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Articles 1 - 30 of 144
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Southeast Kansas Crop Production Summary - 2019, G. F. Sassenrath, L. Mengarelli, J. Lingenfelser, X. Lin, E. Adee
Southeast Kansas Crop Production Summary - 2019, G. F. Sassenrath, L. Mengarelli, J. Lingenfelser, X. Lin, E. Adee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
This is a summary of the crop production conditions in southeast Kansas in 2019, and the results of the variety testing for corn, soybean, sorghum, sunflower, and wheat.
Using Modified Intensive Early Stocking For Cow/Calf Production, Keith R. Harmoney, John R. Jaeger
Using Modified Intensive Early Stocking For Cow/Calf Production, Keith R. Harmoney, John R. Jaeger
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Intensive early stocking (IES) was introduced nearly a half century ago in eastern Kansas and has since been adopted as a major management tool to increase animal production, efficiency of production, and economic return on tallgrass rangelands. These increases have come almost exclusively by using IES with young stocker animals. Intensive early stocking and its gains have been proven effective repeatedly in published research. A similar modified IES (MIES) system has increased production efficiency of stocker animals on western Kansas rangelands. Perennial grassland acres for cattle production, as well as cattle numbers, are declining. Using management practices that mimic the …
Spices Fed To Growing Heifers On Bromegrass Result In Increased Gains With Some Effects On Tick Populations, J. K. Farney
Spices Fed To Growing Heifers On Bromegrass Result In Increased Gains With Some Effects On Tick Populations, J. K. Farney
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Alternative methods to antibiotics/chemical usage in cattle production have been of interest in recent years and essential oils/spices have been promoted to fill this niche. The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of feeding spices on heifer gains and as a control method for ticks. Eight bromegrass pastures were stocked (March to November) with four heifers per pasture to compare control mineral (CON) to mineral containing spices (SPICE; garlic + proprietary blend of 4 spices). Mineral (4 oz/hd/d) was blended in dried distillers grains (DDGs) and total blend was supplemented daily at 0.5% of heifer body weight. Heifers …
Nitrogen Fertilizer Timing And Phosphorus And Potassium Fertilization Rates For Established Endophyte-Free Tall Fescue, D. W. Sweeney, J. K. Farney, J. L. Moyer
Nitrogen Fertilizer Timing And Phosphorus And Potassium Fertilization Rates For Established Endophyte-Free Tall Fescue, D. W. Sweeney, J. K. Farney, J. L. Moyer
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Tall fescue production was measured during the second year of a study with locations started in fall of 2016 and fall of 2017. In the second year at both sites, phosphorus (P) fertilization rate did not affect harvest yields. Applying nitrogen (N) in late fall or late winter resulted in greater spring yields than applying N in spring or not applying N. However, fall harvest yields at Site 1 in 2018 were greater without N, but were greater with spring N application at Site 2 in 2019. In both site-years, the second-year tall fescue total yield rank as affected by …
Response Of Dicamba/Fluroxypyr/Glyphosate-Resistant Kochia To Atrazine And Alternative Postemergence Herbicides, R. Liu, V. Kumar, R. Currie, P. W. Geier, T. Lambert, P. W. Stahlman
Response Of Dicamba/Fluroxypyr/Glyphosate-Resistant Kochia To Atrazine And Alternative Postemergence Herbicides, R. Liu, V. Kumar, R. Currie, P. W. Geier, T. Lambert, P. W. Stahlman
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Two kochia accessions (KS-4A and KS-4H) were previously identified from a corn field near Garden City, KS, with multiple resistance to glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax), dicamba (Clarity), and fluroxypyr (Starane Ultra). The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the response of these kochia accessions to preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) applied atrazine (Aatrex) in dose-response assays, and (2) determine the effectiveness of alternative POST herbicides. Seeds of a known susceptible kochia accession (SUS) collected from research fields in Hays, KS, were used for comparison. Greenhouse experiments were conducted at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center near Hays, KS, …
Wheat Variety-Specific Grain Yield Response To Plant Density Under Intensive Management Conditions In Western Kansas, R. P. Lollato, K. Mark, B. R. Jaenisch
Wheat Variety-Specific Grain Yield Response To Plant Density Under Intensive Management Conditions In Western Kansas, R. P. Lollato, K. Mark, B. R. Jaenisch
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Seeding rate determines the first yield component of field crops, which is the plant population. However, wheat is less responsive to plant populations than other crops due to the high plasticity in tillering potential, and this responsiveness depends on resource availability. The objective of this project was to evaluate winter wheat population, grain yield, and grain test weight responses to seeding rate and its interaction with variety in a highly managed production system where manageable stresses were limited. Experiments evaluating the response of the wheat varieties ‘Joe,’ ‘WB-Grainfield,’ ‘Langin,’ and ‘LCS Revere’ to seeding rates ranging from 200,000–1,000,000 seeds per …
2019 Kansas Summer Annual Forage Hay And Silage Variety Trial, J. D. Holman, A. K. Obour, J. Lingenfelser, T. Roberts, S. Maxwell
2019 Kansas Summer Annual Forage Hay And Silage Variety Trial, J. D. Holman, A. K. Obour, J. Lingenfelser, T. Roberts, S. Maxwell
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
In 2019, summer annual forage variety trials were conducted across Kansas near Garden City, Hays, and Scandia. All sites evaluated hay and silage entries. Companies were able to enter varieties into any possible combinations of research sites, so not all sites had all varieties. Across the sites, a total of 95 hay varieties, 99 sorghum silage varieties, and 12 corn silage varieties were evaluated.
