Forest Sciences Commons^™

Fiber Source Characteristics And The Effects Of Recycling On Bod And Cod Effluent Levels In Corrugated Boxboard, Craig Mefford

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The topic of waste loading for recycle paper mills is an important issue to our industry today. As of last year the EPA has proposed the cluster rule, which suggests that the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) loading limits are being lowered encouraging use of lower effluent loading material. The main purposes of this thesis was to focus on the effects that recycling Korean Boxboard, American Boxboard, and high yield SW Kraft has on raw waste loading in a boardmill and to analyze the characteristics of these recycled materials. This will be accomplished by separating our …

The Effects Of A Surfactant On The Pulp Properties On Non-Sulfur Semichemical Pulps, Tim Schemanski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Semichemical pulping involves both mechanical and chemical pulping techniques. In semichemical pulping the liquor is in contact with the chips for a relatively short period of time. The faster with liquor can penetrate the chips before they see mechanical action, the better the pulp properties. The effects of adding a surfactant to the liquor was studied. It was found that the anionic ethoxylated surfactant which was added at the addition rate of 5#/ton to non-sulfur semi-chemical pulping liquor increased the lignin content of the resulting pulp and lowered the tensile strength.

The Effect Of Internally-Filled Pulp On Recycling, Anne Spruit

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Recycling is an area of interest for much of the industry because of all the environmental concerns with the cutting down of trees, and the pulping operations to make paper. However, virgin fibers are still desired because they make stronger paper. Virgin fibers have a higher swelling capability than recycled fibers, that accounts for better bonding. Paper's physical properties also decrease rapidly as filler is substituted for fiber. Filler impairs interfiber bonding by preventing close contact with fibers. Filler is added to paper to increase opacity and brightness. However, there is a poor retention of filler in the sheet during …

The Effect Of Viscosity And Polymer Additives On Fluorescent Dyes In Latex Coatings, Mark P. Comensoli

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Fluorescent Whitening Agents (FWAs) are commonly used in many areas of the pulp and paper industry. FWAs are also known as Optical Brightening Agents (OBAs) and generically as fluorescent dyes. Nearly one-third of all FWAs manufactured are used in the pulp and paper industry. FWAs work by converting ultraviolet light into blue-white light in the visible region. When FWAs are used in coatings with latex binders, the fluorescent dyes have a tendency to migrate toward the basesheet during drying. This is due to mainly to the lack of suitable carrier for the dye. Previous research has shown that the addition …

Characterization Of Effluent From Dioxirane Bleaching Sequences, Holly L. Dunnill

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Pulp bleaching is a multi-staged process which uses different chemicals and conditions in each stage, with washing performed between these stages. With chlorine compounds being the most widely used bleaching agents, the water from bleaching and washing stages subsequently contains a high chloride content as well as chloro-organic compounds which makes them incompatible with pulping chemical recovery processes. They are, therefore, discharged as wastewater. This leads to the need for regulations regarding the effluent quality of the wastewater. The purpose of this study is to compare effluents from various dimethyl dioxirane bleaching sequences with those of commonly used industry bleaching …

Reverse Osmosis Treatment Of Deinking Effluents, Lei Zhao

Masters Theses

The application of the reverse osmosis process for treatment of preclarified deinking effluent was studied for its efficiency and capacity to remove the total suspended and dissolved solids. Seven coagulants and flocculents were studied in the pretreatment to determine the best coagulant. Two variables, temperature and coagulant dose, were studied to determine the optimum conditions. For the reverse osmosis treatment, two types of thin film composite membranes, sea water and brackish water were used in the research. A set of orthogonal experiments and regression analyses were conducted to study the effects of pressure, temperature, feed concentration, and feed pH on …

Crop Tree Management Of Upland Hardwoods In West Tennessee, David O'Neal

Masters Theses

A 40-year-old upland hardwood stand in west Tennessee was selected to test the effectiveness of crop tree management techniques. The stand consisted of 20 acres with each acre having the potential to contain 36 crop trees. Treatments consisted of: 1) a crown release, 2) fertilization (150 lbs. N and 35 lbs. P₂0₅ per acre) and 3) a combined release and fertilizer treatment.

