Neurology Commons^™

Typical Sounding Atypical Diagnostic Conundrum -- A Rare Case Of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (Mac) Presenting With Multiple Cranial Nerve Involvement, Ashwini Kini, Karl Echiverri, Edward J. Escott, Padmaja Sudhakar

Neurology Faculty Publications

Background

MAC infections rarely cause symptomatic systemic infection in immunocompetent healthy individuals. This case brings to light a rare such presentation that gives us a learning point about keeping a strong pre-clinical suspicion for this condition in patients whom lung imaging reveals suspicious cavitary lesions. Starting empiric therapy while awaiting culture results may be considered after weighing risks and benefits in order to achieve the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.

Case report

A 54 year-old white male presented for evaluation of progressively worsening vertigo, imbalance, vertical diplopia, facial diplegia, bilateral hyperacusis followed by hearing loss, dysphagia, and dysarthria …

Dementia Risk Reduction: Why Haven't The Pharmacological Risk Reduction Trials Worked? An In-Depth Exploration Of Seven Established Risk Factors, Ruth Peters, John Breitner, Sarah James, Gregory A. Jicha, Pierre-Francois Meyer, Marcus Richards, A. David Smith, Hussein N. Yassine, Erin L. Abner, Atticus H. Hainsworth, Patrick G. Kehoe, Nigel Beckett, Christopher Weber, Craig Anderson, Kaarin J. Anstey, Hiroko H. Dodge

Neurology Faculty Publications

Identifying the leading health and lifestyle factors for the risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease has yet to translate to risk reduction. To understand why, we examined the discrepancies between observational and clinical trial evidence for seven modifiable risk factors: type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, estrogens, inflammation, omega-3 fatty acids, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Sample heterogeneity and paucity of intervention details (dose, timing, formulation) were common themes. Epidemiological evidence is more mature for some interventions (eg, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) than others. Trial data are promising for anti-hypertensives and B vitamin supplementation. Taken together, these risk factors highlight a future need …

Multifocal Myoclonus As A Presentation Of Levetiracetam Toxicity., Mei Bou Nasif, Shweta Varade, Mohamad Z. Koubeissi

Neurology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Hypothalamic Hamartomas: Evolving Understanding And Management., Nathan T. Cohen, J Helen Cross, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Samuel F Berkovic, John F Kerrigan, Ilene Penn Miller, Erica Webster, Lisa Soeby, Arthur Cukiert, Dale K Hesdorffer, Barbara L Kroner, Clifford B Saper, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, William D. Gaillard

Neurology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Cognitive And Behavioral Domains That Reliably Differentiate Normal Aging And Dementia In Down Syndrome, Jordan P. Harp, Lisa M. Koehl, Kathryn L. Van Pelt, Christy L. Hom, Eric Doran, Elizabeth Head, Ira T. Lott, Frederick A. Schmitt

Neurology Faculty Publications

Primary care integration of Down syndrome (DS)-specific dementia screening is strongly advised. The current study employed principal components analysis (PCA) and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses to identify an abbreviated battery for dementia classification. Scale- and subscale-level scores from 141 participants (no dementia n = 68; probable Alzheimer’s disease n = 73), for the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Dementia Scale for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD), and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—Second Edition (Vineland-II) were analyzed. Two principle components (PC1, PC2) were identified with the odds of a probable dementia diagnosis increasing 2.54 times per PC1 unit increase and by …

Pulmonary Function Decline In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Terry D. Heiman-Patterson, Ossama Khazaal, Daohai Yu, Michael E. Sherman, Edward J. Kasarskis, Carlayne E. Jackson, Peg Niv Study Group

Neurology Faculty Publications

Background: There has been no comprehensive longitudinal study of pulmonary functions (PFTS) in ALS determining which measure is most sensitive to declines in respiratory muscle strength. Objective: To determine the longitudinal decline of PFTS in ALS and which measure supports Medicare criteria for NIV initiation first. Methods: Serial PFTs (maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximum inspiratory pressure measured by mouth (MIP) or nasal sniff pressure (SNIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)) were performed over 12 months on 73 ALS subjects to determine which measure showed the sentinel decline in pulmonary function. The rate of decline for each …

Smoking-Induced Sex Differences In Clinical Outcomes In Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy For Stroke, Jacqueline A. Frank, Kara Jo Swafford, Jill M. Roberts, Amanda L. Trout, Ann M. Stowe, Douglas E. Lukins, Stephen Grupke, Keith R. Pennypacker, Justin F. Fraser