Resynchronizing Returns To Estrus After A Prior Insemination, J. S. Stevenson, J. A. Sauls-Hiesterman
Resynchronizing Returns To Estrus After A Prior Insemination, J. S. Stevenson, J. A. Sauls-Hiesterman
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
In two experiments, GnRH and a progesterone insert (CIDR) were applied to cows after insemination (day 0) to reprogram or synchronize the returning estrus of cows that failed to conceive to that previous insemination. The combination of GnRH (day 14) and a CIDR insert (days 17 to 24) in experiment 1 (n = 347 cows) increased the proportion of nonpregnant cows returning to estrus before pregnancy diagnosis on day 32 by 7.4 percentage points, increased the synchrony of their return by 24.4 percentage points, but delayed that return by 2.3 days compared with controls. In experiment 2 (n = 863 …
Residual Weed Control With Preemergence Herbicides In Grain Sorghum, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier
Residual Weed Control With Preemergence Herbicides In Grain Sorghum, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
In this study, herbicides were tested to compare preemergence (PRE) application for weed control in grain herbicides. All herbicides controlled quinoa and crabgrass similarly, as well as Russian thistle late in the season. Halex GT at either rate with atrazine as well as Bicep Lite II Magnum controlled Palmer amaranth less than 90% late in the season. Similarly, these herbicides along with Degree Xtra provided less than 90% kochia control late. Grain yields did not differ between herbicide-treated and non-treated sorghum.
Long-Term Effect Of Tillage Practices And Nitrogen Fertilization On Corn Yield, Carlos A. Bonini Pires, Marcos M. Sarto, James S. Lin, William G. Davis, Charles Rice
Long-Term Effect Of Tillage Practices And Nitrogen Fertilization On Corn Yield, Carlos A. Bonini Pires, Marcos M. Sarto, James S. Lin, William G. Davis, Charles Rice
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different tillage systems and nitrogen (N) fertilizers on corn yield. Higher corn yields (207 bu/a and 203 bu/a) were found under no-tillage + high (150 lb N/a) manure application, and tillage + super high manure (750 lb N/a), respectively. The trend observed for the different nitrogen fertilizers between tillage systems was the same. However, a greater corn yield was observed under no-till in comparison to tilled conditions for both high fertilizer and high manure. No-till improves soil water infiltration, aggregation, nutrient cycling, and may increase crop yield. On other …
Response To Mixing Wheat Seed With Fertilizer In The Drill At Planting, C. Weber, D. A. Ruiz Diaz
Response To Mixing Wheat Seed With Fertilizer In The Drill At Planting, C. Weber, D. A. Ruiz Diaz
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Mixing dry phosphorus (P) fertilizer with winter wheat seed is common in Kansas to provide a starter fertilizer benefit to the crop. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dry P sources, rates, and times fertilizer mixed with wheat seed, effects on early growth and overall productivity and yield of the crop. Two winter wheat studies were conducted in the 2018–2019 wheat growing season at Manhattan (site 1) and Topeka (site 2) Kansas. The previous crop for site 1 was soybean and corn at site 2. The winter wheat was no-till drilled at 70 lb/a and mixed with …
The Impact Of Attenuated Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (Prrs) Vaccine On The Efficacy Of Subunit Classical Swine Fever Vaccine, R. Madera, L. Wang, A. G. Cino-Ozuna, J. Shi
The Impact Of Attenuated Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (Prrs) Vaccine On The Efficacy Of Subunit Classical Swine Fever Vaccine, R. Madera, L. Wang, A. G. Cino-Ozuna, J. Shi
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Commercial pigs have been routinely injected with multiple vaccines that are either administered separately or co-administered at the same time for convenience, and to minimize pig stress. However, viruses, including attenuated and modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, can modulate host immune responses that could potentially impact the efficacy of co-administered vaccines. Here we report the effects of pre- and co-administered Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus MLV, JXA1-R, on the efficacy of an emulsion-based classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subunit vaccine, KNB-E2. Immune responses to the CSFV and JXA1-R vaccines were evaluated by testing CSFV-specific and …
Roundup 2020: Agricultural Research Center - Hays
Roundup 2020: Agricultural Research Center - Hays
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Roundup is the major beef cattle education and outreach event sponsored by the Agricultural Research Center - Hays. The 2020 program is the 106th staging of Roundup. The purpose is to communicate timely, applicable research information to producers and extension personnel.
