Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social Justice (11)
- Sociology (8)
- Psychology (7)
- Child Psychology (4)
- Counseling (4)
-
- Social Statistics (4)
- Counseling Psychology (3)
- Developmental Psychology (3)
- Inequality and Stratification (3)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (3)
- Mental and Social Health (3)
- Other Social and Behavioral Sciences (3)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (3)
- Social Psychology (3)
- Arts and Humanities (2)
- Civic and Community Engagement (2)
- Community-Based Learning (2)
- Education (2)
- Family, Life Course, and Society (2)
- Higher Education (2)
- Human Rights Law (2)
- Law (2)
- Other Mental and Social Health (2)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (2)
- School Psychology (2)
- Social Welfare (2)
- Sociology of Culture (2)
- Adult and Continuing Education (1)
- Keyword
-
- Mental Health (5)
- Mental health (4)
- Addiction (3)
- College students (3)
- Depression (3)
-
- Social Work (3)
- Social work (3)
- Stress (3)
- ACEs (2)
- Adolescents (2)
- Adverse Childhood Experiences (2)
- Barriers (2)
- Burnout (2)
- California (2)
- Caregiver (2)
- Child welfare (2)
- Coachella Valley (2)
- Farmworkers (2)
- Foster youth (2)
- Homelessness (2)
- Incarceration (2)
- Intervention (2)
- Latinx (2)
- Parenting (2)
- Parenting styles (2)
- Racial (2)
- Self-care (2)
- Social Media (2)
- Southern California (2)
- Substance use (2)
Articles 31 - 60 of 72
Full-Text Articles in Social Work
Educational Outcomes For Youth That Participated In Extended Foster Care: A Systematic Review, Kassandra Mayorga, Roxana Sanchez
Educational Outcomes For Youth That Participated In Extended Foster Care: A Systematic Review, Kassandra Mayorga, Roxana Sanchez
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Background: Transitioning to adulthood poses significant obstacles for foster youth adults, who encounter disproportionately elevated rates of homelessness, school underperformance, unemployment, and mental health concerns in comparison to their peers. Extended Foster Care (EFC) programs seek to tackle these difficulties by offering assistance in housing, employment, and education. However, there have been few systematic efforts to review the effectiveness of the EFC program. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to identify, evaluate, and synthesize the empirical evidence on the educational outcomes of foster youth who have participated in EFC. Methods: This review was conducted during …
Stress And Help-Seeking In Farmworkers In The Coachella Valley, Alexis Garcia, Daniela Mejia
Stress And Help-Seeking In Farmworkers In The Coachella Valley, Alexis Garcia, Daniela Mejia
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
California farmworkers are a vulnerable population who face unique stressors that may increase their risk for mental health problems. The study’s purpose is: (1) to quantitatively investigate the relationship between stress and help-seeking attitudes among Coachella Valley farmworkers and (2) to qualitatively explore the factors affecting the utilization of mental health services. Data came from 28 participants recruited through the snowball sampling method. Quantitative data from the Migrant Farmworker Stress Inventory (MFWSI) and the Mental Health Seeking Attitudes Scale (MHSAS) suggests no relationship between help-seeking attitudes and stress levels. Qualitative data analysis revealed themes that reflected cultural views. Results show …
Resilience In Fatherhood: Exploring The Impact Of Absent Fathers On Black American Men's Parenting Narratives And Practices, Ericah Thomas
Resilience In Fatherhood: Exploring The Impact Of Absent Fathers On Black American Men's Parenting Narratives And Practices, Ericah Thomas
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This study explores the role of Black American fathers and how they parent in the absence of their fathers growing up. Though a common narrative frames Black fathers as largely absent in the lives of their children, recent literature has aimed to demystify societal factors that may lead to this judgment. Influences such as media representation, welfare policies, and child support laws may contribute to the preservation of this trope (Rambert, 2021). Considering this misconception, it is important to advance the knowledge regarding Black fatherhood through their lived experiences despite circumstances that may perpetuate this myth.
