstra, Alexa J. Mckerrow, John D. Perrine, Jim Regetz, Leslie J. Rissler, Amanda G. Stanley, Eric L. Walters
Faculty Publications
The number of habitat conservation plans (HCP) has risen dramatically since the first plan was written over 18 years ago. Until recently, no studies have quantitatively investigated the scientific foundations underlying these documents. As part of a larger study of HCPs, we examined 43 plans primarily to assess the availability and use of scientific data and secondarily to determine the extent of involvement by, and influence of independent scientists within the process. Specifically, our analysis focused on five key steps taken when an HCP is developed: assessing status of a species, determining take, predicting the project effects, mitigating for those …
Diets Of Wild Versus Released, And Pen-Raised White-Tailed Deer In Southeastern Louisiana, Richard James Meyers
Diets Of Wild Versus Released, And Pen-Raised White-Tailed Deer In Southeastern Louisiana, Richard James Meyers
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Twenty pen-raised white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were released into mixed pine-hardwood forest habitat in southeastern Louisiana to compare their seasonal diets to the diets of the wild white-tailed deer population. Microhistological analysis was used to estimate the botanical composition of fecal pellet samples collected from both populations of deer over four consecutive seasons. Wild and pen-raised deer diets were found to be an average of 75.18% similar during the entire year of the study, and were significantly associated during all seasons (P < 0.001), indicating that all deer foraged on similar plant taxa in similar proportions regardless of season. Both populations of deer were found to be predominantly browsers during all seasons, with browse and fruit accounting for a yearly average of >55% of deer diets. Results from this study indicate that rehabilitated or translocated deer released into new environments …
Site-Directed Mutagenesis Of Atp Binding Residues Of Biotin Carboxylase: Insight Into The Mechanism Of Catalysis, Valerie Sloane, Carol Z. Blanchard, Frankie Guillot, Grover L. Waldrop
Site-Directed Mutagenesis Of Atp Binding Residues Of Biotin Carboxylase: Insight Into The Mechanism Of Catalysis, Valerie Sloane, Carol Z. Blanchard, Frankie Guillot, Grover L. Waldrop
Faculty Publications
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis in all plants, animals, and bacteria. The Escherichia coli form is a multimeric protein complex consisting of three distinct and separate components: biotin carboxylase, carboxyltransferase, and the biotin carboxyl carrier protein. The biotin carboxylase component catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of biotin using bicarbonate as the carboxylate source and has a distinct architecture that is characteristic of the ATP-grasp superfamily of enzymes. Included in this superfamily are D-Ala D-Ala ligase, glutathione synthetase, carbamyl phosphate synthetase, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase, all of which have known three-dimensional …
Louisiana Agriculture Summer, 2001, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture Summer, 2001, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture
No abstract provided.
Preparations For Transformation Of Drosophila Melanogaster With Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Dmnopp140 And Dmnopp140-Rgg By P-Element Transformation, Jennifer Mccain
Preparations For Transformation Of Drosophila Melanogaster With Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Dmnopp140 And Dmnopp140-Rgg By P-Element Transformation, Jennifer Mccain
Honors Capstones
No abstract provided.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (Nsom) Studies Of The Relationship Between Interchain Interactions, Morphology, Photodamage, And Energy Transport In Conjugated Polymer Films, Thuc Quyen Nguyen, Benjamin J. Schwartz, Richard D. Schaller, Justin C. Johnson, Lynn F. Lee, Louis H. Haber, Richard J. Saykally
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (Nsom) Studies Of The Relationship Between Interchain Interactions, Morphology, Photodamage, And Energy Transport In Conjugated Polymer Films, Thuc Quyen Nguyen, Benjamin J. Schwartz, Richard D. Schaller, Justin C. Johnson, Lynn F. Lee, Louis H. Haber, Richard J. Saykally
Faculty Publications
It is becoming increasingly clear that the way in which a conjugated polymer film is cast affects the interactions between polymer chains and thus the optical and electrical properties of the film. Given that conjugated polymer films cast in different ways also show different nanometer-scale surface topographies, the question that arises is: What is the correlation between surface topography, local chain packing, and the local electronic properties of a conjugated polymer film? In this paper, we address this question using fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to examine films of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) that were prepared in different ways. The …
Alu Insertion Polymorphisms And The Genetic Structure Of Human Populations From The Caucasus, Ivane Nasidze, Gregory M. Risch, Myles Robichaux, Stephen T. Sherry, Mark A. Batzer, Mark Stoneking
Alu Insertion Polymorphisms And The Genetic Structure Of Human Populations From The Caucasus, Ivane Nasidze, Gregory M. Risch, Myles Robichaux, Stephen T. Sherry, Mark A. Batzer, Mark Stoneking
Faculty Publications
An analysis of 8 Alu insertion loci (ACE, TPA25, PV92, APO, FXIIIB, D1, A25, B65) has been carried out in six populations from the Caucasus, including Indo-European-speaking Armenians; Altaic-speaking Azerbaijanians; North Caucasian-speaking Cherkessians, Darginians, and Ingushians; and South Caucasian (Kartvelian)-speaking Georgians. The Caucasus populations exhibit low levels of within-population variation and high levels of between-population differentiation, with the average Fst value for the Caucasus of 0.113, which is almost as large as the Fst value of 0.157 for worldwide populations. Maximum likelihood tree and principal coordinate analyses both group the Caucasus populations with European populations. Neither geographic nor linguistic relationships …