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Articles 31 - 60 of 116
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Aberration Production Using A High-Resolution Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Jason Schmidt, Matthew Goda, Bradley Duncan
Aberration Production Using A High-Resolution Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Jason Schmidt, Matthew Goda, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
Phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulators provide a powerful means of wavefront control. With high resolution and diffractive (modulo 2𝜋) operation, they can accurately represent large-dynamic-range phase maps. As a result, they provide an excellent means of producing electrically controllable, dynamic, and repeatable aberrations. However, proper calibration is critical to achieving accurate phase maps. Several calibration methods from previous literature were considered. With simplicity and accuracy in mind, we selected one method for each type of necessary calibration. We augmented one of the selected methods with a new step that improves its accuracy. After calibrating our spatial light modulator with our …
Fibre-Optic Network Architectures For On-Board Digital Avionics Signal Distribution, Mohammad Alam, Mohammed Atiquzzaman, Bradley Duncan, Hung Nguyen, Richard Kunath
Fibre-Optic Network Architectures For On-Board Digital Avionics Signal Distribution, Mohammad Alam, Mohammed Atiquzzaman, Bradley Duncan, Hung Nguyen, Richard Kunath
Bradley D. Duncan
Continued progress in both civil and military radio-frequency (RF) digital avionics applications is overstressing the capabilities and reliability of existing RF communication networks based on coaxial cables on board modern aircrafts. Future avionics systems will require high-bandwidth on-board communication links that are lightweight, immune to electromagnetic interference, and highly reliable. Fibre-optic networks can meet all these challenges in a cost-effective manner. Recently, on-board fibre-optic communication systems, where a fibre-optic network acts like a local area network (LAN) for digital data communications, have become a topic of extensive research and development. However, modern digital avionics systems require a system capable of …
Real-Time Reconstruction Of Scanned Optical Holograms Using An Electron Beam Addressed Spatial Light Modulator, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ming Hsien Wu, K. Shinoda, Y. Suzuki
Real-Time Reconstruction Of Scanned Optical Holograms Using An Electron Beam Addressed Spatial Light Modulator, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ming Hsien Wu, K. Shinoda, Y. Suzuki
Bradley D. Duncan
Real-time holographic recording has recently been demonstrated (1990, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., 29 L1840) using the optical heterodyne scanning technique proposed by Poon (1985, Jp. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2 521). In this paper we discuss the reconstruction of holograms generated by the heterodyne scanning technique. The primary concentration is on real-time reconstruction using an electron beam addressed spatial light modulator (EBSLM). For comparison, coherent reconstruction methods are also presented. Additional topics to be addressed are the spatial frequency limitations of the EBSLM and the derivation of the incoherent point spread function (PSF) of the holographic imaging system. Based upon …
Visualization Of Surface Acoustic Waves By Means Of Synchronous Amplitude Modulated Illumination, Bradley Duncan
Visualization Of Surface Acoustic Waves By Means Of Synchronous Amplitude Modulated Illumination, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
A simple technique for visualizing two-dimensional traveling surface acoustic wave (SAW) phenomena in real time was developed. The technique requires illumination of a SAW carrying substrate with a collimated, sinusoidally amplitude-modulated laser beam. Though at first the technique may appear to be stroboscopic in nature, it in fact has its foundations in spatiotemporal correlation theory. It is shown that if the modulation frequency of the illumination beam is equal to, or an integer fraction of, the SAW frequency (i.e., if they are temporally correlated) then, after simple spatial filtering, high-visibility stationary fringes can be produced. In fact, it is shown …
A Technique For Removing Platform Vibration Noise From A Pulsed Ladar Vibration Sensor, Troy Sturm, R. Richmond, Bradley Duncan
A Technique For Removing Platform Vibration Noise From A Pulsed Ladar Vibration Sensor, Troy Sturm, R. Richmond, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
A technique has been developed for removing platform-induced vibration noise from a pulsed ladar vibration sensor. Deriving the vibrational characteristics of the platform is accomplished by simulating ambient atmospheric aerosols as a stationary reference target. Using a pulsed coherent detection ladar, the instantaneous Doppler frequency shifts from both aerosols and a distant hard target are measured and recorded, while the data acquisition is range gated so that both Doppler measurements are made from a single pulse. Periodic measurements are then made to develop a time history of the fluctuations in the Doppler signals, after which two vibration spectra are derived …
Real-Time Frequency-Translated Holographic Visualization Of Saw Interactions With Surface-Breaking Defects, James Blackshire, Shamachary Sathish, Bradley Duncan, Mike Millard
Real-Time Frequency-Translated Holographic Visualization Of Saw Interactions With Surface-Breaking Defects, James Blackshire, Shamachary Sathish, Bradley Duncan, Mike Millard
Bradley D. Duncan
A real-time, frequency-translated holographic imaging system has been developed by use of bacteriorhodopsin film. The system provides a capability for imaging surface acoustic waves and has been utilized to detect and characterize surface-breaking defects through near-field ultrasonic scattering effects. Frequency-plane filtering was used to discriminate between ultrasonic standing-wave and near-field scattering features, dramatically enhancing the holographic visualization of the defect sites. A detailed description of the system is presented, along with representative holographic images showing the interaction of surface acoustic waves with surface-breaking cracks and small notches in aluminum and titanium substrates.