The primary goal of …
Investigating The Level Of Evidence Of Adverse Childhood Experiences And Parenting Practices: A Systematic Review, Eloisa Deshazer
Investigating The Level Of Evidence Of Adverse Childhood Experiences And Parenting Practices: A Systematic Review, Eloisa Deshazer
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with mental and physical health outcomes of children, but less is known about how ACEs impact parenting. Objective: This study systematically reviewed the evidence of the association between parental adverse childhood experiences and parenting behaviors. Methods: The study employed a rigorous methodology, including searching several electronic databases, such as the CSUSB search engine, EBSCOhost Academic Search Premiere, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The keywords used for the search process included Adverse Childhood Experiences, ACEs, Maltreatment, Adverse Experiences, Traumatic Experiences, and Parenting or Childrearing. Inclusion criteria were restricted to studies published between 2014 and …
Mental Help-Seeking: Barriers Among African Americans: The Role Of Technology In Addressing Those Barriers, Charneka Edwards
Mental Help-Seeking: Barriers Among African Americans: The Role Of Technology In Addressing Those Barriers, Charneka Edwards
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The topic of mental health among the African American community is not often examined on its own, despite nuanced differences contributing to their reluctance to seek mental health services. The study is to examine, through data collection, the various barriers that have contributed to the prevention and reluctance of African Americans regarding mental health help-seeking, and how technology can circumvent those barriers. African Americans make up 12% of the US population and, of the 47 million who identified as African American, only 8.6% sought traditional mental health services, while 56% reported underutilizing mental health services in the United States due …
Mental Health Treatment Help Seeking Attitudes And Behaviors Among Latinx Community, Nancy Vieyra
Mental Health Treatment Help Seeking Attitudes And Behaviors Among Latinx Community, Nancy Vieyra
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This study focused on determining if there were differences between Latinx subgroups regarding their help seeking attitudes and behaviors for mental health services. It also identifies if the COVID-19 pandemic had any effect on the mental health help-seeking attitudes and behaviors. The study sample was gathered utilizing fliers on campus at CSUSB and via social media, and utilized a survey distributed via Qualtrics. There were 3 Latinx subgroups represented in the study, which were: Mexican, Salvadoran and Biracial/Other. This study did not find any differences between the Latinx subgroups and their attitudes or behaviors towards mental health help seeking. Participants …
Students Of Higher Education Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program And Its Impact On Mental Health, Cristina Palacios Mosqueda
Students Of Higher Education Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program And Its Impact On Mental Health, Cristina Palacios Mosqueda
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The focus of this research study was the impact of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on the mental health, specifically anxiety and depression, of students pursuing higher education. The study analyzed if food security from receiving SNAP benefits relieved mental illnesses for students pursuing higher education. This study utilized a post-positivist paradigm. The data was obtained through qualitative methods, including 14 audio interviews and verbal observations of current undergraduate and graduate students from Southern California. At the time that the research interviews were conducted, the students participated in the student and discussed their experiences of dealing with mental health symptoms …
Study Exploring Feelings Of Self-Blame And Shame Among Individuals Raised By Severely Mentally Ill Caregivers, Joanie Minion
Study Exploring Feelings Of Self-Blame And Shame Among Individuals Raised By Severely Mentally Ill Caregivers, Joanie Minion
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The focus of this quantitative research project is to explore feelings of self- blame and/or shame among people who were raised by a primary caregiver with severe mental illness. Examples of serious mental illness (SMI) that are used in this study are bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder (MDD) if psychotic symptoms are present, or it is treatment-resistant. Twenty-six adult participants were recruited via the researcher’s social media account and through others’ sharing the research project information. Demographic data and data regarding self-blame and shame as a child and as an adult and if they felt their family, friendships, …
Client Perpetrated Violence And Safety Culture In Child Welfare: A Systematic Literature Review, Amber Castro
