Psychology Commons^™

Functional Mri Evaluation Of Multiple Neural Networks Underlying Auditory Verbal Hallucinations In Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders., Robert J. Thoma, Charlotte Chaze, Jeffrey David Lewine, Vince D. Calhoun, Vincent P. Clark, Juan Bustillo, Jon Houck, Judith Ford, Rose Bigelow, Corbin Wilhelmi, Julia M. Stephen, Jessica A. Turner

Psychology Faculty Publications

Functional MRI studies have identified a distributed set of brain activations to be asso­ ciated with auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). However, very little is known about how activated brain regions may be linked together into AVH-generating networks. Fifteen volunteers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder pressed buttons to indicate onset and offset of AVH during fMRI scanning. When a general linear model was used to compare blood oxygenation level dependence signals during periods in which subjects indicated that they were versus were not experiencing AVH ("AVH-on" versus "AVH-off"), it revealed AVH-related activity in bilateral inferior frontal and superior temporal regions; the …

A Tool For Interactive Data Visualization: Application To Over 10,000 Brain Imaging And Phantom Mri Data Sets, Sandeep R. Panta, Runtang Wang, Jill Fries, Ravi Kalyanam, Nicole Speer, Marie Banich, Kent Keihl, Margaret King, Michael Milham, Tor D. Wager, Jessica Turner, Sergey M. Plis, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

In this paper we propose a web-based approach for quick visualization of big data from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using a combination of an automated image capture and processing system, nonlinear embedding, and interactive data visualization tools. We draw upon thousands of MRI scans captured via the COllaborative Imaging and Neuroinformatics Suite (COINS). We then interface the output of several analysis pipelines based on structural and functional data to a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithm which reduces the number of dimensions for each scan in the input data set to two dimensions while preserving the local structure …

Higher Dimensional Meta-State Analysis Reveals Reduced Resting Fmri Connectivity Dynamism In Schizophrenia Patients, Robyn L. Miller, Maziar Yaesoubi, Jessica Turner, Daniel H. Mathalon, Adrian Preda, Godfrey Pearlson, Tulay Adali, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

Resting-state functional brain imaging studies of network connectivity have long assumed that functional connections are stationary on the timescale of a typical scan. Interest in moving beyond this simplifying assumption has emerged only recently. The great hope is that training the right lens on time-varying properties of whole-brain network connectivity will shed additional light on previously concealed brain activation patterns characteristic of serious neurological or psychiatric disorders. We present evidence that multiple explicitly dynamical properties of time-varying whole-brain network connectivity are strongly associated with schizophrenia, a complex mental illness whose symptomatic presentation can vary enormously across subjects. As with so …

Quadratic Associations Between Empathy And Depression And The Moderating Influence Of Dysregulation, Erin Tully, Alyssa M. Ames, Sarah E. Garcia, Meghan R. Donohue

Psychology Faculty Publications

Empathic tendencies have been associated with interpersonal and psychological benefits, but empathy at extreme levels or in combination with certain personal characteristics may contribute to risk for depression. This study tested the moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation in depression’s association with empathy using nonlinear models. Young adults (N=304; 77% female; M=19 years) completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, depression, and affective and cognitive empathy. Individuals with good regulation had low levels of depression overall and their depression symptoms were lowest when levels of affective empathy were average. Individuals with poor regulation had high levels of depression overall, particularly …

Family Correlates Of Daughter’S And Son’S Locus Of Control Expectancies During Childhood, Erin Tully, Jackson M. Gray, Sherryl H. Goodman, Stephen Nowicki Jr.

Psychology Faculty Publications

Children who expect they can bring about good outcomes and avoid bad outcomes tend to experience more personal successes. Little is known about factors that contribute to these ‘control expectancies’. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether children’s internal control expectancies occur in the context of parents’ internal control expectancies, low family strain, and high family cohesiveness and whether these factors are more strongly related to daughters’ than sons’ control expectancies. A community sample of 85 children aged 9 to 11 years old and their parents (85 mothers; 63 fathers) completed rating scales. Fathers’ more internal control …

Disruption Of White Matter Integrity In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Brain Tumors: Correlates With Long-Term Intellectual Outcomes, Tricia Z. King, Liya Wang, Hui Mao

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background

Although chemotherapy and radiation treatment have contributed to increased survivorship, treatment-induced brain injury has been a concern when examining long-term intellectual outcomes of survivors. Specifically, disruption of brain white matter integrity and its relationship to intellectual outcomes in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors needs to be better understood.