High-Speed Shack-Hartmann Wave-Front Sensor Design Utilizing Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Optics, Jeffrey Widiker, Scott Harris, Bradley Duncan
High-Speed Shack-Hartmann Wave-Front Sensor Design Utilizing Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Optics, Jeffrey Widiker, Scott Harris, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
Several trade-offs relevant to the design of a two-dimensional high-speed Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor are presented. Also outlined are some simple preliminary experiments that can be used to establish critical design specifications not already known. These specifications include angular uncertainty, maximum measurable wavefront tilt, and spatial resolution. A generic design procedure is then introduced to enable the adaptation of a limited selection of CCD cameras and lenslet arrays to the desired design specifications by use of commercial off-the-shelf optics. Although initially developed to aid in the design of high-speed (i.e., megahertz-frame-rate) Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors, our method also works when used for …
Real-Time Optical Holography Using A Spatial Light Modulator, Ting-Chung Poon, Bradley Duncan, Ming Hsien Wu, K. Shinoda, Y. Suzuki
Real-Time Optical Holography Using A Spatial Light Modulator, Ting-Chung Poon, Bradley Duncan, Ming Hsien Wu, K. Shinoda, Y. Suzuki
Bradley D. Duncan
Paper proposes a real-time technique for recording and reconstructing optical holograms. Holographic recording is accomplished by scanning an object with two superposed light beams of different temporal frequencies. For reconstruction, the scanned information is transferred to an electron beam addressed spatial light modulator for coherent processing and optically read out to reconstruct an image of the scanned object.
Economics Of Nuclear Power And Climate Change Mitigation Policies, Nico Bauer, Robert Brecha, Gunnar Luderer
Economics Of Nuclear Power And Climate Change Mitigation Policies, Nico Bauer, Robert Brecha, Gunnar Luderer
Robert J. Brecha
The events of March 2011 at the nuclear power complex in Fukushima, Japan, raised questions about the safe operation of nuclear power plants, with early retirement of existing nuclear power plants being debated in the policy arena and considered by regulators. Also, the future of building new nuclear power plants is highly uncertain. Should nuclear power policies become more restrictive, one potential option for climate change mitigation will be less available. However, a systematic analysis of nuclear power policies, including early retirement, has been missing in the climate change mitigation literature. We apply an energy economy model framework to derive …
Accelerating Diffraction-Free Beams In Photonic Lattices, K. Makris, I. Kaminer, Ramy El-Ganainy, N. Efremidis, Zhigang Chen, M. Segev, Demetrios Christodoulides
Accelerating Diffraction-Free Beams In Photonic Lattices, K. Makris, I. Kaminer, Ramy El-Ganainy, N. Efremidis, Zhigang Chen, M. Segev, Demetrios Christodoulides
Ramy El-Ganainy
We study nondiffracting accelerating paraxial optical beams in periodic potentials, in both the linear and the nonlinear domains. In particular, we show that only a unique class of z-dependent lattices can support a true accelerating diffractionless beam. Accelerating lattice solitons, autofocusing beams and accelerating bullets in optical lattices are systematically examined.