A severe ice storm struck west Tennessee the winter following the study's initiation. Results indicated that release greatly increased a crop tree's susceptibility to severe ice damage and that black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) …

Effects Of Polymers On Pressure Water Retention And Binder Migration Of Aqueous Coatings, Arvind M. Singhal

Masters Theses

The effects of the molecular properties (degree of polymerization and degree of substitution) of water soluble polymers (containing carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on cellulosic backbone) on water retention under pressure and subsequent binder migration of coating colors are documented. It is concluded that no single mechanism can explain either water retention or binder migration. The dominant mechanisms of water penetration under dynamic pressure pulse are different from the mechanisms of water absorption under static pressure.

It is proposed that the molecular properties affect the rate of consolidation of the coating layer and thus greatly affect the water penetration under a …

The Effects Of Repulping Variables On Deinking Of Flexographic Inks, Sylvia Ciampa

Masters Theses

The effects of repulping variables (pH, surfactant concentration, time, and temperature) on deinking paper printed with flexographic ink were studied. A series of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants was evaluated. The one with HLB= 11.8 was selected for the majority of the study.

pH was the variable that presented the greatest effect on repulping and deinking. The brightness after repulping and the final brightness after deinking was significantly higher at pH 5 than at pH 9.

Paper was repulped for 15, 25, and 40 minutes respectively. Highest brightness after repulping and highest gain in brightness by flotation was observed after 15 minutes …

The Interaction Of Coated Paper Surfaces And Water- And Solvent-Based Rotogravure Printing Inks, Tanja M. Gnad

Masters Theses

The print quality of 24 different coating formulations was studied when printing with both water- and solvent-based rotogravure ink. Coating was done on a Cylindrical Laboratory Coater (CLC). The coated paper samples were supercalendered to achieve a smooth surface which is necessary when printing with rotogravure. The supercalendered coated paper samples where tested for optical and surface properties and also printed with water-based and solvent-based ink on a Moser Gravure Proof Press. The print quality of the printed samples was quantified by image analysis. The results showed that fine ground calcium carbonate gave the lowest percent bridging between ink dots, …

Validation Of An Instrument To Measure The Change In Ecological Vocabulary Of Teachers Attending Texas Environmental Education Advisory Committee Endorsed Programs, James Isleib

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

An instrument was developed and evaluated for measuring the effect of the Texas Environmental Education Advisory Committee (TEEAC) endorsed teacher inservice programs on participants' ecological vocabulary. Principal study objectives were to establish a basic ecological vocabulary essential to environmental education and evaluate the instrument's effectiveness in measuring change in participants' ecological vocabulary resulting from exposure to TEEAC programs. The Ecological Vocabulary Survey (EVS) was developed from 57 ecological terms. A comparison of EVS terms with terms selected by ecological and environmental education organizations indicated the EVS terms were essential to environmental education. A total of 148 matched pairs of pre …

Associations Of Armillaria Root Disease In Jack Pine With Arceuthobium Americanum, Elizabeth G. Hebertson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Relationships between jack pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) and Armillaria root disease (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink) were examined to determine how these two disease agents contribute to jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) decline and mortality in the Belair Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada. The incidence and extent of Armillaria root disease was strongly related to tree vigor. Dwarf mistletoe infection did not affect either the incidence of Armillaria or the mean percentage of root system colonization within vigorous, declining, and dead classes of trees. However, field observations and other analyses indicate that dwarf mistletoe was …

Post-Fire Succession And Disturbance Interactions On An Intermountain Subalpine Spruce-Fir Forest, Christopher A. Dicus

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Four general post-fire successional pathways leading to a climax Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry)/subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa [Hook] Nutt.) forest were identified operating on the T.W. Daniel Experimental Forest in northern Utah. These included initial colonization by seral quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), seral lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), colonization by lodgepole pine followed by a low intensity surface fire, and immediate colonization by late successional Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir.

Post-fire establishment of the late successional species occurred earliest in the Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir pathway followed by the lodgepole pine and lodgepole pine ground fire pathways, and …

Fire Occurrence, Behavior And The Effect Of Fire On Deer Mouse Density In Oakbrush At Camp Williams National Guard Base, Utah, Joel E. Godfrey

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fire occurrence and behavior were determined by collecting and analyzing fuel, weather, and fire history data. Fuel plots were used to measure average fuel loading by vegetation type and integrated with weather to make worst-case fire behavior predictions. A fire history was developed using oakbrush (Quercus gambelli Nutt.) sprouts to determine age and the Global Positioning System (GPS) for mapping the burned areas. Average fuel loading was highest in the oakbrush fuel type with 16.8 t/ha, then juniper (Juniperus osteosperma Torrey) with 6.72 t/ha, and the lowest was in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) with 4.93 t/ha. Fire behavior predictions were …