Methods

Fifty-four participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging in addition to structural MRI and an intelligence test (IQ). Voxel-wise group comparisons of fractional anisotropy calculated from DTI data were performed using Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) on 27 survivors (14 treated with radiation with and without chemotherapy and 13 treated without …

Cumulative Neurological Factors Associated With Long-Term Outcomes In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Brain Tumors, Tricia Z. King, Sabrina Na

Psychology Faculty Publications

Prior research has demonstrated the reliability and validity of the Neurological Predictor Scale (NPS) in relation to childhood brain tumor survivor outcomes; however, its use has not been examined in adult long-term survivors. The current study examines the concurrent validity of the NPS with long-term intellectual and adaptive outcomes in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors relative to individual variables alone. A total of 68 adult survivors of childhood brain tumors (M = 24 years old, SD = 4) almost 16 years post diagnosis (SD = 6) completed intellectual evaluations using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Survivors' adaptive …

Multidimensional Frequency Domain Analysis Of Full-Volume Fmri Reveals Significant Effects Of Age, Gender, And Mental Illness On The Spatiotemporal Organization Of Resting-State Brain Activity, Robyn L. Miller, Erik B. Erhardt, Oktay Agcaoglu, Elena A. Allen, Andrew M. Michael, Jessica Turner, Juan Bustillo, Judith M. Ford, Daniel H. Mathalon, Theo G. M. Van Erp, Steven G. Potkin, Adrian Preda, Godfrey Pearlson, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

Clinical research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is often conducted within the connectionist paradigm, focusing on patterns of connectivity between voxels, regions of interest (ROIs) or spatially distributed functional networks. Connectivity-based analyses are concerned with pairwise correlations of the temporal activation associated with restrictions of the whole-brain hemodynamic signal to locations of a priori interest. There is a more abstract question however that such spatially granular correlation-based approaches do not elucidate: Are the broad spatiotemporal organizing principles of brains in certain populations distinguishable from those of others? Global patterns (in space and time) of hemodynamic activation are rarely scrutinized …

Cognitive Demands Of Lower Paleolithic Toolmaking, Dietrich Stout, Erin Hecht, Nada Khreisheh, Bruce Bradley, Thierry Chaminade

Psychology Faculty Publications

Stone tools provide some of the most abundant, continuous, and high resolution evidence of behavioral change over human evolution, but their implications for cognitive evolution have remained unclear. We investigated the neurophysiological demands of stone toolmaking by training modern subjects in known Paleolithic methods (“Oldowan”, “Acheulean”) and collecting structural and functional brain imaging data as they made technical judgments (outcome prediction, strategic appropriateness) about planned actions on partially completed tools. Results show that this task affected neural activity and functional connectivity in dorsal prefrontal cortex, that effect magnitude correlated with the frequency of correct strategic judgments, and that the frequency …

Science Classroom Inquiry (Sci) Simulations: A Novel Method To Scaffold Science Learning, Melanie E. Peffer, Matthew L. Beckler, Christian Schunn, Maggie Renken, Amanda Revak

Psychology Faculty Publications

Science education is progressively more focused on employing inquiry-based learning methods in the classroom and increasing scientific literacy among students. However, due to time and resource constraints, many classroom science activities and laboratory experiments focus on simple inquiry, with a step-by-step approach to reach predetermined outcomes. The science classroom inquiry (SCI) simulations were designed to give students real life, authentic science experiences within the confines of a typical classroom. The SCI simulations allow students to engage with a science problem in a meaningful, inquiry-based manner. Three discrete SCI simulations were created as website applications for use with middle school and …

Children's Empathy Responses And Their Understanding Of Mother's Emotions, Erin Tully, Meghan R. Donohue, Sarah E. Garcia

Psychology Faculty Publications

This study investigated children's empathic responses to their mother's distress to provide insight about child factors that contribute to parental socialization of emotions. Four- to six-year-old children (N=82) observed their mother's sadness and anger during a simulated emotional phone conversation. Children's facial negative affect was rated and their heart rate variability was recorded during the conversation, and their emotion understanding of the conversation was measured through their use of negative emotion words and perspective-taking themes (i.e., discussing the causes or resolution of mother's emotions) in narrative accounts of the conversation. There were positive quadratic relationships between HRV and ratings of …

Characteristics Of Executive Functioning In A Small Sample Of Children With Tourette Syndrome, Dina M. Schwam, Tricia Z. King, Daphne Greenberg

Psychology Faculty Publications

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a disorder that involves at least one vocal tic and two or more motor tics, however associated symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention Deficit Disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) are common. Many children with TS exhibit educational difficulties and one possible explanation may be deficits in executive functioning. The focus of this study was to look at the severity of symptoms often associated with TS (tics, OCS, and ADHD symptoms) and its potential relationship with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) parent form in eleven children diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, ages …