Neurology Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking accelerates the onset of stroke by 10 years. The effects of smoking status on percent change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, infarct volume, and edema volume were examined following mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

METHODS: Subjects (N = 90; >18 years old) were divided into 3 groups based on smoking status: current smokers, previous smokers (defined as having quit >6 months before the ischemic event), and nonsmokers. Percent change in NIHSS score was …

Downbeat Nystagmus In A 7-Year-Old Girl With Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Meningitis And Cerebellitis, Cameron A. Wade, David Neil Toupin, Kyle Darpel, Kimberly S. Jones, Donita D. Lightner

Neurology Faculty Publications

Downbeat nystagmus is a type of jerk nystagmus that may be seen in patients with lesions affecting the vestibulocerebellum. This is a case of a 7-year-old girl presenting with a history of fever, headache, and episodic vertigo with downbeat nystagmus. The diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus meningitis with acute cerebellitis was made by contrast magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and serum Epstein-Barr virus titers. Contrast magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancement of the meninges and inferior cerebellar folia, correlating with the neuroophthalmological symptom of downbeat nystagmus.

Encephalopathy And Complex Hyperkinesia In A Patient With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection, Wenyang Li, Elif Pinar Coskun, Rolando Berger, John T. Slevin, L. Creed Pettigrew

Neurology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Commentary: Use Of Bactrac Proteomic Database-Uromodulin Protein Expression During Ischemic Stroke, Gabriella-Salome K. Armstrong, Jacqueline A. Frank, Christopher J. Mclouth, Ann M. Stowe, Jill M. Roberts, Amanda L. Trout, Justin F. Fraser, Keith R. Pennypacker

Neurology Faculty Publications

Introduction: Uromodulin (UMOD) is a glycoprotein expressed by the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in the kidney. Research has shown that increased uromodulin expression may be associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease in adults. Utilizing the Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC) (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683), a continuously enrolling tissue bank, we aimed to examine the associations between serum uromodulin, age, and high BMI (BMI> 25) and its relationship to stroke in patients.

Methods: Arterial blood distal and proximal to the thrombus was collected during a thrombectomy procedure using the BACTRAC protocol and sent …

The Poststroke Peripheral Immune Response Is Differentially Regulated By Leukemia Inhibitory Factor In Aged Male And Female Rodents, Stephanie M. Davis, Lisa A. Collier, Sarah J. Messmer, Keith R. Pennypacker

Neurology Faculty Publications

Background. The goal of this study was to determine whether leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes anti-inflammatory activity after stroke in a sex-dependent manner. Methods. Aged (18-month-old) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes underwent sham surgery or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals received three doses of intravenous LIF (125 μg/kg) or PBS at 6, 24, and 48 h before euthanization at 72 h. Spleen weights were measured immediately following euthanization. Western blot was used to measure protein levels of CCL8, CD11b, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-12 p40, IL-3, and the LIF receptor (LIFR) in spleen tissue. ELISA was used …

Dynamic Body-Weight Support To Boost Rehabilitation Outcomes In Patients With Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Observational Study, Justin P. Huber, Lumy Sawaki

Neurology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Dynamic body-weight support (DBWS) may play an important role in rehabilitation outcomes, but the potential benefit among disease-specific populations is unclear. In this study, we hypothesize that overground therapy with DBWS during inpatient rehabilitation yields greater functional improvement than standard-of-care in adults with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NT-SCI).

METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included individuals diagnosed with NT-SCI and undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. All participants were recruited at a freestanding inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Individuals who trained with DBWS for at least three sessions were allocated to the experimental group. Participants in the historical control group received standard-of-care (i.e., no DBWS). …

Longitudinal Assessment Of Dementia Measures In Down Syndrome, Lisa Mason Koehl, Jordan P. Harp, Kathryn L. Van Pelt, Elizabeth Head, Frederick A. Schmitt

Neurology Faculty Publications

Introduction: Early detection of dementia symptoms is critical in Down syndrome (DS) but complicated by clinical assessment barriers. The current study aimed to characterize cognitive and behavioral impairment using longitudinal trajectories comparing several measures of cognitive and behavioral functioning.

Methods: Measures included global cognitive status (Severe Impairment Battery [SIB]), motor praxis (Brief Praxis Test [BPT]), and clinical dementia informant ratings (Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities [DLD]). One-year reliability was assessed using a two-way mixed effect, consistency, single measurement intraclass correlation among non-demented participants. Longitudinal assessment of SIB, BPT, and DLD was completed using linear mixed effect models.