Enhancing Optical Isolator Performance In Nonreciprocal Waveguide Arrays, Miguel Levy, Turhan Carroll, Ramy El-Ganainy
Enhancing Optical Isolator Performance In Nonreciprocal Waveguide Arrays, Miguel Levy, Turhan Carroll, Ramy El-Ganainy
Ramy El-Ganainy
We investigate the operation of optical isolators based on magneto-optics waveguide arrays beyond the coupled mode analysis. Semi-vectorial beam propagation simulations demonstrate that evanescent tail coupling and the effects of radiation are responsible for degrading the device’s performance. Our analysis suggests that these effects can be mitigated when the array size is scaled up. In addition, we propose the use of radiation blockers in order to offset some of these effects, and we show that they provide a dramatic improvement in performance. Finally, we also study the robustness of the system with respect to fabrication tolerances using the coupled mode …
Observation Of Accelerating Wannier-Stark Beams In Optically Induced Photonic Lattices, Xinyuan Qi, Konstantinos Makris, Ramy El-Ganainy, Peng Zhang, Jintao Bai, Demetrios Christodoulides, Zhigang Chen
Observation Of Accelerating Wannier-Stark Beams In Optically Induced Photonic Lattices, Xinyuan Qi, Konstantinos Makris, Ramy El-Ganainy, Peng Zhang, Jintao Bai, Demetrios Christodoulides, Zhigang Chen
Ramy El-Ganainy
We generate optical beams analogous to the Wannier–Stark states in semiconductor superlattices and observe that the two main lobes of the WS beams self-bend (accelerate) along two opposite trajectories in a uniform one-dimensional photonic lattice. Such self-accelerating features exist only in the presence of the lattice and are not observed in a homogenous medium. Under the action of nonlinearity, however, the beam structure and acceleration cannot be preserved. Our experimental observations are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions.
Combinatorial Computational Chemistry Approach To The Design Of Metal Oxide Electronics Materials, B. Rodion, Salai Ammal, Y. Inaba, Y. Oumi, S. Takami, M. Kubo, A. Miyamoto, M. Kawasaki, M. Yoshimoto, H. Koinuma
Combinatorial Computational Chemistry Approach To The Design Of Metal Oxide Electronics Materials, B. Rodion, Salai Ammal, Y. Inaba, Y. Oumi, S. Takami, M. Kubo, A. Miyamoto, M. Kawasaki, M. Yoshimoto, H. Koinuma
Salai C. Ammal
Combinatorial chemistry has been developed as an experimental method where it is possible to synthesize hundreds of samples all at once and examine their properties. Recently, we introduced the concept of combinatorial approach to computational chemistry for material design and proposed a new method called `a combinatorial computational chemistry'. In this approach, the effects of large number of dopants, substrates, and buffer layers on the structures, electronic states, and properties of metal oxide electronics material is estimated systematically using computer simulations techniques, in order to predict the best dopant, substrate, and buffer layer for each metal oxide electronics materials.
Spatial-Rank Order Selection Filters, Kenneth Barner, Russell Hardie
Spatial-Rank Order Selection Filters, Kenneth Barner, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
Chapter 3: "Spatial-Rank Order Selection Filters"
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Selection Filters and Spatial-Rank Ordering
3.3 Spatial-Rank Order Selection Filters
3.4 Optimization
3.5 Applications
3.6 Future Directions
Gradient-Based Edge Detection Using Nonlinear Edge-Enhancing Prefilters, Russell Hardie, Charles Boncelet
Gradient-Based Edge Detection Using Nonlinear Edge-Enhancing Prefilters, Russell Hardie, Charles Boncelet
Russell C. Hardie
This correspondence examines the use of nonlinear edge enhancers as prefilters for edge detectors. The filters are able to convert smooth edges to step edges and suppress noise simultaneously. Thus, false alarms due to noise are minimized and edge gradient estimates tend to be large and localized. This leads to significantly improved edge maps.