Client Perpetrated Violence And Safety Culture In Child Welfare: A Systematic Literature Review, Amber Castro
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Interpersonal client and workplace violence pose significant challenges in contemporary society, particularly within health care and social service sectors. Social workers, dedicated to supporting vulnerable populations, face heightened risks of client perpetrated violence (CPV) due to the nature of their work. Despite being a global issue, CPV remains underreported and often normalized within social work practice, specifically in child welfare. This paper explores the prevalence and impacts of CPV on child welfare social workers, aiming to identify key risk factors and promote a culture of safety within child welfare agencies. Utilizing a systematic literature review encompassing quantitative and qualitative data, …
The Effects Of Parenting Styles On Communication Among Asian American Young Adults, Abigail Camarce
The Effects Of Parenting Styles On Communication Among Asian American Young Adults, Abigail Camarce
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Objective: This study investigated the relationship between parenting styles and communication difficulties. Previous studies explored different types of parenting styles and their impact on both mental health and child behavior outcomes. However, the relationship between these styles and communication challenges has largely remained underexplored. This study aimed to fill this void by examining data collected from Asian American (AA) young adults aged 18 to 30, shedding light on how various parenting approaches influence communication difficulties in their families. Method: Quantitative data for this study was gathered through Qualtrics from participants meeting the criteria of AA aged 18 to 30, who …
Substance Use Treatment Within The Us Prison System, Timothy Hicks
Substance Use Treatment Within The Us Prison System, Timothy Hicks
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This study examines the challenges and effectiveness of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment within US prisons, focusing on treatment availability, accessibility, and outcomes. Through a literature review spanning PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Criminal Justice Abstracts, JSTOR, and PubMed, it addresses the literature gap and healthcare needs for incarcerated individuals. The research identifies limited SUD treatment availability and explores the impact of medication-assisted treatments (MATs) and therapeutic interventions. It highlights barriers such as systemic stigma and inconsistencies in treatment access and quality. Findings advocate for evidence-based treatment's role in reducing recidivism and call for policy reform and enhanced collaborative efforts to …
Non-Binary Identity Within Competency Training For Mental/Behavioral Health Providers: A Systematic Review, Alexis Mcintyre
Non-Binary Identity Within Competency Training For Mental/Behavioral Health Providers: A Systematic Review, Alexis Mcintyre
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This research project aimed to identify the level of inclusion of the identity “non-binary” within LGBTQ+ competency training for mental/behavioral health service. Non-binary has become more widely used within the last decade as LGBTQ+ identifications evolve and become more open. Existing research shows the need for mental/behavioral health services within this community, as well as the biases and misinformation that providers hold about gender identity. This study utilized a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles discussing research on conducting LGBTQ+ competency training for staff providing mental/behavioral health services to look for education on non-binary identity.
Databases searched were Social Work Abstracts, …
Parity In Higher Education In Prison Programs: Does It Exist?, Michael Lee Griggs, Vianey Luna
Parity In Higher Education In Prison Programs: Does It Exist?, Michael Lee Griggs, Vianey Luna
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The expansion of college-in-prison (CIP) programs, especially in California, where incarcerated college enrollment increased from 11,472 students to over 15,000 in two years, has spotlighted higher education for incarcerated individuals. This increase, supported by legislation that expands funding for CIP programs and allows time off sentences for successful course/degree completion, is further bolstered by the restoration of Federal Pell funding for incarcerated students after a 28-year ban. Despite the acknowledged benefits of CIP programs in reducing recidivism and enhancing post-release outcomes, existing research highlights the need for additional exploration into the quality of CIP programs. Senate Bill 416 further emphasizes …
Cultural And Structural Barriers Of Utilizing Mental Health Services In A School-Based Setting For Latinx Populations, Silvia Lozano, Bridgette Guadalupe Calderon