Estimating Annual Forage Yields With Plant Available Water And Growing Season Precipitation, J. Holman, A. Obour, A. Schlegel, T. Roberts, S. Maxwell
Estimating Annual Forage Yields With Plant Available Water And Growing Season Precipitation, J. Holman, A. Obour, A. Schlegel, T. Roberts, S. Maxwell
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Forage production is important for the western Kansas region’s livestock and dairy industries and has become increasingly important as irrigation-well capacity declines. Forages require less water than grain crops and may allow for increased cropping intensity and opportunistic cropping. Being able to estimate forage production is important for determining forage availability versus forage needs. Data from several studies were used to quantify annual forage yield response to plant available water (PAW) at planting and growing season precipitation (GSP). In addition, water use efficiency was quantified. Forages evaluated included winter triticale, spring triticale, and forage sorghum.
Single And Sequential Herbicide Treatments For Efficacy In Corn, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier
Single And Sequential Herbicide Treatments For Efficacy In Corn, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
In this study, herbicides were tested to compare application of single and sequential treatments for weed control in corn. Quinoa and Russian thistle control was 95% or more regardless of herbicide treatment. Anthem Maxx, Resicore, and Corvus followed by Harness Max provided good control of Palmer amaranth. Acuron applied preemergence and Anthem Maxx plus Callisto and atrazine early postemergence were less effective on kochia than other herbicides, whereas Anthem Maxx plus Callisto and atrazine applied preemergence and Halex GT applied early postemergence were less effective on green foxtail. Grain yields from all herbicide-treated corn were substantially greater than for the …
Wheat Grain Yield And Grain Protein Concentration Response To Nitrogen Rate During The 2018–2019 Growing Season In Kansas, Romulo P. Lollato, Kavan E. Mark, Brent R. Jaenisch
Wheat Grain Yield And Grain Protein Concentration Response To Nitrogen Rate During The 2018–2019 Growing Season In Kansas, Romulo P. Lollato, Kavan E. Mark, Brent R. Jaenisch
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The objective of this project was to evaluate winter wheat grain yield and grain protein concentration responses to nitrogen (N) rate in the state of Kansas during the 2018–2019 growing season. Experiments evaluating the response of the wheat variety Zenda to four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 lb N/a) were established at four locations. In-season measurements included flag leaf N concentration, grain yield, yield components, and grain protein concentration. Flag leaf N concentration ranged from 2.4 to 4.1% across all environments and treatments, and increases in N rates increased flag leaf N concentration linearly. Grain yield ranged from …
Influence Of Particle Size Of Enogen Feed High Amylase And Conventional Yellow Dent Corn On Finishing Pig Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Stomach Ulceration, H. R. Williams, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, R. D. Goodband, J. M. Derouchey, S. S. Dritz, V. Shivanna, C. B. Paulk, H. I. Calderón
Influence Of Particle Size Of Enogen Feed High Amylase And Conventional Yellow Dent Corn On Finishing Pig Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Stomach Ulceration, H. R. Williams, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, R. D. Goodband, J. M. Derouchey, S. S. Dritz, V. Shivanna, C. B. Paulk, H. I. Calderón
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
A total of 323 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 109.8 lb) were used in an 83-d growth trial to evaluate the influence of particle size of Enogen Feed corn (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) and conventional yellow dent corn on finishing pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (9 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted by weight to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 6 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of corn source (Enogen Feed corn or conventional yellow …
Association Of Horizontal Silo Pad Type, Elevation And Core Depth With Indicators Of Silo Ramp Hygiene, Forage Quality, And Digestibility, W. E. Brown, N. M. Bello, M. J. Brouk
Association Of Horizontal Silo Pad Type, Elevation And Core Depth With Indicators Of Silo Ramp Hygiene, Forage Quality, And Digestibility, W. E. Brown, N. M. Bello, M. J. Brouk
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Horizontal silo piles without walls are constructed using packing equipment to adequately pack the forage for air exclusion. During packing, the equipment uses a ramp of forage to access the top of the pile, potentially introducing soil into the forage when the base of the silo is made of soil. Soil contains microorganisms which may cause malfermentation and pose health risks to livestock. The objective of this study was to assess the association of horizontal silo pad type, elevation, and core depth with indicators related to silage hygiene and nutrient quality. We hypothesized that ash and mineral content, microbiological profile, …
Effect Of Burning And Tillage Options On Yields In A Continuous Wheat-Double-Crop Soybean Rotation, D. W. Sweeney
Effect Of Burning And Tillage Options On Yields In A Continuous Wheat-Double-Crop Soybean Rotation, D. W. Sweeney
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Double-crop soybean yields during the first two years of this study have not been affected by management of previous wheat straw practices by burning or tillage done before planting. However, by the second year of the study, subsequent wheat yields were 41% greater where the wheat residue had been burned the previous year.
