Digital Commons Network^™

Lgbtqia+ Hate Crimes And State Non-Discrimination Policies: An Analysis, Jillian Jones

Midwest Social Sciences Journal

While LGBTQIA+ rights have been increasing in the United States for decades, many states do not have non-discrimination policies that protect individuals based on their gender identity and sexual orientation. This lack in protection leaves many LGBTQIA+ individuals vulnerable to experiencing discrimination and harassment, which could lead to hate crimes, cultivating an environment of passive tolerance rather than active resistance. Active resistance can be achieved through the passage of non-discrimination policies, as well as addressing minority stress that LGBTQIA+ individuals can be susceptible to when they are actively experiencing or anticipating discrimination and harassment. This research paper addresses whether the …

The Role Of Teacher Efficacy And School Climate In Parent-Teacher Relationship Quality And Congruence For Autistic Students, Morgan E. Herber, Alycia M. Hund

Faculty Publications – Psychology

Parent-teacher relationships are critical for Autistic student success. The purpose of the current project was to better understand parent-teacher relationships for Autistic students. This project was unique in its use of dyadic data from parents and teachers and its mixed methods design to explore parent-teacher relationship quality and congruence for Autistic students. In Wave 1, 37 parents and 37 teachers of Autistic students completed surveys measuring teacher self-efficacy, school climate, and parent-teacher relationship quality. Teacher efficacy was significantly positively associated with teacher reports of parent-teacher relationship quality. School climate was significantly positively associated with parent reports of parent-teacher relationship quality. …

Exploring Gratitude Journaling In 12-Step Recovery: Effects On Attitudes, Affect, And Cravings: A Pilot Study, Susan Elizabeth Hann Doyle

CGU Theses & Dissertations

This study explored the emotional and attitudinal effects of gratitude journaling exercises among 12-step program attendees for substance use disorders (SUDs) and behavioral addictions. A total of 152 participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which completed Seligman’s “Three Good Things” exercise and a structured gratitude journal, or a control group, which engaged in a neutral journaling task. Emotional states were assessed using the positive and negative affect schedule-short form (PANAS-SF), while cravings were monitored with the Penn alcohol craving scale (PACS) to ensure the interventions did not exacerbate participants’ alcohol cravings. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant reductions …

Hiding In Plain Sites: The Role Of Implied Descriptive Norms On Littering Behavior, Stasie Danial Dear-Ferguson

CGU Theses & Dissertations

The dissertation builds on prior research highlighting the importance of descriptive norms on littering behavior (Bergquist et al., 2021; Cialdini et al., 1990). Previous research has shown that people are more likely to litter into already littered environments than into sites free of litter. There is contradictory research on the impact of a single piece of litter in an environment, the effects of posted anti-littering messages, and whether individuals perceive the influence of the descriptive norm. The dissertation is a series of three studies designed to replicate and extend prior research on the influence of descriptive social norms on littering …

From Pixels To Proposals: Exploring The Effects Of Empathy And Immersion On Economic And Moral Decision - Making In Video Games, Alex Dien

CMC Senior Theses

This study explores the role of immersive environments, specifically video games, in shaping empathy and decision-making during economic exchanges like the Ultimatum Game. Traditional economic models emphasize rationality, but more recent research highlights the influence of emotions and empathy on decision-making. Using a 2x2 between-subjects design, this proposed study will investigate how varying levels of immersion (active gameplay versus passive observation) and fairness of offers (fair versus unfair) affect participants' responses to non-human characters (NPCs). I plan to recruit eighty participants, aged 18-25, to engage with a video game, Red Dead Redemption 2 (Rockstar Games, 2018) either through playing or …

A Bad Bet For Adolescents: Psychological Perspectives On Sports Betting & Digital Gambling Technologies, Kaitlyn Helfrich

CMC Senior Theses

Digital sports betting is a rapidly expanding sector of the gambling industry, allowing users to place wagers on the outcomes of sporting events from virtually anywhere. While structurally comparable to traditional gambling systems, sports betting is often perceived as a more socially acceptable and accessible alternative, contributing to its growing appeal and largely positive sentiment among Americans. Yet, in the seven years since sports betting has become legalized, growing numbers of Americans have reported psychological and financial problems stemming from problem gambling. Of particular concern is the increasing percentage of adolescents engaging with these platforms, despite legal restrictions on underage …

