Psychology Commons^™

Taskillan: A Validation Test Bed For Complex Performance Models, Christopher D. Wickens, John M. Flach, Arthur Kramer, Kelly Harwood, Gavan Lintern

Psychology Faculty Publications

In order to assess the validity of models of human learning and performance to real world aviation system design, a complex computer-based helicopter flight simulation was designed. This multi-task simulation, hosted on an IRIS visual graphics display system linked to an IBM AT, is described. Its relevance for the validity models of concurrent task interaction, of training, and of navigation and spatial cognition is discussed.

Abnormality From Scientific And Prescientific Perspectives, Frederick J. Wertz

Psychology Faculty Publications

We will take the debate concerning the reality, conceptual status, and treatment of abnormality as an occasion to clarify two divergent metascientific approaches to the problem. Then we will summarize some empirical research into people's encounters with abnormality. Finally, we will discuss some implications of these findings for psychology.

From Act Psychology To Problematic Functionalism: The Place Of Egon Brunswik In The History Of Psychology, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

My primary concern in this chapter will be the conceptual and methodological development of Brunswik's psychology over the course of his career and in the context of his migration from Vienna to Berkeley. Without discussing the individual doctrines of his psychological system in extensive detail, I will describe its basic foundations and the historical sequence by which it was constructed. In doing so, I will show how Brunswik's psychology was based on a very unusual blending of intellectual and scientific traditions.

Meaning And Research Methodology: Psychoanalysis As A Human Science, Frederick J. Wertz

Psychology Faculty Publications

One of the most pressing questions for contemporary psychology is that of what research method will best provide access to the truly human. The protest that psychology has failed to provide such an access has held together diverse strains of "humanistic" psychology for three decades. Recently, the revolutionary character of a positive alternative to traditional research methodology has been highlighted. Polkinghorne (1982) defines humanistic research as that which "addresses questions raised by considering people as agents who can act in a purposeful and meaningful manner, " (p. 47), and Georgi (1987) adds, "once one gets to the meaning of 'purpose' …

Sensory Modulation Of Juvenile Play In Rats, Stephen M. Siviy, Jaak Panksepp

Psychology Faculty Publications

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the extent to which somatosensory stimulation is necessary for the elaboration of juvenile play in rats. Anesthetization of the dorsal body surface of juvenile rats with xylocaine reduced the frequency of pinning, an indicator variable for play, by 35% to 70%, while motivation to play, measured by dorsal contacts, an index of play solicitation, remained largely intact. These data suggest that dorsal body surface anesthetization impairs the ability of juvenile rats to perceive and/or respond to playful gestures. When untreated animals were paired with xylocaine-treated animals, the xylocaine-treated animals consistently pinned the …

Finding Clinical Internships In Rural Settings: A Survey And Report, Jefferson A. Singer, Steven Heyman

Psychology Faculty Publications

Summarizes survey of American Psychological Association accredited clinical internships to determine extent of involvement with rural clients and opportunities for rural clinical/community work. Tables include list and brief description of 19 clinical internship programs with rural placements and 28 names and addresses for clinical internships with rural components.

Dietary Characteristics Of Hyperactive And Control Boys, Mark L. Wolraich, Phyllis J. Stumbo, Richard Milich, Catherine Chenard, Frederick Schultz

Psychology Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary habits and behavioral problems in hyperactive boys and to determine how successful parents are in maintaining their children on sugar-free diets. The mothers of 32 hyperactive boys aged 7 to 12 years and 26 matched controls completed 3-day diet records and food frequency interviews. The hyperactive boys were also evaluated in a playroom for impulsivity, compliance, attention, motor activity, memory, and learning. No differences were found in any of the measures of dietary content between the hyperactive and control groups. The only significant differences between those two groups …

Issues In The Diagnosis Of Attention Deficit Disorder: A Cautionary Note On The Gordon Diagnostic System, Richard Milich, William E. Pelham, Stephen P. Hinshaw

Psychology Faculty Publications

In a recent paper Gordon (1986) has compared the strengths and weaknesses of traditional microcomputer-based assessment of attention deficit disorder (ADD) with those offered by the Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS; Gordon & McClure 1983; 1984). Not surprisingly, although careful not to overstate the case, he finds GDS to be an improvement over the use of standard microcomputers. Nevertheless, several of his criticisms of microcomputers seem forced, and he tends to downplay some of the more serious concerns associated with the GDS. Given that the GDS is receiving widespread attention, with nationwide marketing procedures underway, it seems fitting to examine its …

Common Methodological Fundaments Of The Analytic Procedures In Phenomenological And Psychoanalytic Research, Fred J. Wertz

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Extramarital Sex: Good For The Goose? Good For The Gander?, Christina J. Taylor

Psychology Faculty Publications

Two experiments were carried out to elucidate beliefs about marital fidelity and extramarital sex by examining how the social evaluation of extramarital relationships is affected by three situational factors -- sex of the extramarital actor, the actor's physical attractiveness, and the frequency of the actor's involvement in extramarital affairs (i.e., extramarital experience). Overall, there has been little research on this subject in social psychology, and what findings do exist (Hartnett, Mahoney, & Bernstein, 1977; Vallacher, 1982) have limited general-izability because of the youth of the subjects, contrary definitions of extramarital relationships, and contradictory evidence regarding the double standard.

