Forest Sciences Commons^™

A Proposed Method Of Forming A Sodium Hexametaphosphate Film On The Fourdrinier Wire, Theodore Richard Kielts

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The addition of sodium hexametaphosphate to the white water system of the paper mill is an effective method of preventing pitch deposition. The ability of this compound to prevent pitch agglomeration is due to its tendency of forming monomolecular films on metallic surfaces to which pitch will not adhere.

This thesis has attempted to evaluate whether this monomolecular protective film is best formed by spraying a solution of sodium hexametaphosphate onto the moving Fourdrinier wire or whether it is best formed by the present-day method of allowing the film to form from the white water system to which sodium hexametaphosphate …

The Influence Of Electrolytes On Certain Characteristics Of Corn Starch, Arthur H. Hupp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The survey of literature shows that very little work has been done showing the effect of small amounts of electrolytes on the properties of native corn starch. The literature seems to be in agreement in that electrolytes do effect gelatinization when added in small amounts before cooking. Just what role the anion or cation plays seems to be controversial.

Varying amounts of electrolytes with different cations but the same anion were added to different concentrations of native corn starch before cooking. Viscosities were then taken after cooking under a standard cooking procedure. The results seem to indicate that the mono …

The Influence Of Beating Of Pulp On Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distribution, Rudolf Schmut

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

1. Introduction

Recent studies and researchers assume that certain relationships exist between different properties of pulp - such as between bulk, tearing resistance, bursting strength, tensile strength, freeness, and fiber length index. It has been found furthermore that such relations are different for different types of pulp and that some may even vary from pulp to pulp of the same type.

The Retention Of Wet Strength Resins As Determined By The Kjeldahl Method, Walter J. Redmond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

True wet strength is not a gauge of water proofness of paper, but is a measure of the residual strength of the paper gauged by the mullen, tear, burst, and fold, after the paper has been completely soaked in water and the resistance to water penetration has been completely broken (1).

To increase the wet-strength of paper, a number of different resins may be applied, and these resins may be broadly classified as anionic or cationic in nature. Of these resins, three particular resins will be discussed, cationic melamine-formaldehyde, anionic urea-formaldehyde, and cationic urea-formaldehyde.

The Influence Of Urea & Melamine Formaldehyde Resins Upon Absorbency, Softness, & Dry Strength Characteristics Of Paper, H. B. Herman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature is reviewed on urea and melamine formaldehyde resins and their possible effects upon softness, absorbency, and physical characteristics. The standard tests of these sheet properties are also defined and reviewed. Experimental work is described in which resin treated sheets were prepared and evaluated. The resultant data is evaluated from the standpoint of property variations and is graphically illustrated. Conclusions are drawn as to the feasibility of resin treatment for soft absorbent sheets.

A Statistical Analysis Of Strength Characteristics Of Handsheets, Edward J. Horvath

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey was made in order to provide an outline of fundamental statistical definitions, formulas and methods which are used by the paper technician. These methods, if properly applied, would furnish valuable information as to the accuracy of test values, significance of differences and merits of various operations.

A demonstration is made of the application of statistical methods to test data obtained from samples of unbleached kraft pulp in the form of wet laps, air-dry pulp and soaked pulp. The analysis was devoted to the study of strength variations, uniformity and duplicability of handsheets produced from the three samples.

Microscopy Of Newly Developed Paper Making Fibers, Richard E. Hathaway

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The more important of the newly developed fiberous paper making materials are bleached groundwood, West coast kraft, hardwood kraft, semichemical pulp and cotton linters. The weight factors of these fiberous materials have been determined by several different investigators, but their identification in a paper furnish is very difficult. The weight factors of cotton linters varies with the freeness of the sample, which can be determined by dying the fibers with a mixture of a direct orange and a direct blue bye. Differentiation can be made between bleached and unbleached groundwood with the Loften-Merritt stain. Staining methods cannot be used to …

The Evaluation Of Coated Papers Containing Varying Amounts Of Thermoplastic Adhesives, Roderick A. Perkins

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Information is given on the effects of various concentration of styrene-butadiene latex and oxidized corn starch as binders in coated papers. Also data is given on the effects of increased amounts of styrene-butadiene latex in starch clay systems with respect to viscosity.

The Influence Of Electrolytes On Certain Characteristics Of Pulp, Wayne Eugene Kendrick

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is an endeavor to bring out the reasons for strength variations due to the presence of electrolytes in the process water, occurring either naturally or in the form of additives. The subject is subdivided into effects caused by cations and effects caused by anions plus special cases.

Material was obtained from the science library of Western Michigan College of Education, the Kalamazoo Public Library and microfilmed articles from the New York Public Library.

A Study Of Yields In Deinking At Atmospheric And Elevated Pressures, Wilbur R. Noel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The recovery of waste paper has become an operation of tremendous economic importance to the paper industry. In 1948 (7), 21,922,000 tons of paper and board were produced. Waste paper represented 35% of all fibrous material consumed in this production. Deinking plays an important role in the recovery of waste paper. Of the 8,446,900 tons of all types of paper produced in 1943. 12.7% was deinked waste paper stock, while in the same year wastepaper content in board was 61.6%. Most of the waste paper is used in the manufacture of board, by just dispersing the ink in the stock …

The Factors Governing The Retention Of Emulsified Elastomers Added To Pulp In The Beater, Raymond C. Wagner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A number of previous investigations have shown that elastomers incorporated in the pulp gives improved strength characteristics without any noticeable effect on the appearance of the paper. Since lattices are added in dispersions of very small particle sizes, we are confronted with the factors governing the retention of these additives to produce a higher quality paper at an economical cost.

