Forest Sciences Commons^™

The Influence Of Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distribution On Some Strength Characteristics Of A Commercial Pulp, David Kraske

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this thesis, four groups of fibers with varying average fiber lengths have been separated from a coniferous bleached kraft pulp which had been beaten to different levels of freeness. The fractionation of the pulp was accomplished with a Bauer-McNett fiber classifier. The groups of fibers were analyzed for average fiber length, fiber length distribution and for their strength characteristics.

The results of this survey show interesting and significant trends, particularly with regard to the apparent density, tensile strength and the tearing resistance of the various fractions. The contributions of the various fractions to the strength characteristics of the whole …

A Study Of Methods Used To Determine Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distributions By Optical Means, Russell Larson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Various methods of slide preparation and fiber measurement are discussed in this literature survey. It is generally agreed that the time required to complete an individual test of fiber length has been an important factor in preventing a wider application of fiber length measurements in stock preparation control. Most authors use a method whereby a slide containing a number of fibers is projected and. the measurements are made directly on the screen.

A method of measuring; fiber length and fiber length distribution by a projection arrangement is described and the operating procedure given. The relation between pulp at different degrees …

Non-Cellulosic Fibers Their Properties And Influence On The Characteristics Of Handsheets, James W. Winn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Some non-cellulosic fibers have been discussed as to their paper making characteristics.

In the field of inorganic chemistry only glass fibers have been used in paper making. The methods used in the conversion of the brittle filament into paper have been described in detail.

In the field of thermoplastic fibers, Vinyon, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate; Saran, a copolymer of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride; and Styrene, polymerized styrene units, have been discussed. The limited data found in the literature on the performance of Vinyon have been presented.

The Influence Of Single, Two, And Three Stage Bleaching On Fading Characteristic Of Deinked Stock, Phillip H. Avery

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey on the various bleaching methods used on deinked stock and the factors which influence the fading characteristic of deinked stock is compiled. Mention is also made of various additives which have an influence on the fading of a sheet. A description of the experimental work with caustic deinked stack of various groundwood content follows. Results indicate that the groundwood content has more effect upon fading of deinked stock than the number of stages of bleaching, although the increase in the number of stages of bleaching does reduce the amount of fading in a sheet. A greater effect …

The Evaluation Of Paper By Means Of The Densichron Instrument, Edward G. Degalan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An Evaluation of the Universal Magnephot Densichron as a Reflectometer, Opacimeter and Color Analyzing Device

This paper is a report on the evaluation of the Universal Magnephot Densichron, an electronic photocell instrument developed for the photographic industry, for use in the paper industry. This instrument has been found to have several errors which make its use impractical for research work in the laboratory, but it can be used in paper mills for control purposes. If this used for this type of work certain precautions have to be taken as outlined. The major portion of this paper deals with the possibility …

A Comparison Of The Strength Characteristics Of Sheets Produced By Standard T.A.P.P.I. Method And By Means Of The Noble And Wood Sheet Machine, William C. Geiger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The first section of this paper is devoted to a literature survey in which the following sheetmaking variables, and their effects upon strength were examined: drying, tension, couching, pressing, consistency of stock in headbox, effect of differences in wire mesh, and drainage time.

The second section is composed of results obtained by personal experimental work. In order to provide an accurate comparison of the two sheetmaking machines in question, their relative differences in procedure were interchanged so as to bring out the variations in strength values for force drying versus air drying, tension during drying versus drying without tension, and …

A Proposed Method Of Forming A Sodium Hexametaphosphate Film On The Fourdrinier Wire, Theodore Richard Kielts

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The addition of sodium hexametaphosphate to the white water system of the paper mill is an effective method of preventing pitch deposition. The ability of this compound to prevent pitch agglomeration is due to its tendency of forming monomolecular films on metallic surfaces to which pitch will not adhere.