Reinforcement-Based Response Elimination: The Effects Of Response-Reinforcement Interval And Response Specificity, Stuart Vyse, Thomas S. Rieg, Nelson F. Smith

Psychology Faculty Publications

Compared extinction and 4 reinforcement-based procedures for eliminating a response in 5 groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two procedures provided for reinforcement of a specific alternative behavior (ALT-R), while 2 others were differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) contingencies. The effect of 10-sec and 1-sec response-reinforcment intervals was examined with each of the ALT-R and DRO groups in (a) a training phase, in which an original response was established; (b) a response elimination phase; (c) an extinction phase; and (d) a reacquisition phase. The fastest response elimination occurred in the ALT-R group, and the slowest occurred in the DRO …

The Cult Of Empiricism In Psychology, And Beyond, Stephen Toulmin, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

At some stage in it's development, any field of intellectual discussion or scientific speculation may reach a point at which it begins to generate large numbers of "empirical" questions, that is, questions whose answers must refer to carefully documented observations, or even to controlled experiments. In physics, this happened most strikingly in the course of the seventeenth century; in biology, the comparable stage was not reached until around 1770, rising to its peak in the course of the nineteenth century (Toulmin, 1972; Toulmin & Goodfield, 1962); whereas in psychology, it has become customary-though a trifle arbitrary-to argue that this happened …

Memory Observed: Remembering In Natural Contexts: By U. Neisser (Book Review), Steven S. Braddon

Psychology Faculty Publications

Book review by Steven S. Braddon.

Neisser, Ulric, selector. Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1982. ISBN 9780716713715; 9780716713722 (pbk.)

Bad Samaritanism, C. Everett Koop Md, Peggy Reeves Sanday, Ann Wolbert Burgess, Larry B. Silver Md, James K. Stewart, Morton Bard, Charles Korte, R. Lance Shotland, Margaret T. Gordon

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Performance Evaluation Of A Kinesthetic-Tactual Display, Richard J. Jagacinski, John M. Flach, Richard D. Gilson, R. Scott Dunn

Psychology Faculty Publications

Simulator studies demonstrated the feasibility of using kinesthetic-tactual (KT) displays for providing collective and cyclic command information, and suggested that KT displays may increase pilot workload capability. A dual-axis laboratory tracking task suggested that beyond reduction in visual scanning, there may be additional sensory or cognitive benefits to the use of multiple sensory modalities. Single-axis laboratory tracking tasks revealed performance with a quickened KT display to be equivalent to performance with a quickened visual display for a low frequency sum-of-sinewaves input. In contrast, an unquickened KT display was inferior to an unquickened visual display. Full scale simulator studies and/or inflight …

The Fate And Influence Of John Stuart Mill's Proposed Science Of Ethology, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

The years between 1840 and 1940 constituted an important period in the history of the human sciences. During this period, under the impulse of cataclysmic social events and the inspiration of rapid development in the physical and biological sciences, the previously existing "moral sciences" underwent radical development, and other new human sciences were proposed and formulated for the first time. In the early part of this crucial period in the history of the modern human sciences, few works were as important as John Stuart Mill's System of Logic (1843), which culminated in the well-known Book VI, entitled "On the Logic …

Immanuel Kant And The Development Of Modern Psychology, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

Few thinkers in the history of Western civilization have had as broad and lasting an impact as Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). This "Sage of Konigsberg" spent his entire life within the confines of East Prussia, but his thoughts traveled freely across Europe and, in time, to America, where their effects are still apparent. An untold number of analyses and commentaries have established Kant as a preeminent epistemologist, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, aesthetician, and metaphysician. He is even recognized as a natural historian and cosmologist: the author of the so-called Kant-Laplace hypothesis regarding the origin of the universe. He is less …

The Psychology Of Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843): Its Context, Nature, And Historical Significance, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

Most German philosophers in the early nineteenth century were devoted, to the idealistic « completion » of Immanuel Kant's critical philosophy. A few independent philosophers, however, were preoccupied with the elaboration of a non-idealistic, and less speculative, conclusion to Kant's thought. Among the earliest opponents of the speculative idealists was Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843), a philosopher of wide-ranging interests who might have had a much greater impact upon the course of German philosophy had his liberal political affiliations not curtailed his academic career. As it was, his influence was considerable anyway. One aspect of this influence is of particular interest: …

A Study Of The Background, Level Of Job Satisfaction, Maturity, And Morale Of "Delayed Vocation" Catholic Priests, Thomas H. Hicks

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Teaching More Than Facts Of Menstruation: Exercises To Stimulate Dialogue About A Taboo Topic, Christina J. Taylor

Psychology Faculty Publications

Discusses some of the reasons it is important to open up a dialogue about menstruation which goes beyond the physical facts.

German Idealism And The Development Of Psychology In The Nineteenth Century, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY is generally placed in Germany around 1850. This birth is credited by the standard historiography to the dual parentage of the empirical school of philosophy and the experimental study of sensory physiology. There is also a tradition of giving a nod toward Kant and Herbart as predecessors, for varying reasons, of the rise of scientific psychology.¹ Almost completely overlooked in the literature is the influence of post-Kantian German idealism upon the development of the concepts, subject matter, and methods of psychology. This is somewhat surprising since idealism was the dominant philosophical movement in …

Berkeley's Social Theory: Context And Development, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

This paper is an investigation of Berkeley's social thought, particularly as it is grounded upon Berkeley's quite explicit, but neglected, social theory, which is revealed in an essay written by Berkeley in 1713 for Steele's short-lived Guardian. Originally untitled, this short essay has been labeled "The Bond of Society" in Luce and Jessop's critical edition of Berkeley's works. Its significance was noted by Harry Elmer Barnes in 1948, but Barnes's comment has not brought the essay the recognition it deserves. This is all the more unfortunate since, as Barnes says, Berkeley's essay is "one of the most suggestive essays …