The Mediating Role Of Visuospatial Planning Skills On Adaptive Function Among Young Adult Survivors Of Childhood Brain Tumors, Tricia Z. King, Kristin M. Smith, Mirjana Ivanisevic

Psychology Faculty Publications

The Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) was used as a method to examine executive skills on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF). Young adult survivors of childhood brain tumor (N = 31) and a demographically-matched comparison group (N = 33) completed the ROCF copy version and Grooved Pegboard, and informants were administered the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Survivors had significantly lower BQSS planning and SIB-R community living skills and greater perseveration. Mediation analyses found that BQSS planning skills mediate the relationship between group and community living skills. Convergent findings of the BRIEF …

Hippocampal Volume And Auditory Attention On A Verbal Memory Task With Adult Survivors Of Pediatric Brain Tumor, Reema Jayakar, Tricia Z. King, Robin Morris, Sabrina Na

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective: We examined the nature of verbal memory deficits and the possible hippocampal underpinnings in long-term adult survivors of childhood brain tumor. Method: 35 survivors (M=24.10±4.93 years at testing; 54% female), on average 15 years post-diagnosis, and 59 typically developing adults (M=22.40±4.35 years, 54% female) participated. Automated FMRIB Software Library (FSL) tools were used to measure hippocampal, putamen, and whole brain volumes. The California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition (CVLT-II) was used to assess verbal memory. Results: Hippocampal (F(1,91)=4.06, η_p²=.04), putamen (F(1,91)=11.18, η_p²=.11), and whole brain (F(1,92)=18.51, …

Neural Underpinnings Of Working Memory In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Brain Tumors, Tricia Z. King, Sabrina Na, Hui Mao

Psychology Faculty Publications

Objective: Adult survivors of childhood brain tumors are at risk for cognitive performance deficits that require the core cognitive skill of working memory. Our goal was to examine the neural mechanisms underlying working memory performance in survivors. Method: We studied the working memory of adult survivors of pediatric posterior fossa brain tumors using a letter n-back paradigm with varying cognitive workload (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back) and functional magnetic resonance imaging as well as neuropsychological measures. Results: Survivors of childhood brain tumors evidenced lower working memory performance than demographically-matched healthy controls. Whole-brain analyses revealed significantly greater blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) …

Commentary: A Crisis In Comparative Psychology: Where Have All The Undergraduates Gone?, Michael J. Beran, Brielle T. James, Sara E. Futch, Audrey E. Parrish

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Self-Reported Psychopathy In The Middle East: A Cross-National Comparison Across Egypt, Saudi Arabia, And The United States, Robert D. Latzman, Ahmed M. Megreya, Lisa Hecht, Joshua Miller, Scott O. Lilienfeld

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: The construct of psychopathy is sparsely researched in the non-Western world, particularly in the Middle East. As such, the extent to which the psychopathy construct can be generalized to other cultures, including Middle Eastern Arab cultures, is largely unknown. Methods: The present study investigated the cross-cultural/national comparability of self-reported psychopathy in the United States (N = 786), Egypt (N = 296), and Saudi Arabia (N = 341). Results: A widely used psychopathy questionnaire demonstrated largely similar properties across the American and Middle Eastern samples and associations between Five Factor Model (FFM) personality and psychopathy were broadly consistent. Nevertheless, several …

Fifty Psychological And Psychiatric Terms To Avoid: A List Of Inaccurate, Misleading, Misused, Ambiguous, And Logically Confused Words And Phrases, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Katherine C. Sauvigné, Steven Jay Lynn, Robin L. Cautin, Robert D. Latzman, Irwin D. Waldman

Psychology Faculty Publications

The goal of this article is to promote clear thinking and clear writing among students and teachers of psychological science by curbing terminological misinformation and confusion. To this end, we present a provisional list of 50 commonly used terms in psychology, psychiatry, and allied fields that should be avoided, or at most used sparingly and with explicit caveats. We provide corrective information for students, instructors, and researchers regarding these terms, which we organize for expository purposes into five categories: inaccurate or misleading terms, frequently misused terms, ambiguous terms, oxymorons, and pleonasms. For each term, we (a) explain why it is …

Erratum To: Self-Reported Psychopathy In The Middle East: A Cross-National Comparison Across Egypt, Saudi Arabia, And The United States, Robert D. Latzman, Ahmed M. Megreya, Lisa Hecht, Joshua D. Miller, D. Anne Winiarski, Scott O. Lilienfeld