Results: …

New Generation Vmat2 Inhibitors Induced Parkinsonism, Rani Priyanka Vasireddy, Brent Sokola, Zain Guduru

Neurology Faculty Publications

Highlights

• Drug induced parkinsonism caused by valbenazine and deutetrabenazine.
• Possible side effects of VMAT-2 inhibitors.
• Valbenazine and deutetrabenazine can unmask underlying Parkinson’s Disease.

Anti-Aggregation Effects Of Phenolic Compounds On Α-Synuclein, Kenjiro Ono, Mayumi Tsuji, Tritia R. Yamasaki, Giulio M. Pasinetti

Neurology Faculty Publications

The aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (αS) are major pathologic features of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other α-synucleinopathies. The propagation of αS pathology in the brain plays a key role in the onset and progression of clinical phenotypes. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing strategies that attenuate αS aggregation and propagation. Based on cumulative evidence that αS oligomers are neurotoxic and critical species in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies, we and other groups reported that phenolic compounds inhibit αS aggregation including oligomerization, thereby ameliorating αS oligomer-induced cellular and synaptic toxicities. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota may influence the …

Brain Structure Changes Over Time In Normal And Mildly Impaired Aged Persons, Charles D. Smith, Linda J. Van Eldik, Gregory A. Jicha, Frederick A. Schmitt, Peter T. Nelson, Erin L. Abner, Richard J. Kryscio, Richard R. Murphy, Anders H. Andersen

Neurology Faculty Publications

Structural brain changes in aging are known to occur even in the absence of dementia, but the magnitudes and regions involved vary between studies. To further characterize these changes, we analyzed paired MRI images acquired with identical protocols and scanner over a median 5.8-year interval. The normal study group comprised 78 elders (25M 53F, baseline age range 70-78 years) who underwent an annual standardized expert assessment of cognition and health and who maintained normal cognition for the duration of the study. We found a longitudinal grey matter (GM) loss rate of 2.56 ± 0.07 ml/year (0.20 ± 0.04%/year) and a …

Gut Microbiome-Modified Polyphenolic Compounds Inhibit Α-Synuclein Seeding And Spreading In Α-Synucleinopathies, Tritia R. Yamasaki, Kenjiro Ono, Lap Ho, Giulio M. Pasinetti

Neurology Faculty Publications

Misfolding, aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) are major pathologic characteristics of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the related synucleinopathy, multiple system atrophy (MSA). The spread of α-syn pathology across brain regions is thought to play a key role in the onset and progression of clinical phenotypes. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing strategies that target and attenuate α-syn aggregation and spread. Recent studies of brain-penetrating polyphenolic acids, namely, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-diHBA), and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3-HPPA) that are derived from gut microbiota metabolism of dietary polyphenols, show in vitro ability to effectively modulate α-syn misfolding, oligomerization, and …

Stroke As The Initial Presentation Of Takayasu's Arteritis: A Case Report, Paran Davari, Paige Sutton, Kimberly S. Jones

Neurology Faculty Publications

In this study, we report the case of a pediatric neurology stroke patient who was ultimately diagnosed with Takayasu's Arteritis. Our case describes a 14-year-old Hispanic female with no significant past medical history who presented to an outside hospital for acute onset of confusion and right sided weakness. She was given tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) at the outside hospital and transferred as a stroke alert. Initial The NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) was 12 with primarily right sided symptoms. Physical exam was also significant for asymmetric pulses and blood pressures. Imaging was significant for multifocal stenosis. She was ultimately diagnosed with …

Multi-Domain Cognitive Assessment Of Male Mice Shows Space Radiation Is Not Harmful To High-Level Cognition And Actually Improves Pattern Separation, Cody W. Whoolery, Sanghee Yun, Ryan P. Reynolds, Melanie J. Lucero, Ivan Soler, Fionya H. Tran, Naoki Ito, Rachel L. Redfield, Devon R. Richardson, Hung-Ying Shih, Phillip D. Rivera, Benjamin P. C. Chen, Shari G. Birnbaum, Ann M. Stowe, Amelia J. Eisch

Neurology Faculty Publications

Astronauts on interplanetary missions - such as to Mars - will be exposed to space radiation, a spectrum of highly-charged, fast-moving particles that includes ⁵⁶Fe and ²⁸Si. Earth-based preclinical studies show space radiation decreases rodent performance in low- and some high-level cognitive tasks. Given astronaut use of touchscreen platforms during training and space flight and given the ability of rodent touchscreen tasks to assess functional integrity of brain circuits and multiple cognitive domains in a non-aversive way, here we exposed 6-month-old C57BL/6J male mice to whole-body space radiation and subsequently assessed them on a touchscreen battery. Relative to …

