Life Sciences Commons^™

Spices Fed To Growing Heifers On Bromegrass Result In Increased Gains With Some Effects On Tick Populations, J. K. Farney

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Alternative methods to antibiotics/chemical usage in cattle production have been of interest in recent years and essential oils/spices have been promoted to fill this niche. The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of feeding spices on heifer gains and as a control method for ticks. Eight bromegrass pastures were stocked (March to November) with four heifers per pasture to compare control mineral (CON) to mineral containing spices (SPICE; garlic + proprietary blend of 4 spices). Mineral (4 oz/hd/d) was blended in dried distillers grains (DDGs) and total blend was supplemented daily at 0.5% of heifer body weight. Heifers …

Association Of Horizontal Silo Pad Type, Elevation And Core Depth With Indicators Of Silo Ramp Hygiene, Forage Quality, And Digestibility, W. E. Brown, N. M. Bello, M. J. Brouk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Horizontal silo piles without walls are constructed using packing equipment to adequately pack the forage for air exclusion. During packing, the equipment uses a ramp of forage to access the top of the pile, potentially introducing soil into the forage when the base of the silo is made of soil. Soil contains microorganisms which may cause malfermentation and pose health risks to livestock. The objective of this study was to assess the association of horizontal silo pad type, elevation, and core depth with indicators related to silage hygiene and nutrient quality. We hypothesized that ash and mineral content, microbiological profile, …

Including Legumes In Bermudagrass Pastures, J. L. Moyer, L. W. Lomas

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Bermudagrass is a productive forage species when intensively managed. However, it has periods of dormancy and requires proper management to maintain forage quality. Legumes in a bermudagrass sward could improve forage quality and reduce fertilizer usage; however, legumes are difficult to establish and maintain with the competitive grass. Clovers can maintain survival once established in bermudagrass sod, and may be productive enough to substitute for some N fertilization. This study was designed to compare dry cow performance on a bermudagrass pasture system that included ladino and crimson clovers (Legume) vs. bermudagrass alone (Nitrogen). Use of legumes in wheat-bermudagrass pastures did …

Effects Of Pre-Cutting Round Alfalfa Hay Bales On Forage Quality And Processing Time, W. E. Brown, E. Harms, J Heimsoth, J. Mcginnis, C. I. Vahl, B. J. Bradford, M. J. Brouk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Round hay balers with knives that cut the hay as it enters the baling chamber reduce the particle size upon baling, and eliminate the need for a tub grinder. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a round hay baler with knives on forage quality of alfalfa hay at baling and after storage, and the effects of the processing method on nutrient composition and particle size distribution. Alfalfa hay was baled (560 M Megawide HC2, John Deere, Moline, IL) with knives every 4 inches (CUT; theo­retical length of cut) or without knives (NORM). At baling and …

Cattlemen's Day 2020

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Research on beef cattle management, nutrition, and meat science at Kansas State University.

Evaluation Of High-Protein Distillers Dried Grains On Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Growing-Finishing Pigs, Z. X. Rao, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. Derouchey, H. I. Calderón, M. F. Wilken

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 1,890 growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 359 × 1050; initially 59.8 ± 1.3 lb) were used in a 124-d growth trial to compare the effects of high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG) or conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Conventional DDGS contained 29.0% CP, 0.48% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys, and 9.2% oil, whereas HPDDG contained 39.3% CP, 0.68% SID Lys, and 11.1% oil. All diets were formulated on an equal SID Lys-basis with diets containing HPDDG having less soybean meal than diets with conventional DDGS. There were 27 pigs per pen and …

Evaluation Of Compensatory Growth Of 200 Lb Finishing Pigs Previously Fed A Low Lysine Diet, Z. X. Rao, J. T. Gebhardt, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. Derouchey, Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 346 pigs (241 × 600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 195.3 lb) were used in a 44-d trial to evaluate the compensatory growth of 200 lb finishing pigs previously fed a low lysine diet. Two diets were manufactured (control and corn diet) and arranged into 4 nutritional strategies. One group of pigs (control) was fed the control diet from d 0 to 44. The other three groups of pigs were fed the corn diet for 2, 3, or 4 weeks and then switched to the control diet until d 44. The control diet contained 13.0% crude protein (CP) …