The Impact Of A Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic On Wildlife Habitat And Communities In Post-Epidemic Stands Of A Lodgepole Pine Forest In Northern Utah, William E. Stone

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Natural disturbance events influence the patterns and processes in many forest ecosystems. Ecosystem management of coniferous forests in western North America requires the recognition of the importance that natural disturbance regimes have in achieving sustainable resource production and maintaining biological diversity . Mountain pine beetle epidemics have played an historic role in the succession and structure of lodgepole pine forests in this region. Their effects on wildlife habitat and communities are undocumented, but are presumed to be substantial. I sought to quantify these effects in forty 1-ha stands of monotypic, even-aged, mature lodgepole pine forest in northern Utah approximately 3-8 …

The Effects Of The Wet Pressing Load On The Migration Pattern Of The Sizing Element, Joseph D. Gamrat

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It has been proposed and approved to further delineate the effects that wet pressing plays on the migration pattern of a sizing element. As of this time, no in-depth study has been performed to further understand this principle, therefore the need for this research is crucial to possibly save the paper industry capital in the future.

Research was conducted to determine the ·effects that the wet pressing load had on the amount of size necessary for acceptable limitations. To accomplish this, the variables were held constant with the exception of the pressure applied to the sheet and the moisture content …

The Effect Of Calcium Carbonate In The Coating Color On Gloss, Kerry L. Brenner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis involved the study of the effects of calcium carbonate on gloss. The variables investigated were different types and levels of calcium carbonate in the coating color. Four different calcium carbonates, three ground and one precipitated, were used. The calcium carbonate/clay ratio changes from 0% carbonate/100% clay to 75% carbonate/25% clay in increments of 25. The coat weight target was 12 +/- 1 g/m2. The coating colors containing higher levels of calcium carbonate had better low shear viscosities; therefore, these coatings were able to run at the 62% solids target.

It was found that calcium carbonate decreases gloss in …

The Effect Of Light Exposure On Sizing Response, Ron W. Aulbach

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Sizing is the process by which a chemical additive provides paper with resistance to liquid wetting, penetration, and absorption. A common problem in the paper industry is size reversion, where the paper loses its ability to withstand liquid penetration. This problem has been significantly evident with the use of AKD, and becomes more of a concern as the paper industry shifts towards alkaline papermaking. Many variables have been studies however a direct correlation between the cause and effect of reversion has not been determined. One variable that has not been studies is the effect of light exposure. The objective of …

The Effect Of High Consistency Kneading On Ink Particles Size And Fiber Degradation Of A Newspaper Furnish, Elisabeth Evanoff

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Recycling of various paper wastes is becoming very popular. These wastes can include newsprint, mixed paper, office paper, and old corrugated container. This thesis experiment evaluated old newspapers. Newspapers contain inks which require mechanical action to break them into particles small enough for flotation or screening deinking. The mechanical action was produced by the Shinhama kneader. The objective of this experiment is to analyze the effect of the Shinhama on ink particle sizes, and fiber degradation. The variables for the operation of the Shinhama included varying the power loading of the machine, and the pH of the stock. The power …

The Use Of Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption For Color Removal, Jeannine Marie Laforge

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this investigation, two separate carbons are evaluated to determine whether they are capable of removing color from paper mill effluent, named Mill A. The two carbons are from Westvaco and from the Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant.

The experiment consisted of adding 250 mg carbon of 250 ml of effluent and determining whether, after vacuum filtration, the color was removed using a spectrophotometer. The results proved positive and color was removed in all samples, and with both carbons.

After the initial experimental procedure one of the carbons were chosen, Westvaco, and percentages of the 250 mg of carbon were taken. …

Fluff Pulp Comparison, Chris W. Hutchings

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The objective of this thesis is to examine the effects of the variables associated with the debriefing of dry lap pulp by means of a laboratory Hammermill. Two separate pulps will be utilized, a Southern Kraft and a Chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp.

The Quantitative Evaluation Of Micro-Coating Composition Using Infrared Spectroscopy, James Griffith

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A technique has been developed through which micro-compositional and quantitative analysis of paper coatings are possible. The uniqueness of this method lies in its ability to isolate and measure papercoating component distribution for a smaller sample than has been possible in the past. Paper coating characteristics are identifiable by combining common microscopy techniques with infrared spectroscopy. The internal structure of the sheet is preserved during analysis by allowing the paper sample to be embedded using traditional techniques and then sectioned using an ultra-microtome. This analysis procedure is unlike most methods for paper coating analysis and does provide accurate representation of …

Coat Weight Predictions On The Cylindrical Laboratory Coater, Jared G. Glover

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Paper Coating attempts to create a smooth and even surface for improved optical and printing sheet performance. Trials were conducted using a blade application on a Cylindrical Laboratory Coater. Two different blade extensions were analyzed. These extensions were key variables that influenced blade forces.