Ranking In Rp And Its Use In Multivariate Image Estimation, Russell Hardie, Gonzalo Arce
Ranking In Rp And Its Use In Multivariate Image Estimation, Russell Hardie, Gonzalo Arce
Russell C. Hardie
The extension of ranking a set of elements in R to ranking a set of vectors in a p'th dimensional space Rp is considered. In the approach presented here vector ranking reduces to ordering vectors according to a sorted list of vector distances. A statistical analysis of this vector ranking is presented, and these vector ranking concepts are then used to develop ranked-order type estimators for multivariate image fields. A class of vector filters is developed, which are efficient smoothers in additive noise and can be designed to have detail-preserving characteristics. A statistical analysis is developed for the class of …
Lum Filters: A Class Of Rank-Order-Based Filters For Smoothing And Sharpening, Russell Hardie, Charles Boncelet
Lum Filters: A Class Of Rank-Order-Based Filters For Smoothing And Sharpening, Russell Hardie, Charles Boncelet
Russell C. Hardie
A new class of rank-order-based filters, called lower-upper-middle (LUM) filters, is introduced. The output of these filters is determined by comparing a lower- and an upper-order statistic to the middle sample in the filter window. These filters can be designed for smoothing and sharpening, or outlier rejection. The level of smoothing done by the filter can range from no smoothing to that of the medianfilter. This flexibility allows the LUM filter to be designed to best balance the tradeoffs between noisesmoothing and signal detail preservation. LUM filters for enhancing edge gradients can be designed to be insensitive to low levels …
Infrared Image Registration And High-Resolution Reconstruction Using Multiple Translationally Shifted Aliased Video Frames, Mohammad Alam, John Bognar, Russell Hardie, Brian Yasuda
Infrared Image Registration And High-Resolution Reconstruction Using Multiple Translationally Shifted Aliased Video Frames, Mohammad Alam, John Bognar, Russell Hardie, Brian Yasuda
Russell C. Hardie
Forward looking infrared (FLIR) detector arrays generally produce spatially undersampled images because the FLIR arrays cannot be made dense enough to yield a sufficiently high spatial sampling frequency. Multi-frame techniques, such as microscanning, are an effective means of reducing aliasing and increasing resolution in images produced by staring imaging systems. These techniques involve interlacing a set of image frames that have been shifted with respect to each other during acquisition. The FLIR system is mounted on a moving platform, such as an aircraft, and the vibrations associated with the platform are used to generate the shifts. Since a fixed number …
Spectral Band Selection And Classifier Design For A Multispectral Imaging Laser Radar, Russell Hardie, Mohan Vaidyanathan, Paul Mcmanamon
Spectral Band Selection And Classifier Design For A Multispectral Imaging Laser Radar, Russell Hardie, Mohan Vaidyanathan, Paul Mcmanamon
Russell C. Hardie
A statistical spectral band selection procedure and classifiers for an active multispectral laser radar (LADAR) sensor are described. The sensor will operate in the 1 to 5 mm wavelength region. The algorithms proposed are tested using library reflectance spectra for some representative background materials. The material classes considered include both natural (vegetation and soil) and man-made (camouflage cloth and tar-asphalt). The analysis includes noise statistics due to Gaussian receiver noise and target induced speckle variations in the LADAR return signal intensity. The results of this analysis are then directly applied to an artificially generated spatial template of a scene consisting …
Hybrid Order Statistic Filter And Its Application To Image Restoration, Elizabeth Thompson, Russell Hardie, Kenneth Barner
Hybrid Order Statistic Filter And Its Application To Image Restoration, Elizabeth Thompson, Russell Hardie, Kenneth Barner
Russell C. Hardie
We introduce a new nonlinear filter for signal and image restoration, the hybrid order statistic (HOS) filter. Because it exploits both rank- and spatial-order information, the HOS realizes the advantages of nonlinear filters in edge preservation and reduction of impulsive noise components while retaining the ability of the linear filter to suppress Gaussian noise. We show that the HOS filter exhibits improved performance over both the linear Wiener and the nonlinear L filters in reducing mean-squared error in the presence of contaminated Gaussian noise. In many cases it also performs favorably compared with the Ll and rank-conditioned rank selection filters.