Neural Correlates Of Attentional Biases In Dietary Choice: Role Of Childhood Socioeconomic Status, Justine Jamie N. Gotico

CMC Senior Theses

Childhood poverty has been shown to increase adult risk for obesity above and beyond its direct effects on adult socioeconomic status (SES). One proposed mechanism of these effects is by shifting behavioral patterns of dietary consumption and choice, for example by increasing rapid attention to high-calorie unhealthy foods. Yet, whether such neural mechanisms can explain observed differences in dietary behavior based on childhood SES remains an open question. Here we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine early attentional correlates of low childhood SES during a dietary choice task, based on research suggesting that early attentional biases toward high-calorie foods emerge …

Money Matters: Investigating The Emotional, Cognitive, And Biological Pathways Connecting Maternal Early Life Financial Insecurity And Parenting Quality, Elise Power, Stacey N. Doan

CMC Senior Theses

Early life adversity has been shown to have a variety of negative effects on adult functioning, including parenting quality, with implications for child wellbeing. Adverse early life experiences including poverty have been linked to long-term disruptions in emotional, cognitive, and physiological functioning that compromise the ability to provide sensitive, nurturing care. The present study investigated whether emotional regulation difficulties, physiological regulation, and cognitive function mediate the relationship between early life financial insecurity and parenting quality. A sample of 132 mother-child dyads completed self-report measures, biological samples, and cognitive assessments. A multiple mediation model ran in SPSS, revealed a significant indirect …

Exploring Neurodiversity & The Role Of Flexible Workplaces For Organizational Neuroinclusion, Miranda Chen

CMC Senior Theses

This thesis conducted a thorough literature review on the experiences and outcomes of neurodiverse individuals in the workplace and found consistently lower outcomes in well-being, work performance, intention to leave, and job satisfaction compared to neurotypical workers. It examined how the emergence of remote work presents new opportunities for mitigating some workplace challenges around stress and sensory overload, while recognizing that remote work alone falls short as being a definitive solution for the unique challenges faced by neurodiverse people. Instead, it argued for Flexible Work Arrangements (FWA’s) as a comprehensive and systemic strategy to address individual needs and organizational inclusion, …

The Meditative Mind In Sync: The Effects Of Meditative Interpersonal Synchrony On Self-Other Merging, Self-Representation, And Social Connection., Nathan Verba

CMC Senior Theses

This study investigates the effects of meditative interpersonal synchrony, operationalized through OM group chanting meditation (OM-GCM), on self-other merging, self-referential thinking, and the quality of social interactions between strangers. Interpersonal synchrony and meditation have been widely studied as distinct phenomena; however, this thesis is the first to examine the potential amplifying effects of their combination. This thesis hypothesized that OM-GCM would lead to higher conversation quality, increased self-other merging, and reduced self-referential thinking compared to a non-meditative synchronous control: humming. To test this, twenty-eight college students, paired into dyads of strangers, engaged in either the OM-GCM or humming condition, followed …

Black Adolescents' Mental Health And Identity Formation: The Role Of Discrimination And Racial Socialization - A Systematic Review, Tsahai Jenkins

Theses and Dissertations

This systematic review examines the impact of racial discrimination on mental health and racial identity development among Black adolescents, focusing on anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and identity formation, as well as the protective role of racial socialization. Analysis of 19 qualitative and quantitative studies revealed that Black adolescents frequently experience discrimination across various settings, including schools, public spaces, and online platforms, with significant effects on mental health and self-concept. Gendered patterns were evident, with females more likely to internalize stress as anxiety and depression, while males showed externalizing behaviors such as aggression. Racial socialization, especially cultural pride messages, emerged as a …

Culturally Specific Interventions And Indigenous Practices In Correctional And Forensic Settings: A Systematic Review, Jordyne James