Currently, to achieve a range of coat weights on a sheet, only the trial and error method is performed during a run. The future goal in mind was to have a computer simulation that could make predictions of coat weights without performing the actual trial. This study was conducted to lay the groundwork for future analysis …

Wet Strength Resins, Todd Meyers

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Wet strength is defined as a paper which has extraordinary resistance to rupture or disintegration when saturated with water. This definition has been interpreted as if a paper sample retains more than 15% of its dry strength when wetted, it can be considered to have wet strength properties.

Wet strength resins are chemicals that aid in wet strength, and they have been around since the 1940's. These wet strength resins help to protect paper and paper products from breaking down in the presence of water and high humidity. There are many uses for wet strength resins these days, Some of …

Effect Of Retention Aids On Akd Size Response And Permanence, Jeremy Matthews

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Poor size response and size reversion have been major concerns with the use of an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing system. Poor retention of calcium carbonate fillers and fiber fines are believed to be the cause of poor size response. A number of materials, including carbonate fillers, promoters and retention aids are believed to contribute to size reversion.

The focus of this study was to determine the effectiveness of retention aids in obtaining good size response. Size permanence was also studied The performance of the retention aides were studied by preparing handsheets at five different zeta potentials.

It was determined …

The Effect Of A Vibrating Serrated Slice And The Subsequent Paper Formation, Tim Maladag

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Paper exhibits a wide range of physical and optical properties, all, in essence, can be said to depend on one property, its internal structure, more commonly known as its formation. Generally, the sheet structure is largely determined by the orientation and distribution of the fibers in the finished sheet, both across the sheet and through its thickness. Paper is like most other materials, it is only as strong as its weakest link. Because paper is a complex, heterogeneous material, it is extremely sensitive to the weak link concept.

Higher headbox consistencies are being used by the industry to reduce …

The Effects Of Base Sheet Moisture Content On Size Penetration Characteristics, Scott K. Sabourin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis was designed to determine the effects of moisture on the penetration of size solution into a paper sample. The experiment involved use of laboratory equipment and procedures to accomplish the objectives of this experiment.

Handsheets were conditioned, sized, cut, stained, and viewed under a laboratory microscope to obtain the desired results. The results from this procedure determined that the area of size deposition was dependant upon the moisture content of the paper sheet. As the moisture content of the samples increased, the size was retained more on the sample's surface as opposed to penetration into the paper web. …

The Hiding Power Of Various Coating Pigments, Matthew D. Stevens

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze various coating pigments, used in the coating formulations of coated paperboard, by determining their hiding power and cost effectiveness in coating 100% recycled paper used in the top layer of coated paperboard. The main consideration will be the ability of the various coating pigments to cover or hide the dirt and ink spots associated with 100% recycled paper. The base coat chosen was #2 clay due to its relative cheapness, good brightness, and good flow characteristics. It was held at a constant coat weight (+- 1 g/m² ) throughout the trial. …

Estimating Dryer Heat Transfer Coefficients, Russell J. Weiandt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment estimated dryer heat transfer coefficients by varying the running conditions of a pilot dryer. Tests were performed varying the speed, condensing rate, and blowthru, and correlating these changes to the film thickness and then to the overall heat transfer coefficient. One syphon configuration was used, and all other variables were held constant in order to focus on the three key conditions.

The findings from this study indicate that: (a) the film thickness decreases as the blowthru is increased, (b) the film thickness increases as the condensing rate is increased (at constant speeds), (c) the heat transfer coefficient decreases …

The Effect Of Drying Delay Time On Paper Coatings, Richard Bentley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

There are many variables which impact the final properties of coated paper. One of the major variables is the drying of the coating. Drying delay time is a significant factor which affects coated sheet properties. Delay times of 0, 5, and 10 seconds were used in this trial.

The cylindrical laboratory coater (CLC) was used to apply coating to paper stock, and the coated paper was tested to determine the effects of increasing the time interval between application of the coating colour to the point when the IR dryer was turned on.

It was found that increasing drying delay time …