Cultural And Structural Barriers Of Utilizing Mental Health Services In A School-Based Setting For Latinx Populations, Silvia Lozano, Bridgette Guadalupe Calderon
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This qualitative research study aimed to reduce mental health service disparities in Latinx communities and helps fill in the gap by addressing cultural and structural barriers to utilizing MHS in a school-based setting for Latinx youth. There is limited research regarding Latinx parents’ perspectives and the reservations they have on utilizing school-based mental health services (MHS) for their children. This study identified six important themes: cultural factors, trust and rapport, reservations, access and awareness, parental involvement and challenges, and school-based resources. Implications for school districts are that they can use these findings to increase early intervention mental behavioral health programs …
Self-Care Habits And Burnout Among County Social Workers On The Central Coast Of California, Jaclyn Boyd, Denise Ojeda
Self-Care Habits And Burnout Among County Social Workers On The Central Coast Of California, Jaclyn Boyd, Denise Ojeda
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Burnout, stress, and retention challenges have become pervasive issues among social workers in Child Welfare Services. The experience of stress and burnout can profoundly impact a worker's physical health and overall well-being. Implementing self-care practices, which involve attending to one's health and well-being through activities such as exercise, spiritual engagement, and hobbies, can effectively mitigate feelings of stress and burnout, fostering a positive impact on individuals. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between reported stress levels and self-care habits among Child Welfare Services social workers in two counties on California's central coast. To gather relevant data, …
Through The Lens Of Families And Staff In Emergency Shelters, Elizabeth Barcenas
Through The Lens Of Families And Staff In Emergency Shelters, Elizabeth Barcenas
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This research study explored the effectiveness that emergency shelters have on families transitioning into stable housing by gathering the perspectives of a former client and a staff member from a shelter in Riverside County. This research study utilized a qualitative approach, interviewing participants one-on-one from the shelter with open-ended questions. The themes that emerged during the study were the perspectives of the shelter, the barriers and challenges families face, and the services and support received within the shelter.
The study provides insight into the shelter, the challenges families face, the services offered, what’s working, and areas for improvement through the …
The Challenges To The Implementation Of Administration For Children And Families Memorandum: Foster Care As A Support To Families, Rebecca Joan Sullivan-Oppenheim
The Challenges To The Implementation Of Administration For Children And Families Memorandum: Foster Care As A Support To Families, Rebecca Joan Sullivan-Oppenheim
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to assess what challenges, if any, there are to implementing the best practices as indicated in IM 20-06. IM 20-06 shifts the role of resource parents (aka foster parents) from being solely a support for the children, to a support for the entire family, including the biological parents. This represents a major child welfare culture shift. It was unknown if the IM information and recommendations were effectively disseminated to all foster care agencies. Interviews were conducted with foster agency case workers with open-ended questions about their beliefs about the relationships between resource parents and …
Surrogacy And It's Effects On The Mental Health Of The Gestational Carrier, Dayjahne Haywood
Surrogacy And It's Effects On The Mental Health Of The Gestational Carrier, Dayjahne Haywood
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Objective: This study examines the process of surrogacy and the effects it has on the gestational carrier's mental health during the pregnancy as well as after. While previous studies have highlighted the positive impact surrogacy has on the intended families and parents, there are few studies exploring the experiences of women who participate in the selfless act of baring another person's child. My study explores and addresses the risks (health and mental health), the screening process, and the ethical issues associated with the surrogacy process. Additionally, I investigate the impact of familial, community, the intended parent(s) support has on the …
Covid-19, Social Isolation, And Msw Students’ Mental Health, Cassandra Barajas
Covid-19, Social Isolation, And Msw Students’ Mental Health, Cassandra Barajas
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