The Influence Of Single, Two, And Three Stage Bleaching On The Opacity Of Deinked Stock, Wilbur Kite

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

"Bleaching may be defined as the alteration of coloring matter in such fashion as to cause it to reflect more true white, or the solubilizing of such coloring matter to make it possible to wash out the color substance, or both." (2) The most common method of bleaching is the oxidation of the coloring substance although reduction with ZnS₂O is sometimes used with ground-wood. This discussion will be limited to bleaching by means of oxidizing agents namely: chlorine and calcium hypochlorite.

Comparison Of Three Stiffness Testers, Arne H. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Stiffness is defined and some of the factors affecting stiffness are given. Also, the underlying principles upon which most stiffness testers are based are given.

Three of the commonly used stiffness instruments are used for this comparison study. They are: Gurley, Smith-Taber, and the Clark. The correlation between the instruments is determined and the stiffness range that each instrument is best suited for is noted.

Factors Governing The Retention Of Starches Added To Pulp In The Beater, Gordon J. Gill

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The information presented in this literature survey was obtained through Western Michigan College Library, Kalamazoo Public Library, St. Regis Central Laboratory, and Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Research Library.

The following survey is the result of twelve weeks of library research and was done in accordance with the methods and rules prescribed by Course 436A, Pulp and Paper Technology, Western Michigan College of Education.

Considering retention, from a general point of view, we find in Webster's New International Dictionary that it is, "A retaining or holding fixed in some place or position; state of being kept in place." Sutermeister (20) gives …

A Comparison Of The Methods Used To Produce Water-Resistant Starch Coatings, Elton Thomas Krogel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Part I

Literature Survey

The use of the starch in the coating of paper has been very extensive. The reason being that starch and its conversion products have most of the desirable characteristics of a coating adhesive and are relatively inexpensive. Only one main characteristic is missing in coatings made with starch and that is the lack of water resistance. For many years the paper industry, the adhesive industry, and the textile industry have searched for a method of modifying starch so as to increase its water resistance. A great many processes have developed from these studies. These processes consist …

Methods Of Fiber And Paraffin Recovery From Waste Waxed Paper, Donald L. Huyser

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Waxed paper is being used more and more every day in many ways. Its principle purposes are as wrappers or containers either to keep moisture out or in. Its uses vary from bread wrappers and drinking cups to metal parts wrappers.

For the most part, after the paper is used for its original purpose it is discarded and not salvaged like other waste paper. Also at the wax coating mills, the broke cannot be reworked with fresh stock. In most cases it is taken out and burned - not only being a total waste of stock but also a waste …

The Significance Of Tests Performed On The General Electric Puncture Tester, Roger E. Mcvickar

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

With the steadily increasing use of fiberboard containers for purposes for which other materials were formerly used, determination of the durability of such containers has become a major problem. This is especially true of the food industry, which is now using over 30% of all fiberboard containers manufactured in the United States - a larger proportion than is used for any other single purpose. (2)

A Comparison Of Enzyme Converted Starches Used In Surface Sizing, Edward E. Stephenson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey shows an increasing trend in the direction of using enzyme converted starch tub sizing solutions in paper making. Bacterial alpha amylase seems indicated as the best available enzyme for this type of conversion.

Little or no information concerning the differences in sizing solutions prepared from different varieties of starch was found.

Laboratory work comparing corn and potato starch, both enzymes converted under comparable conditions, indicates a conclusion that the optimum point of starch conversion is obtained by using the minimum concentration of enzyme which is capable of producing the desired sizing solution viscosity.

Potato starch seems to …

Optimization Of Parameters For Soft-Nip Calendering Of Uncoated Paper, Jung-Kyu Yang

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The major reason for calendering is to impart both smoothness and gloss on paper. Smoothness, which is the degree of flatness of the surface, and gloss, which is a measurement of light reflectance, are unrelated parameters. However, both smoothness and gloss are related to printing process. Strength properties affect the printing machine runability. In general, calendering reduces strength properties of the paper. The degree of finish obtained in a soft-nip calendering depends on characteristics of the paper, such as moisture content and type of filling materials. The purpose of this study is to determine the best conditions for soft-nip calender …

A Comparison Of The Deinkability Of Certain Printing Inks, Jacob Van Giessen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Printing inks differ in their composition and in their ability to be removed from paper in the deinking process. I was the purpose of this research work to make a comparison of this deinkability, for common printing inks.

In this experimentation, five inks were compared. These were a linseed oil base ink, a mineral oil base ink, a moisture set ink, a alkyd base in and a rubber base ink. Deinking was done using a standard deinking formula and varying only the concentration of the deinking agent.

The results show a marked difference in concentrations of deinking agent necessary for …