This thesis has attempted to evaluate whether this monomolecular protective film is best formed by spraying a solution of sodium hexametaphosphate onto the moving Fourdrinier wire or whether it is best formed by the present-day method of allowing the film to form from the white water system to which sodium hexametaphosphate …

The Influence Of Electrolytes On Certain Characteristics Of Corn Starch, Arthur H. Hupp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The survey of literature shows that very little work has been done showing the effect of small amounts of electrolytes on the properties of native corn starch. The literature seems to be in agreement in that electrolytes do effect gelatinization when added in small amounts before cooking. Just what role the anion or cation plays seems to be controversial.

Varying amounts of electrolytes with different cations but the same anion were added to different concentrations of native corn starch before cooking. Viscosities were then taken after cooking under a standard cooking procedure. The results seem to indicate that the mono …

The Influence Of Beating Of Pulp On Fiber Length And Fiber Length Distribution, Rudolf Schmut

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

1. Introduction

Recent studies and researchers assume that certain relationships exist between different properties of pulp - such as between bulk, tearing resistance, bursting strength, tensile strength, freeness, and fiber length index. It has been found furthermore that such relations are different for different types of pulp and that some may even vary from pulp to pulp of the same type.

The Retention Of Wet Strength Resins As Determined By The Kjeldahl Method, Walter J. Redmond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

True wet strength is not a gauge of water proofness of paper, but is a measure of the residual strength of the paper gauged by the mullen, tear, burst, and fold, after the paper has been completely soaked in water and the resistance to water penetration has been completely broken (1).

To increase the wet-strength of paper, a number of different resins may be applied, and these resins may be broadly classified as anionic or cationic in nature. Of these resins, three particular resins will be discussed, cationic melamine-formaldehyde, anionic urea-formaldehyde, and cationic urea-formaldehyde.

The Influence Of Urea & Melamine Formaldehyde Resins Upon Absorbency, Softness, & Dry Strength Characteristics Of Paper, H. B. Herman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature is reviewed on urea and melamine formaldehyde resins and their possible effects upon softness, absorbency, and physical characteristics. The standard tests of these sheet properties are also defined and reviewed. Experimental work is described in which resin treated sheets were prepared and evaluated. The resultant data is evaluated from the standpoint of property variations and is graphically illustrated. Conclusions are drawn as to the feasibility of resin treatment for soft absorbent sheets.

A Statistical Analysis Of Strength Characteristics Of Handsheets, Edward J. Horvath

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey was made in order to provide an outline of fundamental statistical definitions, formulas and methods which are used by the paper technician. These methods, if properly applied, would furnish valuable information as to the accuracy of test values, significance of differences and merits of various operations.

A demonstration is made of the application of statistical methods to test data obtained from samples of unbleached kraft pulp in the form of wet laps, air-dry pulp and soaked pulp. The analysis was devoted to the study of strength variations, uniformity and duplicability of handsheets produced from the three samples.

Microscopy Of Newly Developed Paper Making Fibers, Richard E. Hathaway

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The more important of the newly developed fiberous paper making materials are bleached groundwood, West coast kraft, hardwood kraft, semichemical pulp and cotton linters. The weight factors of these fiberous materials have been determined by several different investigators, but their identification in a paper furnish is very difficult. The weight factors of cotton linters varies with the freeness of the sample, which can be determined by dying the fibers with a mixture of a direct orange and a direct blue bye. Differentiation can be made between bleached and unbleached groundwood with the Loften-Merritt stain. Staining methods cannot be used to …

The Evaluation Of Coated Papers Containing Varying Amounts Of Thermoplastic Adhesives, Roderick A. Perkins

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Information is given on the effects of various concentration of styrene-butadiene latex and oxidized corn starch as binders in coated papers. Also data is given on the effects of increased amounts of styrene-butadiene latex in starch clay systems with respect to viscosity.

The Influence Of Electrolytes On Certain Characteristics Of Pulp, Wayne Eugene Kendrick

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is an endeavor to bring out the reasons for strength variations due to the presence of electrolytes in the process water, occurring either naturally or in the form of additives. The subject is subdivided into effects caused by cations and effects caused by anions plus special cases.