B Cells Migrate Into Remote Brain Areas And Support Neurogenesis And Functional Recovery After Focal Stroke In Mice, Sterling B. Ortega, Vanessa O. Torres, Sarah E. Latchney, Cody W. Whoolery, Ibrahim Z. Noorbhai, Katie Poinsatte, Uma M. Selvaraj, Monica A. Benson, Anouk J. M. Meeuwissen, Erik J. Plautz, Xiangmei Kong, Denise M. Ramirez, Apoorva D. Ajay, Julian P. Meeks, Mark P. Goldberg, Nancy L. Monson, Amelia J. Eisch, Ann M. Stowe

Neurology Faculty Publications

Lymphocytes infiltrate the stroke core and penumbra and often exacerbate cellular injury. B cells, however, are lymphocytes that do not contribute to acute pathology but can support recovery. B cell adoptive transfer to mice reduced infarct volumes 3 and 7 d after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo), independent of changing immune populations in recipient mice. Testing a direct neurotrophic effect, B cells cocultured with mixed cortical cells protected neurons and maintained dendritic arborization after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Whole-brain volumetric serial two-photon tomography (STPT) and a custom-developed image analysis pipeline visualized and quantified poststroke B cell diapedesis throughout the brain, including …

Impaired Meningeal Lymphatic Vessel Development Worsens Stroke Outcome, Pavel Yanev, Katherine Poinsatte, Devon Hominick, Noor Khurana, Kielen R. Zuurbier, Marcus Berndt, Erik J. Plautz, Michael T. Dellinger, Ann M. Stowe

Neurology Faculty Publications

The discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels (LVs) has sparked interest in identifying their role in diseases of the central nervous system. Similar to peripheral LVs, meningeal LVs depend on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3) signaling for development. Here we characterize the effect of stroke on meningeal LVs, and the impact of meningeal lymphatic hypoplasia on post-stroke outcomes. We show that photothrombosis (PT), but not transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo), induces meningeal lymphangiogenesis in young male C57Bl/J6 mice. We also show that Vegfr3^wt/mut mice develop significantly fewer meningeal LVs than Vegfr3^wt/wt mice. Again, meningeal lymphangiogenesis occurs in …

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Improve Poststroke Recovery Via Immunological Mechanisms, Rebecca Sadler, Julia V. Cramer, Steffanie Heindl, Sarantos Kostidis, Dene Betz, Kielen R. Zuurbier, Bernd H. Northoff, Marieke Heijink, Mark P. Goldberg, Erik J. Plautz, Stefan Roth, Rainer Malik, Martin Dichgans, Lesca M. Holdt, Corinne Benakis, Martin Giera, Ann M. Stowe, Arthur Liesz

Neurology Faculty Publications

Recovery after stroke is a multicellular process encompassing neurons, resident immune cells, and brain-invading cells. Stroke alters the gut microbiome, which in turn has considerable impact on stroke outcome. However, the mechanisms underlying gut–brain interaction and implications for long-term recovery are largely elusive. Here, we tested the hypothesis that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key bioactive microbial metabolites, are the missing link along the gut–brain axis and might be able to modulate recovery after experimental stroke. SCFA supplementation in the drinking water of male mice significantly improved recovery of affected limb motor function. Using in vivo wide-field calcium imaging, we observed …

Review Of Alterations In Perlecan-Associated Vascular Risk Factors In Dementia, Amanda L. Trout, Ibolya Rutkai, Ifechukwude J. Biose, Gregory J. Bix

Neurology Faculty Publications

Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein in the extracellular matrix that structurally and biochemically supports the cerebrovasculature by dynamically responding to changes in cerebral blood flow. These changes in perlecan expression seem to be contradictory, ranging from neuroprotective and angiogenic to thrombotic and linked to lipid retention. This review investigates perlecan's influence on risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and amyloid that effect Vascular contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). VCID, a comorbidity with diverse etiology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), is thought to be a major factor that drives the overall clinical burden of dementia. Accordingly, changes …

Direct Oral Anticoagulant Failure In Stroke/Transient Ischaemic Attack: Neurologic And Pharmacokinetic Considerations, David Z. Rose, W. Scott Burgin

Neurology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Test–Retest Reliability Of The Friedreich’S Ataxia Rating Scale, Christian Rummey, Theresa A. Zesiewicz, Santiago Perez-Lloret, Jennifer M. Farmer, Massimo Pandolfo, David R. Lynch

Neurology Faculty Publications

The modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale (mFARS) is a disease specific, exam-based neurological rating scale commonly used as a outcome measure in clinical trials. While extensive clinimetric testing indicates it’s validity in measuring disease progression, formal test–retest reliability was lacking. To fill this gap, we acquired results from screening and baseline visits of several large clinical trials and calculated intraclass correlation coefficients, coefficients of variance, standard error, and the minimally detectable changes. This study demonstrated excellent test–retest reliability of the mFARS, and it’s upright stability subscore.