Response Of Soybean Grown On A Claypan Soil In Southeastern Kansas To The Residual Of Different Plant Nutrient Sources And Tillage, D. W. Sweeney, P. Barnes, G. Pierzynski
Response Of Soybean Grown On A Claypan Soil In Southeastern Kansas To The Residual Of Different Plant Nutrient Sources And Tillage, D. W. Sweeney, P. Barnes, G. Pierzynski
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The residual from previous high-rate turkey litter applications, which were based on nitrogen (N) requirements of the previous grain sorghum crop, increased 2019 soybean yield more than that obtained from the residual of phosphorus (P)-based turkey litter applications (low rate) or the control. Even though early soybean growth was unaffected by residual treatments, the dry matter production at the R6 growth stage was greater with N-based litter application than with P-based applications or the control.
Timing Of Side-Dress Applications Of Nitrogen For Corn In Conventional And No-Till Systems, D. W. Sweeney, D. Ruiz Diaz
Timing Of Side-Dress Applications Of Nitrogen For Corn In Conventional And No-Till Systems, D. W. Sweeney, D. Ruiz Diaz
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Corn yield and yield components were affected by tillage and nitrogen (N) side-dress application options in 2019. Average corn yields were 15% greater with conventional tillage than with no-till. Yields were improved by either splitting N rate between pre-plant and side-dress at the V10 growth stage or adding additional side-dress N as compared with applying 150 lb/a pre-plant.
Testing Label Restrictions On Seeding Timings Of Tall Fescue And Kentucky Bluegrass After Herbicide Application, Dani Mcfadden, Jared Hoyle, Steve Keeley, Zane Raudenbush
Testing Label Restrictions On Seeding Timings Of Tall Fescue And Kentucky Bluegrass After Herbicide Application, Dani Mcfadden, Jared Hoyle, Steve Keeley, Zane Raudenbush
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
During a lawn renovation, weeds are often a major problem because they grow more aggressively than seedling turf. Turfgrass seedlings need starter fertilizer and plenty of water for proper establishment, which makes an ideal environment for weeds to thrive as well. With current herbicide label restrictions, there are limited weed control strategies during the critical establishment period. Research trials were initiated in the fall of 2019 in Manhattan, KS, to determine if tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) could be seeded into a stand at different intervals after herbicide application before restrictions on …
Identification Of Cold-Hardy Zoysiagrass Genotypes For Tees And Greens In The Upper Transition Zone, Manoj Chhetri, Jack Fry, Megan Kennelly
Identification Of Cold-Hardy Zoysiagrass Genotypes For Tees And Greens In The Upper Transition Zone, Manoj Chhetri, Jack Fry, Megan Kennelly
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Since the summer of 2017, 1,376 experimental zoysiagrass genotypes have been evaluated for winter survival in Olathe, KS, in an attempt to identify high quality, fine-textured types that survive in Kansas. After planting 458 progeny in the field in August 2017, only 17 experimental progeny survived when evaluated in spring 2018 (4%). In 2018, those 17 survivors were included with a new planting of 918 experimental progeny. In spring 2019, it was determined that 70 genotypes survived (8%). The 70 surviving progeny were transferred to a new, adjacent plot area in June 2019 and they varied in leaf texture (3.0 …
Soil Microbial Seasonal Community Dynamics In Response To Cover Crop And Phosphorus Fertilizer Usage In A No-Till Corn-Soybean System In 2018, C. L. Stewart, L. M. Starr, N. O. Nelson, K. L. Roozeboom, G. J. Kluitenberg, D. R. Presley, P. J. Tomlinson
Soil Microbial Seasonal Community Dynamics In Response To Cover Crop And Phosphorus Fertilizer Usage In A No-Till Corn-Soybean System In 2018, C. L. Stewart, L. M. Starr, N. O. Nelson, K. L. Roozeboom, G. J. Kluitenberg, D. R. Presley, P. J. Tomlinson
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
This study examined microorganism community composition in plots managed with and without cover crops and three contrasting phosphorous (P) fertilizer management techniques in a no-till corn-soybean system. This work was performed in the spring and fall of 2018 at the Kansas Agricultural Watershed Field Laboratory (KAW), Manhattan, KS. The study design was a 2 × 3 complete block factorial design with three replications, with cover crop presence or absence and three levels of P fertilizer management (control, fall broadcast, and spring injected). To examine microorganism community composition, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used. Only the main effect of cover …
Director's Report Of Research In Kansas, 2018 And 2019, J. E. Minton
Director's Report Of Research In Kansas, 2018 And 2019, J. E. Minton
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
The Director’s Report of Research in Kansas includes a list of journal articles, station publications, and other published manuscripts from scientists in our departments, research-extension centers, and associated programs.