Material was obtained from the science library of Western Michigan College of Education, the Kalamazoo Public Library and microfilmed articles from the New York Public Library.

A Study Of Yields In Deinking At Atmospheric And Elevated Pressures, Wilbur R. Noel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The recovery of waste paper has become an operation of tremendous economic importance to the paper industry. In 1948 (7), 21,922,000 tons of paper and board were produced. Waste paper represented 35% of all fibrous material consumed in this production. Deinking plays an important role in the recovery of waste paper. Of the 8,446,900 tons of all types of paper produced in 1943. 12.7% was deinked waste paper stock, while in the same year wastepaper content in board was 61.6%. Most of the waste paper is used in the manufacture of board, by just dispersing the ink in the stock …

The Factors Governing The Retention Of Emulsified Elastomers Added To Pulp In The Beater, Raymond C. Wagner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A number of previous investigations have shown that elastomers incorporated in the pulp gives improved strength characteristics without any noticeable effect on the appearance of the paper. Since lattices are added in dispersions of very small particle sizes, we are confronted with the factors governing the retention of these additives to produce a higher quality paper at an economical cost.

The Influence Of Single, Two, And Three Stage Bleaching On The Opacity Of Deinked Stock, Wilbur Kite

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

"Bleaching may be defined as the alteration of coloring matter in such fashion as to cause it to reflect more true white, or the solubilizing of such coloring matter to make it possible to wash out the color substance, or both." (2) The most common method of bleaching is the oxidation of the coloring substance although reduction with ZnS₂O is sometimes used with ground-wood. This discussion will be limited to bleaching by means of oxidizing agents namely: chlorine and calcium hypochlorite.

Application Of Pheasant Census Methods In Cache County, Utah, Gordon L. Zorb

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

An inventory of the stock on hand is a basic step in management. This is true whether the field be business, land, or wildlife management. It is a marginal business man who ignores the basic step of inventory. In the history of wildlife management, however, it has not been unusual to find the cart before the horse. This is not to say that the wildlife manager is, or has been, marginal. His business was inherited ready-made, but often in a bankrupt condition. The problems were there, but not the background of records, techniques, or methodology to cope with them. Often …

Comparison Of Three Stiffness Testers, Arne H. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Stiffness is defined and some of the factors affecting stiffness are given. Also, the underlying principles upon which most stiffness testers are based are given.

Three of the commonly used stiffness instruments are used for this comparison study. They are: Gurley, Smith-Taber, and the Clark. The correlation between the instruments is determined and the stiffness range that each instrument is best suited for is noted.

Factors Governing The Retention Of Starches Added To Pulp In The Beater, Gordon J. Gill

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The information presented in this literature survey was obtained through Western Michigan College Library, Kalamazoo Public Library, St. Regis Central Laboratory, and Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Research Library.

The following survey is the result of twelve weeks of library research and was done in accordance with the methods and rules prescribed by Course 436A, Pulp and Paper Technology, Western Michigan College of Education.

Considering retention, from a general point of view, we find in Webster's New International Dictionary that it is, "A retaining or holding fixed in some place or position; state of being kept in place." Sutermeister (20) gives …

A Comparison Of The Methods Used To Produce Water-Resistant Starch Coatings, Elton Thomas Krogel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Part I

Literature Survey

The use of the starch in the coating of paper has been very extensive. The reason being that starch and its conversion products have most of the desirable characteristics of a coating adhesive and are relatively inexpensive. Only one main characteristic is missing in coatings made with starch and that is the lack of water resistance. For many years the paper industry, the adhesive industry, and the textile industry have searched for a method of modifying starch so as to increase its water resistance. A great many processes have developed from these studies. These processes consist …

Methods Of Fiber And Paraffin Recovery From Waste Waxed Paper, Donald L. Huyser

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Waxed paper is being used more and more every day in many ways. Its principle purposes are as wrappers or containers either to keep moisture out or in. Its uses vary from bread wrappers and drinking cups to metal parts wrappers.