Theses and Dissertations

While professional guidelines, legislation and research emphasize the importance of adapting treatment approaches to patient characteristics and culture (American Psychological Association [APA], 2021, 2019; Correctional Service of Canada [CSC], 2013; Canadian Psychological Association [CPA], 2017; Canadian Counseling and Psychotherapy Association [CCPA], 2021), psychological and forensic research and practice related to culturally specific programming lags behind expectations to meet the needs of ethnically diverse clients. Given the continued overrepresentation of minorities within forensic institutions (Aguiar, 2020; Carter & Forsyth, 2007; Hanser & Gomila, 2015; Leguizamo et al., 2018), this systematic review aimed to raise awareness of culturally-specific interventions and Indigenous practices …

Psychopathology, Symptomology, And Treatment In Offspring Of Holocaust Survivors: An Integrative Systematic Review, Lauren Grace Escobar

Theses and Dissertations

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the symptomatology, psychopathology, and treatment of offspring of Holocaust survivors (OHS). A comprehensive search was conducted in PsycINFO, PILOTS/PTSD, and Scopus for studies published between 1990 and 2024. Inclusion criteria required peer-reviewed studies, reports, books, literature reviews, and meta-analyses written or translated into English that reported on symptomatology and treatment for OHS. From an initial yield of 2,532 articles, 119 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that OHS demonstrate significantly higher levels of symptomatology and psychopathology reported in nine clinical classifications. Psychodynamic treatment was the most commonly found treatment modality for OHS, …

The Cognitive And Positive Aspects Of Language Brokering Among Latinx Individuals: An Integrative Systematic Review, Jacqueline Juarez

Theses and Dissertations

English has been the prominent language spoken in the United States; however, with the rise of the Spanish language, it is imperative to address how Spanish speakers navigate spaces. Research has found mixed findings about the outcomes of serving as a language broker. This integrative systematic review aimed to identify and analyze literature on Latinx language brokers regarding cognitive strategies and abilities and the positive processes and perceptions that contribute to enhancing mental health. This review also sought to focus on factors that may contribute to resiliency over time for Latinx language brokers. A total of 31 studies were included …

Assessment And Treatment Outcomes Of Women Experiencing Miscarriage And Pregnancy Loss: A Systematic Review Of The Literature, Hanieh Fakhrai

Theses and Dissertations

This systematic review examined the assessment tools, mental health outcomes, supportive resources, and intervention strategies related to women experiencing miscarriage and pregnancy loss. Despite affecting 10-20% of recognized pregnancies, the psychological impact of miscarriage is often overlooked in healthcare settings. Following PRISMA guidelines, 18 studies published between 2010-2021 from diverse international contexts were systematically analyzed. Findings revealed significant mental health consequences, including depression (prevalence 31-48.8%), anxiety (2.4-61%), and PTSD symptoms (14.7-43.9%). Risk factors for adverse outcomes included previous mental health conditions, history of infertility, multiple pregnancy losses, and difficulty finding meaning. Women identified helpful, supportive resources, including internet forums, sensitive …

Current Trends In Assessment Training At Clinical Psychology Doctoral Programs, Darcy Perrin Darrell

Theses and Dissertations

Psychological assessment is a fundamental competency in clinical psychology doctoral training, yet inconsistencies persist in the content and structure of assessment education across programs. This study aimed to evaluate current trends in psychological assessment training at American Psychological Association (APA) accredited clinical psychology doctoral programs, with particular attention to the implementation of the APA Guidelines for Education and Training in Psychological Assessment in Health Service Psychology. Utilizing a nonexperimental, descriptive design, the study analyzed 85 syllabi submitted by 58 programs, as well as publicly available curricular information. A rubric was developed to assess the extent to which course syllabi reflected …

Psychotherapy And Changes In Adult Attachment: A Systematic Review, Meghan Kussman