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Self-Reported Physical Activity And Objective Aerobic Fitness: Differential Associations With Gray Matter Density In Healthy Aging, Zvinka Z. Zlatar, Keith M. Mcgregor, Stephen Towler, Joe R. Nocera, Joseph M. Dzierzewski, Bruce Crosson

Psychology Faculty Publications

Aerobic fitness (AF) and self-reported physical activity (srPA) do not represent the same construct. However, many exercise and brain aging studies interchangeably use AF and srPA measures, which may be problematic with regards to how these metrics are associated with brain outcomes, such as morphology. If AF and PA measures captured the same phenomena, regional brain volumes associated with these measures should directly overlap. This study employed the general linear model to examine the differential association between objectively-measured AF (treadmill assessment) and srPA (questionnaire) with gray matter density (GMd) in 29 cognitively unimpaired community- dwelling older adults using voxel based …

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Motor Cortex Activation In Schizophrenia, Hyo Jong Lee, Adrian Preda, Judith M. Ford, Daniel H. Mathalon, David B. Keator, Theo G. M. Van Erp, Jessica Turner, Steven G. Potkin

Psychology Faculty Publications

Previous fMRI studies of sensorimotor activation in schizophrenia have found in some cases hypoactivity, no difference, or hyperactivity when comparing patients with controls; similar disagreement exists in studies of motor laterality. In this multi-site fMRI study of a sensorimotor task in individuals with chronic schizophrenia and matched healthy controls, subjects responded with a right-handed finger press to an irregularly flashing visual checker board. The analysis includes eighty-five subjects with schizophrenia diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria and eighty-six healthy volunteer subjects. Voxel-wise statistical parametric maps were generated for each subject and analyzed for group differences; the percent Blood Oxygenation Level …

Selective And Contagious Prosocial Resource Donation In Capuchin Monkeys, Chimpanzees And Humans, Nicolas Claidière, Andrew Whiten, Mary C. Mareno, Emily J. E. Messer, Sarah F. Brosnan, Lydia M. Hopper, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Schapiro, Nichola Mcguigan

Psychology Faculty Publications

Prosocial acts benefitting others are widespread amongst humans. By contrast, chimpanzees have failed to demonstrate such a disposition in several studies, leading some authors to conclude that the forms of prosociality studied evolved in humans since our common ancestry. However, similar prosocial behavior has since been documented in other primates, such as capuchin monkeys. Here, applying the same methodology to humans, chimpanzees, and capuchins, we provide evidence that all three species will display prosocial behavior, but only in certain conditions. Fundamental forms of prosociality were age-dependent in children, conditional on self-beneficial resource distributions even at age seven, and conditional on …

Social Networks In Primates: Smart And Tolerant Species Have More Efficient Networks, Cristian Pasquaretta, Marine Levé, Nicolas Claidière, Andrew Whiten, Andrew J. J. Macintosh, Marie Pelé, Mackenzie L. Bergstrom, Christèle Borgeaud, Sarah F. Brosnan, Margaret C. Crofoot, Linda M. Fedigan, Claudia Fichtel, Lydia M. Hopper, Mary Catherine Mareno, Odile Petit, Anna Viktoria Schnoell, Eugenia Polizzi Di Sorrentino, Bernard Thierry, Barbara Tiddi, Cédric Sueur

Psychology Faculty Publications

Network optimality has been described in genes, proteins and human communicative networks. In the latter, optimality leads to the efficient transmission of information with a minimum number of connections. Whilst studies show that differences in centrality exist in animal networks with central individuals having higher fitness, network efficiency has never been studied in animal groups. Here we studied 78 groups of primates (24 species).We found that group size and neocortex ratio were correlated with network efficiency. Centralisation (whether several individuals are central in the group) and modularity (how a group is clustered) had opposing effects on network efficiency, showing that …

Empathy As A “Risky Strength”: A Multilevel Examination Of Empathy And Risk For Internalizing Disorders, Erin Tone, Erin Tully

Psychology Faculty Publications

Learning to respond to others' distress with well-regulated empathy is an important developmental task linked to positive health outcomes and moral achievements. However, this important interpersonal skill set may also confer risk for depression and anxiety when present at extreme levels and in combination with certain individual characteristics or within particular contexts. The purpose of this review is to describe an empirically grounded theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that empathic tendencies can be “risky strengths.” We propose a model in which typical development of affective and cognitive empathy can be influenced by complex interplay among intraindividual and interindividual moderators that …

Latent Factor Modeling Of Four Schizotypy Dimensions With Theory Of Mind And Empathy, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Michael T. Compton, Florian G. Jentsch, Andrew E. Deptula, Sandra M. Goulding, Erin Tone