New literature has found that the COVID-19 pandemic has grown the prevalence of anxiety and depression amongst college students (University Communications, 2021). The purpose of this research study was to further explore how the sudden restrictions and isolation protocols enforced and caused by the COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental health symptoms amongst MSW students. The study sample consisted of social work students who were 18 years old or older and who were enrolled in a Master of Social Work Program at some point in time during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
This study was conducted using a post-positivism approach and by …
Challenges Veterans Encounter Receiving Or Seeking Mental Health Services, Denise D. Contreras, Andrea Ramirez
Challenges Veterans Encounter Receiving Or Seeking Mental Health Services, Denise D. Contreras, Andrea Ramirez
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The goal of this research was to identify the challenges U.S. Veterans faced when accessing mental health services within the Veterans Affairs (V.A.) Healthcare System. The V.A. serves approximately six million U.S. military veterans annually and is considered a leader in providing high-quality care in the USA. Despite the V.A.'s efforts to improve its patient care system, many veterans do not seek treatment or follow through with mental health services. The study found that participants had difficulty getting appointments with V.A. mental health services. When they did, the appointments were usually convenient and took place as scheduled. While some participants …
Art Therapy For Bereaved Siblings After Pediatric Cancer Death, Daniela Ramirez-Ibarra
Art Therapy For Bereaved Siblings After Pediatric Cancer Death, Daniela Ramirez-Ibarra
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Children and adolescents whose siblings die due to pediatric cancer are at an increased risk for several mental health issues and high risky behavior engagement. There is currently very little literature on the topic of a sibling’s grief despite its potentially critical and persisting consequences. Through qualitative research in analyzing art projects made by bereaved siblings, this is an exploratory study of how an art program may help bereaved or grieving children access their feelings using a non verbal modality of expression. The research study was conducted at a community-based non-profit organization which focuses on supporting families of children with …
Protestant Church Workers' Knowledge Of Child Abuse Reporting And Reporting Behavior, Rachel Juedes
Protestant Church Workers' Knowledge Of Child Abuse Reporting And Reporting Behavior, Rachel Juedes
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Child abuse is a prevalent problem on many levels. Mandated reporting laws exist to promote earlier intervention. Studies have shown that mandated reporters are more likely to report if they receive effective training. Protestant church workers interact with many children and need to have enough knowledge to detect and report child abuse. This study utilized a quantitative online survey to answer the question: What are Protestant clergy and church workers’ knowledge about child abuse reporting? Child abuse reporting knowledge was measured in categories of victimization, detection, and reporting. A convenience sample was obtained from attendees at a church conference. Correlational …
Barriers To And Facilitators Of Care: Exploring How Low-Income Women Access Reproductive Healthcare In A Rural Community, Sydney Taylor Casey
Barriers To And Facilitators Of Care: Exploring How Low-Income Women Access Reproductive Healthcare In A Rural Community, Sydney Taylor Casey
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The purpose of this research study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the experiences of low-income women living in a rural community when accessing reproductive care and bring awareness to the barriers and facilitating factors they encounter. The present study adopted a post positivism paradigm and was conducted in a rural county in Northern California. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data was gathered through demographic surveys and individual interviews with twenty-two participants. A bottom-up approach was utilized for the phases of qualitative data analysis, which included open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Data analysis revealed thirteen open …
Caregivers Of Dialysis Patients, Alyssa Bousquet, Amelia Murillo
Caregivers Of Dialysis Patients, Alyssa Bousquet, Amelia Murillo
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This study explored the stress and coping skills as it relates to the burden of care experienced by Caregivers of Dialysis patient's. Questionnaires were sent out to 100 caregivers currently caring for dialysis patient's. The surveys explored demographics, stress, self-care, and types of care provided. Questionnaires were designed in order to elicit responses associated with perceived burden of care. These questions were also designed to pinpoint areas of exploration for future research based on the responses of the sample.