Theses and Dissertations

Attachment insecurity is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor linked to a wide range of emotional and relational difficulties. Although early attachment patterns tend to be relatively stable, research indicates that attachment orientations can change over time, particularly in response to significant relational or therapeutic experiences. This systematic review examined 39 empirical studies published between 2000 and 2024 to determine whether engagement in psychotherapy is associated with changes in adult attachment security. Eligible studies assessed attachment both pre- and post-treatment using validated self-report measures (e.g., Experiences in Close Relationships Scale; ECR) or interview-based measures (e.g., Adult Attachment Interview; AAI), and reported statistically …

The Efficacy Of Trauma-Informed Treatment For Undocumented Latinx Immigrants With Manifestation Of Trauma Symptoms: A Systematic Review, Daniel Lopez

Theses and Dissertations

This systematic review provides a narrative synthesis of the trauma symptom manifestation in the undocumented Latinx immigrant population, how acculturation impacts trauma symptom manifestation, and what interventions have been shown to be effective in treating trauma symptoms with this population. Using specific search terms, the PsycINFO and Scopus databases were searched. After a review of the full-text, a total of 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that undocumented Latinx immigrants present with trauma symptoms associated with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), somatic symptoms, and symptoms associated with …

Training And Resource Manual: Integrating And Exploring Language And Cultural Competencies For Trainees And Supervisors, Patricia Rayas-Tabares

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation explored the scholarly literature and extracted important themes regarding the training and development of bilingual psychology trainees. The first theme was the language challenges bilingual trainees face due to their proficiency in Spanish when delivering services to Latinx limited English-speaking or monolingual Spanish-speaking clients when the trainee has received little or no training in Spanish. The second theme was bilingual supervision. When the trainee was matched with a supervisor who was not from the same culture or proficient in Spanish, many challenges occurred for the trainee and the supervisor. The final theme was about the trainee’s experience. Bilingual …

Evaluating The Clinical Effectiveness Of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review Of Outcome Studies, Gregory Bendau

Theses and Dissertations

The present review systematically examined current outcome studies on psychodynamic psychotherapy to build a comprehensive understanding of its overall effectiveness. The review synthesizes 43 outcome studies, including randomized controlled trials (n = 26) and quasi-experimental designs (n = 17), across diverse durations, settings, and clinical presentations. The review included quantitative, peer-reviewed studies written in English and published between 2015 and 2024 that measured the treatment outcomes of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Results showed that 41 studies (95%) reported significant symptom improvements for psychological conditions and disorders, including mood, personality, anxiety, somatic symptom, trauma, eating, mixed disorders, and general psychological distress. Effect sizes …

Infants’ Resting-State Functional Connectivity And Event-Related Potentials: A Multimodal Approach To Investigating The Neural Basis Of Infant Novelty Detection, Dana Kanel, Santiago Morales, Kathryn Altman, John E. Richards, Anderson M. Winkler, Daniel Samuel Pine, Nathan A. Fox, Courtney A. Filippi

School of Medicine Publications

Individual differences in how the brain responds to novelty are present from infancy. A common method of studying novelty processing is through event-related potentials (ERPs). While ERPs possess millisecond precision, spatial resolution remains poor, especially in infancy. This study aimed to balance spatial and temporal precision by combining ERP data with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Twenty-nine infants (15 female) underwent resting-state fMRI (Mage = 4.73 months) and electroencephalography (EEG) during a three-stimulus auditory oddball task (Mage = 5.19 months). The mismatch response (MMR) and P3 were computed from ERP data, and resting-state functional connectivity …

ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความสามารถของตนด้านการเรียนกับผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนออนไลน์ในหลักสูตรอบรมออนไลน์วิชาภาษาอังกฤษของพนักงานโดยมีอารมณ์เชิงบวกเป็นตัวแปรส่งผ่าน และการรับรู้ข้อมูลย้อนกลับเชิงบวกเป็นตัวแปรกำกับ, วรรณชนก อยู่ถมยา