Including Legumes In Bermudagrass Pastures, J. L. Moyer, L. W. Lomas
Including Legumes In Bermudagrass Pastures, J. L. Moyer, L. W. Lomas
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Bermudagrass is a productive forage species when intensively managed. However, it has periods of dormancy and requires proper management to maintain forage quality. Legumes in a bermudagrass sward could improve forage quality and reduce fertilizer usage; however, legumes are difficult to establish and maintain with the competitive grass. Clovers can maintain survival once established in bermudagrass sod, and may be productive enough to substitute for some N fertilization. This study was designed to compare dry cow performance on a bermudagrass pasture system that included ladino and crimson clovers (Legume) vs. bermudagrass alone (Nitrogen). Use of legumes in wheat-bermudagrass pastures did …
Tillage Study For Corn And Soybeans: Comparing Vertical, Deep, And No-Tillage, E. A. Adee
Tillage Study For Corn And Soybeans: Comparing Vertical, Deep, And No-Tillage, E. A. Adee
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Trends from a tillage study conducted since 2011 have shown no clear differences between tillage systems for either corn or soybeans in lighter soils under irrigation. One year out of seven years has shown a yield advantage for either corn or soybeans for any tillage system, which appears to be related to environmental conditions experienced during the season. Averaged across all years of the study, the treatments with deep tillage either every or every-other year had about 3% higher corn yields, and soybeans had up to a 3% yield increase with some form of tillage.
Comparison Of Terbuthylazine And Atrazine Preemergence In Grain Sorghum, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier
Comparison Of Terbuthylazine And Atrazine Preemergence In Grain Sorghum, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Terbuthylazine is an atrazine analog that is used in Europe as a replacement for atrazine. This study compares terbuthylazine with common herbicide tank mixes for weed control in this region. All herbicides controlled quinoa and crabgrass 95% or more, whereas Bicep II Magnum controlled kochia, Palmer amaranth, and Russian thistle the best late in the season. No herbicide visibly injured grain sorghum in this experiment. Grain yields increased 18 to 32 bu/a when herbicides were applied compared to the nontreated controls except with atrazine at 24 oz/a.
Pre-Plant Nitrogen Rate And Application Method And Side-Dress Nitrogen Rate Effects On No-Till Corn Grown On A Claypan Soil, D. W. Sweeney, D. Ruiz Diaz
Pre-Plant Nitrogen Rate And Application Method And Side-Dress Nitrogen Rate Effects On No-Till Corn Grown On A Claypan Soil, D. W. Sweeney, D. Ruiz Diaz
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Average corn yield in 2019 was increased by 14 bu/a with knife application of pre-plant nitrogen (N) fertilizer compared with broadcast application. Applying N more than doubled yield of corn grown without N. In general, applying side-dress N increased yields compared to yields obtained with only pre-plant applications.
Water Use And Productivity Of Corn And Grain Sorghum In Long-Term Crop Sequences, R. M. Aiken
Water Use And Productivity Of Corn And Grain Sorghum In Long-Term Crop Sequences, R. M. Aiken
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
Dryland corn and grain sorghum showed similar water productivity of grain and above-ground biomass, relative to respective growing periods, at the apparent yield frontier. The yield frontier indicates the maximum productivity for a given amount of water use. This similarity in productive response to water supply provides a foundation for improved precipitation use. Yield gaps relative to the yield frontier appear substantial. Water supply during the grain filling period was the primary driver of feed grain crop productivity, and was affected more by available soil water at pollen shed than by precipitation during grain-fill or available water at maturity. Grain …