For the most part, after the paper is used for its original purpose it is discarded and not salvaged like other waste paper. Also at the wax coating mills, the broke cannot be reworked with fresh stock. In most cases it is taken out and burned - not only being a total waste of stock but also a waste …

The Significance Of Tests Performed On The General Electric Puncture Tester, Roger E. Mcvickar

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

With the steadily increasing use of fiberboard containers for purposes for which other materials were formerly used, determination of the durability of such containers has become a major problem. This is especially true of the food industry, which is now using over 30% of all fiberboard containers manufactured in the United States - a larger proportion than is used for any other single purpose. (2)

A Comparison Of Enzyme Converted Starches Used In Surface Sizing, Edward E. Stephenson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey shows an increasing trend in the direction of using enzyme converted starch tub sizing solutions in paper making. Bacterial alpha amylase seems indicated as the best available enzyme for this type of conversion.

Little or no information concerning the differences in sizing solutions prepared from different varieties of starch was found.

Laboratory work comparing corn and potato starch, both enzymes converted under comparable conditions, indicates a conclusion that the optimum point of starch conversion is obtained by using the minimum concentration of enzyme which is capable of producing the desired sizing solution viscosity.

Potato starch seems to …

Optimization Of Parameters For Soft-Nip Calendering Of Uncoated Paper, Jung-Kyu Yang

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The major reason for calendering is to impart both smoothness and gloss on paper. Smoothness, which is the degree of flatness of the surface, and gloss, which is a measurement of light reflectance, are unrelated parameters. However, both smoothness and gloss are related to printing process. Strength properties affect the printing machine runability. In general, calendering reduces strength properties of the paper. The degree of finish obtained in a soft-nip calendering depends on characteristics of the paper, such as moisture content and type of filling materials. The purpose of this study is to determine the best conditions for soft-nip calender …

A Study Of The Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus Torquatus Gmelin) In Northern Utah, William T. Mckean

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Purpose of Study. The ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin) is well enough known to need no introduction. It is at present undoubtedly the most abundant and most important gallinaceous game bird in northern Utah. Its abundance and its occurrence in agricultural areas has stimulated much general interest. Yet, aside from two food habits studies, both conducted in Utah County, no intensive research has been made into its ecological relationships or its general life history in Utah.

In order to formulate sound management plans for the pheasant in Utah, the Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit has felt the need …

Trees And Shrubs Of Kings Canyon National Park, Kenneth M. Stocking

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

In 1935 I first visited the Kings Canyon area. Since then I have spent many hours wandering through the woods and over the mountains in the area around the old General Grant National Park and the country which is now included in the Kings Canyon National Park. To my knowledge, no complete flora has been made for this vicinity. I consider the following pages to be the beginning of a fascinating work. It is the beginning because this paper includes only plants with woody stems.

The Ecology Of Agropyron Inerme On Protected And Heavily Grazed Range Land In Cache Valley, Utah, Wallace R. Hanson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

During the past decade much attention has been attracted to the great range lands of the West. The inherently low productivity of these arid lands coupled with abnormal drought and constantly heavy use by livestock because of lack of grazing control, have caused these lands to become greatly depleted over most of the West. That the vegetation on most range land in the intermountain states is depleted appreciably is evident to the careful observer. Undoubtedly the vegetation of much of the range has decreased in quantity, but more serious in many cases is the decrease in quality. Valuable forage species …

A Study Of The Native Trees Of Amador County, Guy V. Towsley

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

The region covered by this study reaches from the valley floor of the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley, with an altitude of about 150 feet, to the top of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, whose peaks, in Amador County, reach to more than 9000 feet. Mokelumne Peak has an altitude of 9371 feet. The north and south distance, across the county at Ione, is 22 miles, while at Cook's Station, it is barely 5 miles. Amador County has an area of about 600 square miles.

Thus, a study of trees in this county, gives a fairly representative cross-section picture of the Sierras at …