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อทดสอบความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความสามารถของตนด้านการเรียนกับผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนออนไลน์ โดยมีอารมณ์เชิงบวกเป็นตัวแปรส่งผ่าน และการรับรู้ข้อมูลย้อนกลับเชิงบวกเป็นตัวแปรกำกับ กลุ่มตัวอย่างคือพนักงานอายุ 18 ปีขึ้นไป ที่เข้าร่วมการอบรมหลักสูตรออนไลน์วิชาภาษาอังกฤษแบบสอนสด จำนวน 120 คน เครื่องมือที่ใช้คือแบบสอบถามออนไลน์ วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยสถิติพรรณนา การวิเคราะห์สหสัมพันธ์ และการวิเคราะห์ถดถอยพหุคูณโดยใช้โปรแกรม Process Macro ผลการวิจัยชี้ให้เห็นว่า การรับรู้ความสามารถของตนด้านการเรียนมีความสัมพันธ์ทางบวกกับอารมณ์เชิงบวก และอารมณ์เชิงบวกมีความสัมพันธ์กับผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนออนไลน์ อย่างไรก็ตาม ไม่พบอิทธิพลทางตรงของการรับรู้ความสามารถของตนด้านการเรียนต่อผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนออนไลน์ อีกทั้งไม่พบอิทธิพลส่งผ่านของอารมณ์เชิงบวกภายใต้เงื่อนไขของการรับรู้ข้อมูลย้อนกลับเชิงบวก กล่าวคือ การรับรู้ข้อมูลย้อนกลับเชิงบวกไม่ได้ทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวแปรกำกับที่ช่วยเพิ่มความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างการรับรู้ความสามารถของตนด้านการเรียนและอารมณ์เชิงบวก แต่เมื่อวิเคราะห์แบบไม่รวมตัวแปรกำกับ พบว่าอารมณ์เชิงบวกมีบทบาทเป็นตัวแปรส่งผ่านอย่างสมบูรณ์ ผลการศึกษาสะท้อนว่า อารมณ์เชิงบวกเป็นปัจจัยสำคัญที่ส่งเสริมผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนออนไลน์ แม้ว่าการรับรู้ข้อมูลย้อนกลับเชิงบวกในบริบทการเรียนออนไลน์อาจยังไม่สามารถเพิ่มอิทธิพลของกลไกการส่งผ่านได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ ข้อค้นพบนี้สามารถนำไปประยุกต์ใช้ในการออกแบบกิจกรรมการเรียนรู้ที่มุ่งเสริมสร้างการรับรู้ความสามารถของผู้เรียน กระตุ้นอารมณ์เชิงบวก และพัฒนาการให้ข้อมูลย้อนกลับ เพื่อยกระดับผลสัมฤทธิ์ทางการเรียนออนไลน์ในหลักสูตรอบรมพนักงาน

(In)Attention To Attractive Brand Alternatives, Danielle J. Brick, Veronica L. Thomas

Marketing Faculty Publications

Understanding how consumers maintain their brand relationships has important implications for marketers as committed consumers contribute significant value to firms. In the present research, we propose and test one such way consumers protect their brand relationships, namely through attentional avoidance of attractive alternative partners. Across multiple studies, we find support for our theory that committed consumers avoid attending to alternative brand partners by recalling less about and spending less time focused on attractive alternatives. We further find that this inattention occurs because consumers view the competing brand as a threat to the consumer’s current relationship. In addition, we investigate a …

Fortifying Nuclear Security: Cultivating Vigilance Culture Among Personnel For Enhanced Prevention And Response, Sabariah Kader Ibrahim, Sonia Naz

International Journal of Nuclear Security

A vigorous nuclear security culture is crucial in preventing the theft and sabotage of nuclear material. It requires vigilance from all employees because relying solely on closed-circuit television systems and security personnel is insufficient to deter potential threats. Employee attentiveness plays a vital role in recognizing and preventing suspicious activities. However, achieving a strong security culture is challenging because of the lack of incidents in some facilities, leading to employee complacency.