Psychology Faculty Publications

Preliminary evidence suggests that theory of mind and empathy relate differentially to factors of schizotypy. The current study assessed 686 undergraduate students and used structural equation modeling to examine links between a four-factor model of schizotypy with performance on measures of theory of mind (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [MIE]) and empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index [IRI]). Schizotypy was assessed using three self-report measures which were simultaneously entered into the model. Results revealed that the Negative factor of schizotypy showed a negative relationship with the Empathy factor, which was primarily driven by the Empathic Concern subscale of the IRI …

Dynamic Functional Connectivity Analysis Reveals Transient States Of Dysconnectivity In Schizophrenia, Eswar Damaraju, Elena A. Allen, Aysenil Belger, Judith Ford, Sarah Mcewin, S. Mcewen, Daniel H. Mathalon, Bryon A. Mueller, Godfrey Pearlson, Steven G. Potkin, Adrian Preda, Jessica Turner, Jatin Vaidya, Theo G. M. Van Erp, Vince D. Calhoun

Psychology Faculty Publications

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by functional dysconnectivity or abnormal integration between distant brain regions. Recent functional imaging studies have implicated large-scale thalamo-cortical connectivity as being disrupted in patients.However, observed connectivity differences in schizophrenia have been inconsistent between studies,with reports of hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity between the same brain regions. Using resting state eyes-closed functional imaging and independent component analysis on amulti-site data that included 151 schizophrenia patients and 163 age- and gender matched healthy controls, we decomposed the functional brain data into 100 components and identified 47 as functionally relevant intrinsic connectivity networks. We subsequently evaluated group differences in …

Statistical Algorithms For Ontology-Based Annotation Of Scientific Literature, Chayan Chakrabarti, Thomas B. Jones, George F. Luger, Jiawei F. Xu, Matthew Turner, Angela R. Liard, Jessica Turner

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Ontologies encode relationships within a domain in robust data structures that can be used to annotate data objects, including scientific papers, in ways that ease tasks such as search and meta-analysis. However, the annotation process requires significant time and effort when performed by humans. Text mining algorithms can facilitate this process, but they render an analysis mainly based upon keyword, synonym and semantic matching. They do not leverage information embedded in an ontology’s structure.
Methods: We present a probabilistic framework that facilitates the automatic annotation of literature by indirectly modeling the restrictions among the different classes in the ontology. …

Statistical Algorithms For Ontology-Based Annotation Of Scientific Literature, Chayan Chakrabarti, Thomas B. Jones, George F. Luger, Jiawei F. Xu, Matthew Turner, Angela R. Laird, Jessica A. Turner

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Ontologies encode relationships within a domain in robust data structures that can be used to annotate data objects, including scientific papers, in ways that ease tasks such as search and meta-analysis. However, the annotation process requires significant time and effort when performed by humans. Text mining algorithms can facilitate this process, but they render an analysis mainly based upon keyword, synonym and semantic matching. They do not leverage information embedded in an ontology’s structure. Methods: We present a probabilistic framework that facilitates the automatic annotation of literature by indirectly modeling the restrictions among the different classes in the ontology. …

A Robust Classifier To Distinguish Noise From Fmri Independent Components, Vanessa Sochat, Kaustubh Supekar, Juan Bustillo, Vince D. Calhoun, Jessica Turner, Daniel L. Rubin

Psychology Faculty Publications

Analyzing Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of resting brains to determine the spatial location and activity of intrinsic brain networks–a novel and burgeoning research field–is limited by the lack of ground truth and the tendency of analyses to overfit the data. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is commonly used to separate the data into signal and Gaussian noise components, and then map these components on to spatial networks. Identifying noise from this data, however, is a tedious process that has proven hard to automate, particularly when data from different institutions, subjects, and scanners is used. Here we present an automated method …

Personality In Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes): Exploring The Hierarchical Structure And Associations With The Vasopressin V1a Receptor Gene, Dr. Robert D. Latzman, William D. Hopkins, Alaine C. Keebaugh, Larry J. Young

Psychology Faculty Publications

One of the major contributions of recent personality psychology is the finding that traits are related to each other in an organized hierarchy. To date, however, researchers have yet to investigate this hierarchy in nonhuman primates. Such investigations are critical in confirming the cross-species nature of trait personality helping to illuminate personality as neurobiologically-based and evolutionarily-derived dimensions of primate disposition. Investigations of potential genetic polymorphisms associated with hierarchical models of personality among nonhuman primates represent a critical first step. The current study examined the hierarchical structure of chimpanzee personality as well as sex-specific associations with a polymorphism in the promoter …