Application Of Multi-Frame High-Resolution Image Reconstruction To Digital Microscopy, Frank Baxley, Russell Hardie
Application Of Multi-Frame High-Resolution Image Reconstruction To Digital Microscopy, Frank Baxley, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
A high-resolution image reconstruction algorithm previously used to improve undersampled infrared airborne imagery was applied to two different sets of digital microscopy images. One set is that of medical pap smear images, and the second set contains metallurgical micrographs. Both the pap smear images and the metallurgical micrographs are undersampled, thus causing loss of detail and aliasing artifacts. The algorithm minimizes the effects of aliasing and restores detail unobtainable through simple interpolation techniques. Both applications demonstrate improvement by use of the image reconstruction algorithm.
Robust Phase-Unwrapping Algorithm Using A Spatial Binary-Tree Image Decomposition, Russell Hardie, Md. Younus, James Blackshire
Robust Phase-Unwrapping Algorithm Using A Spatial Binary-Tree Image Decomposition, Russell Hardie, Md. Younus, James Blackshire
Russell C. Hardie
The search for fast and robust phase-unwrapping algorithms remains an important problem in the development of real-time interferometric systems. Our phase-unwrapping approach uses a spatial binary-tree image decomposition to permit maximum parallelism in implementation. At each node in the tree structure, a single unwrapping decision is made between two image blocks. The unwrapping rule is derived from a statistical-estimation framework. Specifically, a maximum-likelihood estimate of the demodulation term is used. This term can be viewed as that which minimizes a discontinuity-penalizing cost function. We show that the algorithm exhibits a high level of robustness. Quantitative measures of performance are provided, …
Scene-Based Nonuniformity Correction With Video Sequences And Registration, Russell Hardie, Majeed Hayat, Ernest Armstrong, Brian Yasuda
Scene-Based Nonuniformity Correction With Video Sequences And Registration, Russell Hardie, Majeed Hayat, Ernest Armstrong, Brian Yasuda
Russell C. Hardie
We describe a new, to our knowledge, scene-based nonuniformity correction algorithm for array detectors. The algorithm relies on the ability to register a sequence of observed frames in the presence of the fixed-pattern noise caused by pixel-to-pixel nonuniformity. In low-to-moderate levels of nonuniformity, sufficiently accurate registration may be possible with standard scene-based registration techniques. If the registration is accurate, and motion exists between the frames, then groups of independent detectors can be identified that observe the same irradiance ~or true scene value!. These detector outputs are averaged to generate estimates of the true scene values. With these scene estimates, and …
A Post-Processing Technique For Extending Depth Of Focus In Conventional Optical Microscopy, Taufiq Widjanarko, Russell Hardie
A Post-Processing Technique For Extending Depth Of Focus In Conventional Optical Microscopy, Taufiq Widjanarko, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
In this paper, we propose a post-processing technique to obtain optical microscope images with extended depth of focus using a conventional microscope. With the proposed technique, we collect a sequence of images focused at different depths. We then combine the in-focus regions of each acquired frame to compose a single all-in-focus image. That is, a new image with extended depth of focus is obtained. The key to such an algorithm is in selecting the “in-focus” regions from each frame. In this paper, we describe the technique used to identify the in-focus region on every depth slice. Quantitative simulation results are …
Application Of The Stochastic Mixing Model To Hyperspectral Resolution Enhancement, Michael Eismann, Russell Hardie
Application Of The Stochastic Mixing Model To Hyperspectral Resolution Enhancement, Michael Eismann, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
A maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation method is described for enhancing the spatial resolution of a hyperspectral image using a higher resolution coincident panchromatic image. The approach makes use of a stochastic mixing model (SMM) of the underlying spectral scene content to develop a cost function that simultaneously optimizes the estimated hyperspectral scene relative to the observed hyperspectral and panchromatic imagery, as well as the local statistics of the spectral mixing model. The incorporation of the stochastic mixing model is found to be the key ingredient for reconstructing subpixel spectral information in that it provides the necessary constraints that lead …