This paper highlights the pivotal role of personnel in the success of nuclear security measures, emphasizing the need for a proactive and vigilant mindset among staff. Through the analysis …

Appearances Can Be Deceiving: How Naturalistic Changes To Target Appearance Impact On Lineup-Based Decision-Making, Dominic T. Jordan, Adrian J. Scott, Donald M. Thomson

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The present study examined the influence of appearance, procedure and position on identification decisions, post-decisional confidence ratings and estimates of discrimination and confidence-specific accuracy. Regarding appearance, the study examined the combined influence of three naturalistic changes that occur day-to-day (i.e. a reduction in cranial hair length, the removal of stubble, and a change of clothing), two of which have not been considered before in a lineup-decision context. Participants (N = 350) completed four experimental lineups which involved: viewing a target person, completing a brief distractor task, and making an identification decision and a post-decisional confidence rating from a photographic lineup. …

The Effects Of A Seizure Safety Program Implemented In Non-Public Schools On Teacher Knowledge And Confidence In Managing Seizures, Laura Brockman

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

This study investigated the impact of a seizure safety training program implemented in non-public schools on teachers’ knowledge and confidence in managing seizures. Utilizing a pre-course, post-course, and three-week follow-up design, the research assessed educators' seizure-related knowledge, first-aid preparedness, and shifts in perception through quantitative questionnaires and self-reported confidence measures. Results demonstrated increased knowledge and confidence immediately following the intervention, with retention sustained at follow-up. Both live and virtual formats were effective, though virtual participants showed slightly higher immediate post-training scores. Participants reported reduced misconceptions and increased preparedness, emphasizing the value of structured and recurring professional development. These findings support …

An Exploratory Approach To Understanding Assessment Errors On Measures Of Executive Functioning, Gurjot Mondair

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

The global risk of dementia due to longer lifespans and increased medical interventions necessitates accurate diagnosis of cognitive decline. Thus, the utilization of neuropsychological testing to diagnose disorders of cognitive decline should seek to ascertain multiple data, including success/failure of cognitive tasks and evaluation of error patterns. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of executive function (EF) errors across diagnoses of cognitive decline (age-related cognitive decline [ARCD], mild cognitive impairment [MCI], vascular dementia [VaD], frontotemporal dementia [FTD], Lewy body dementia [LBD], and Alzheimer’s disease [AD]) and to examine whether the specific types of EF errors (intrusion, …

The Blank Paper Method: An Independent Retrieval Protocol, Kevin Gregorio

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Most students struggle with effective self-study, often relying on passive strategies like rereading instead of active techniques such as retrieval practice, which research shows enhances learning and long-term retention. To address this issue, this study introduced and evaluated the Blank Paper Method—a structured free recall protocol designed to encourage self-regulated retrieval practice. The study explored two key questions: (1) Does the Blank Paper Method improve test performance compared to students’ default study habits? (2) Will students voluntarily adopt this method over time, demonstrating self-regulated learning? The study involved 56 incoming high school freshmen at a private college-preparatory school in Philadelphia. …

Examining Executive Functions And Semantic Organization Across Occupation Types, Emily Murtha

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

This study examined the relationship between executive functioning, semantic organization, and occupational classification, focusing on whether individuals in professional roles (as defined by the Career Occupational Preference System; COPS) demonstrated stronger executive functioning and semantic organization during memory recall than those in non-professional roles. Participants completed the Booklet Category Test (BCT) to assess executive functioning, the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition (CVLT-II) to evaluate semantic organization using short-delay free recall (SDFR), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) to measure IQ. Results showed no significant associations among the main variables. While higher BCT performance was linked to greater use …

Sex-Dependent Changes In Risk-Taking Predisposition Of Rats Following Space Radiation Exposure, Elliot Smits, Faith E. Reid, Ella N. Tamgue, Paola Alvarado Arriaga, Charles Nguyen, Richard A. Britten

Department Radiation Oncology & Biophysics Faculty Publications

The Artemis missions will establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon, serving as a crucial steppingstone for future Mars exploration. Astronauts on these ambitious missions will have to successfully complete complex tasks, which will frequently involve rapid and effective decision making under unfamiliar or high-pressure conditions. Exposure to low doses of space radiation (SR) can impair key executive functions critical to decision making. This study examined the effects of exposure to 10 cGy of Galactic Cosmic Ray simulated radiation (GCRsim) on decision-making performance in male and female rats with a naturally low predisposition for risk-taking (RTP) prior to exposure. …