Untreated Stroke As Collateral Damage Of Covid-19: “Time Is Brain” Versus “Stay At Home, David Z. Rose, W. Scott Burgin, Swetha Renati

Neurology Faculty Publications

For decades, neurologists have been advocating that anyone with acute focal deficits report immediately to the closest hospital’s emergency room. Major advancements in the hyperacute diagnosis and treatment of stroke have justified our call-to-action slogan of “Time is Brain”—faster therapy leads to superior outcomes. However, this mantra has been recently usurped by the catchphrase “Stay at Home” during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Fewer patients are presenting to hospitals with acute stroke; our census is down. Presumably the etiology of this phenomenon is either strict “social distancing” that some people may misperceive to exclude even emergent situations, or fears …

Direct Oral Anticoagulant Failure In Stroke/Transient Ischaemic Attack: Neurologic And Pharmacokinetic Considerations, David Z. Rose, W. Scott Burgin

Neurology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Post-Acquisition Processing Confounds In Brain Volumetric Quantification Of White Matter Hyperintensities, Ahmed A. Bahrani, Omar M. Al-Janabi, Erin L. Abner, Shoshana H. Bardach, Richard J. Kryscio, Donna M. Wilcock, Charles D. Smith, Gregory A. Jicha

Neurology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Disparate research sites using identical or near-identical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition techniques often produce results that demonstrate significant variability regarding volumetric quantification of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in the aging population. The sources of such variability have not previously been fully explored.

NEW METHOD: 3D FLAIR sequences from a group of randomly selected aged subjects were analyzed to identify sources-of-variability in post-acquisition processing that can be problematic when comparing WMH volumetric data across disparate sites. The methods developed focused on standardizing post-acquisition protocol processing methods to develop a protocol with less than 0.5% inter-rater variance.

RESULTS: A series …

Development Of A Non-Invasive Device For Swallow Screening In Patients At Risk Of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Results From A Prospective Exploratory Study, Catriona M. Steele, Rajat Mukherjee, Juha M. Kortelainen, Harri Pölönen, Michael Jedwab, Susan L. Brady, Kayla Brinkman Theimer, Susan Langmore, Luis F. Riquelme, Nancy B. Swigert, Philip M. Bath, Larry B. Goldstein, Richard L. Hughes, Dana Leifer, Kennedy R. Lees, Atte Meretoja, Natalia Muehlemann

Neurology Faculty Publications

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is prevalent in several at-risk populations, including post-stroke patients, patients in intensive care and the elderly. Dysphagia contributes to longer hospital stays and poor outcomes, including pneumonia. Early identification of dysphagia is recommended as part of the evaluation of at-risk patients, but available bedside screening tools perform inconsistently. In this study, we developed algorithms to detect swallowing impairment using a novel accelerometer-based dysphagia detection system (DDS). A sample of 344 individuals was enrolled across seven sites in the United States. Dual-axis accelerometry signals were collected prospectively with simultaneous videofluoroscopy (VFSS) during swallows of liquid barium stimuli in thin, …

Visualization And Quantification Of Post-Stroke Neural Connectivity And Neuroinflammation Using Serial Two-Photon Tomography In The Whole Mouse Brain, Katherine Poinsatte, Dene Betz, Vanessa O. Torres, Apoorva D. Ajay, Shazia Mirza, Uma M. Selvaraj, Erik J. Plautz, Xiangmei Kong, Sankalp Gokhale, Julian P. Meeks, Denise M. O. Ramirez, Mark P. Goldberg, Ann M. Stowe

Neurology Faculty Publications

Whole-brain volumetric microscopy techniques such as serial two-photon tomography (STPT) can provide detailed information on the roles of neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity throughout the whole brain post-stroke. STPT automatically generates high-resolution images of coronal sections of the entire mouse brain that can be readily visualized in three dimensions. We developed a pipeline for whole brain image analysis that includes supervised machine learning (pixel-wise random forest models via the “ilastik” software package) followed by registration to a standardized 3-D atlas of the adult mouse brain (Common Coordinate Framework v3.0; Allen Institute for Brain Science). These procedures allow the detection of cellular fluorescent …