Performance Analysis Of A New Computer Aided Detection System For Identifying Lung Nodules On Chest Radiographs, Russell Hardie, Steven Rogers, Terry Wilson, Adam Rogers
Performance Analysis Of A New Computer Aided Detection System For Identifying Lung Nodules On Chest Radiographs, Russell Hardie, Steven Rogers, Terry Wilson, Adam Rogers
Russell C. Hardie
A new computer aided detection (CAD) system is presented for the detection of pulmonary nodules on chest radiographs. Here, we present the details of the proposed algorithm and provide a performance analysis using a publicly available database to serve as a benchmark for future research efforts. All aspects of algorithm training were done using an independent dataset containing 167 chest radiographs with a total of 181 lung nodules. The publicly available test set was created by the Standard Digital Image Database Project Team of the Scientific Committee of the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology (JRST). The JRST dataset used here …
Stochastic Spectral Unmixing With Enhanced Endmember Class Separation, Michael Eismann, Russell Hardie
Stochastic Spectral Unmixing With Enhanced Endmember Class Separation, Michael Eismann, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
Improvements to an algorithm for performing spectral unmixing of hyperspectral imagery based on the stochastic mixing model (SMM) are presented. The SMM provides a method for characterizing both subpixel mixing of the pure image constituents, or endmembers, and statistical variation in the endmember spectra that is due, for example, to sensor noise and natural variability of the pure constituents. Modifications of the iterative, expectation maximization approach to deriving the SMM parameter estimates are proposed, and their effects on unmixing performance are characterized. These modifications specifically concern algorithm initialization, random class assignment, and mixture constraints. The results show that the enhanced …
An Algebraic Algorithm For Nonuniformity Correction In Focal-Plane Arrays, Bradley Ratliff, Majeed Hayat, Russell Hardie
An Algebraic Algorithm For Nonuniformity Correction In Focal-Plane Arrays, Bradley Ratliff, Majeed Hayat, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
A scene-based algorithm is developed to compensate for bias nonuniformity in focal-plane arrays. Nonuniformity can be extremely problematic, especially for mid- to far-infrared imaging systems. The technique is based on use of estimates of interframe subpixel shifts in an image sequence, in conjunction with a linear-interpolation model for the motion, to extract information on the bias nonuniformity algebraically. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed by using real infrared and simulated data. One advantage of this technique is its simplicity; it requires relatively few frames to generate an effective correction matrix, thereby permitting the execution of frequent on-the-fly nonuniformity …
Subspace Partition Weighted Sum Filters For Image Restoration, Yong Lin, Russell Hardie, Kenneth Barner
Subspace Partition Weighted Sum Filters For Image Restoration, Yong Lin, Russell Hardie, Kenneth Barner
Russell C. Hardie
The previously proposed partition-based weighted sum (PWS) filters combine vector quantization (VQ) and linear finite impulse response (FIR) Wiener filtering concepts. By partitioning the observation space and applying a tuned Wiener filter to each partition, the PWS is spatially adaptive and has been shown to perform well in noise reduction applications. In this letter, we propose the subspace PWS (SPWS) filter and evaluate the efficacy of the SPWS filter in image deconvolution and noise reduction applications. In the SPWS filter, we project the observation vectors into a subspace using principal component analysis (PCA), or other methods, prior to partitioning. This …
Hyperspectral Resolution Enhancement Using High-Resolution Multispectral Imagery With Arbitrary Response Functions, Michael Eismann, Russell Hardie
Hyperspectral Resolution Enhancement Using High-Resolution Multispectral Imagery With Arbitrary Response Functions, Michael Eismann, Russell Hardie
Russell C. Hardie
A maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation method for improving the spatial resolution of a hyperspectral image using a higher resolution auxiliary image is extended to address several practical remote sensing situations. These include cases where: 1) the spectral response of the auxiliary image is unknown and does not match that of the hyperspectral image; 2) the auxiliary image is multispectral; and 3) the spatial point spread function for the hyperspectral sensor is arbitrary and extends beyond the span of the detector elements. The research presented follows a previously reported MAP approach that makes use of a stochastic mixing model (SMM) …