The Disproportionate Impacts Of Certain Factors That Differentiate The Amount Of Mental Health Referrals Of School A Compared To School B, Jesus Barrientos
The Disproportionate Impacts Of Certain Factors That Differentiate The Amount Of Mental Health Referrals Of School A Compared To School B, Jesus Barrientos
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This study explores the relationship between a variety of factors the school of attendance for two schools in the Inland Empire. This research project sought to assess if there are differing rates of exposure to parental substance use, geographical location, diagnosis of anxiety, diagnosis of depression, and exposure to traumatic events based on the high school of attendance. Secondary data was acquired from a school district in the Inland Empire. Fifty assessments from school A and fifty from school B were used; a total of 100 adolescent assessments were used. The adolescent assessment explores the location of living, questions regarding …
Parent Involvement And Educational Outcomes Among Latino Families, Diana Garcia, Gabriela Munoz
Parent Involvement And Educational Outcomes Among Latino Families, Diana Garcia, Gabriela Munoz
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Parent involvement has been identified as a vital factor in determining children's success in school and life. Research has largely shown that direct parent involvement improves grades and graduation rates. Research has also shown that the major factors contributing to parent involvement are socioeconomic status and educational attainment. This study explores what prevents Latino parents from effectively engaging in their children's high school education. For Latinos, parent involvement is a struggle due to significant barriers to higher education system knowledge, level of parental acculturation, and technology limitations. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach. The researchers created a survey instrument …
Is A Social Support Based Model Better For Treating Alcoholism? A Systematic Review, Jordan Anthony Contreras
Is A Social Support Based Model Better For Treating Alcoholism? A Systematic Review, Jordan Anthony Contreras
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Alcoholism continues to persist as a significant health issue in the United States and impacts individuals and families across race, gender, and age. While much work has been made in the field of substance abuse treatment, there remains a substantial need for additional research to formulate effective strategies for treating alcoholism and related unhealthy drinking behaviors. The existing literature suggests that mutual support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous are the standard for achieving successful recovery among those seeking help. Simultaneously, there exists a growing amount of research proposing a range of other interventions that may prove effective in treating alcoholism. …
Mandated Reporters’ Knowledge And Reporting Of Child Abuse, Alexis Reilly Warye
Mandated Reporters’ Knowledge And Reporting Of Child Abuse, Alexis Reilly Warye
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Individuals working with children should have the ability to identify and report child abuse based off their knowledge as a mandated reporter. The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge of individuals working with children on their ability to identify and report child abuse. The literature suggests that some mandated reporters lack adequate training and display little knowledge of what to do in a situation where a child shows signs of abuse. This study incorporates the Systems Theory Approach and the Psychosocial Development Theory.
This study uses a cross-sectional quantitative research design using an online questionnaire designed by …
Bridging Training Gaps: Assessing Knowledge And Confidence Of Mental Health Interns In Opioid Misuse Intervention For School-Aged Children And Adolescents, Carolina Rodriguez, Gabriela Guadalupe Gonzalez
Bridging Training Gaps: Assessing Knowledge And Confidence Of Mental Health Interns In Opioid Misuse Intervention For School-Aged Children And Adolescents, Carolina Rodriguez, Gabriela Guadalupe Gonzalez
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
The rising threat of opioid misuse among children and adolescents demands urgent attention. Despite documented increases in opioid misuse among school-aged children and adolescents, internship placements in conjunction with academic institutions neglect training of mental health interns in school-based settings, specifically in the areas of opioid education and intervention. To meet the multifaceted needs of children and adolescents who misuse opioids, it is imperative to conduct research and provide thorough training for mental health interns. The purpose of this study is to assess the levels of knowledge and confidence of mental health interns concerning opioid misuse and the perceived benefit …
Examining A Relationship Between Sexual Satisfaction And Child Maltreatment, Amanda Titone
Examining A Relationship Between Sexual Satisfaction And Child Maltreatment, Amanda Titone
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
Child maltreatment is prevalent despite extensive research informing interventions. While many risk factors have been identified, exploring additional determinants may improve existing methods or reveal better alternatives. This study’s basis was family systems theory, and it utilized the post-positivist paradigm to explore the topics of relationship fulfillment, sexual satisfaction, and parenting. Qualitative interviews with five heterosexual, cisgender parents born between 1971 and 1991 (average age 39-40) revealed four main themes: participants' childhood/parental relationships, history of abusive relationships, current sex life, and role balancing between relationships and parenting. Although limited by a small sample size and a specialized population (social work …