Impact Of Storage Conditions And Premix Type On Fat-Soluble Vitamin Stability, M. Saensukjaroenphon, C. E. Evans, C. K. Jones, J. T. Gebhardt, J. C. Woodworth, C. R. Stark, J. R. Bergstrom, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of Exp. 1 was to determine the impact of 0, 30, 60, or 90 d storage time on fat-soluble vitamin stability when vitamin premix (VP) and vitamin trace mineral premix (VTM) are blended with 1% inclusion of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA; 1:1:1 blend of C6:C8:C10) or mineral oil (MO) with different environmental condi­tions. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 × 4 factorial, with 2 premix type (VP or VTM), 2 oil type (MO or MCFA), 2 storage conditions [room temperature (RT) or high-heat, high-humidity (HTHH)] and 3 storage times (30, 60, or 90 …

Effect Of Stirring And Static Heating On Fibrilization Of Milk Whey Protein: A Processing Approach, G. Rathod, J. Amamcharla

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

When globular proteins such as whey proteins are converted to fibril structure, the functional properties, including viscosity and water holding capacity, are improved. Consequently, they can be used as functional ingredients in a variety of foods such as yogurt and bakery products. In this study, milk whey protein isolates were converted to fibrils by heating at low pH using two different approaches to reduce fibrilization time without compromising the quality of fibrils. Fibrils were made with an intervention of stirring to reduce fibrilization time. Continuous stirring improved the quality of fibrils and speed of the fibrilization.

Dairy Research 2020, M. J. Brouk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Kansas State University is pleased to present the 2020 Dairy Research Report of Progress. Topics include milk processing, physiology, management, nutrition, and feeding of dairy cattle.

Factors Affecting The Sale Price Of Bred Heifers And Bred Cows Sold Through Superior Livestock Video Auctions, M. J. Smith, E. D. Mccabe, M. E. King, K. E. Fike, G. M. Rogers, K. G. Odde

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate potential factors influencing the sale price of bred heifers and bred cows sold through video auctions while adjusting for all other factors that significantly influenced prices.

Study Description:Descriptive characteristics of lots offered for sale were obtained through a livestock video auction service (Superior Livestock Auction, Fort Worth, TX). Data were available on 1,870 lots of bred heifers sold through video auctions from 2010 through 2018 and 1,237 lots of bred cows sold through video auctions from 2011 through 2018. Two separate multiple regression models were developed to determine …

Sensory Evaluation From Asian Consumers Of Six Different Beef Shank Cuts, W. Wu, E. A. Rice, B. A. Olson, T. G. O'Quinn, T. A. Houser, E. A. Boyle, M. D. Chao

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate factors affecting Asian consumers’ purchasing decisions and eating preferences of six different beef shank cuts.

Study Description:Six different beef shank cuts, three from the forequarter [biceps brachii (shank A); a combination of deep digital flexor and flexor digitorum superficialis (shank B); extensor carpi radialis (shank C)], and three from the hindquarter [flexor digitorum superficialis (shank D); deep digital flexor (shank E); and a combination of long digital extensor, medial digital extensor and peroneus tertius (shank F)] were collected from 12 U.S. Department of Agriculture Low Choice beef carcasses. …

Acknowledgments, Livestock And Meat Industry Council, Inc., Cattlemen's Day 2020

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Listed below are individuals, organizations, and firms that have contributed to the beef research program through financial support, product donations, or services. We appreciate your help!

Livestock and Meat Industry Council, Inc.

An Efficient Stocking Strategy For Grazing Replacement Heifers, Keith R. Harmoney, John R. Jaeger

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Even though Kansas native rangelands often have steep slopes or shallow soils not con­ducive to many other uses other than livestock grazing, native rangeland and perennial grassland acres in Kansas have been declining. Cropland acreage over this same time frame has increased, and rangelands have also become more fragmented by small ranch­ettes and urbanization. Producers may be looking to increase production efficiency on a shrinking forage land base. The use of intensive early stocking (IES) is one of the most efficient stocking strategies to produce beef on rangeland acres. The IES strategy has been widely used in eastern Kansas and …

Effect Of Exercise On Health And Performance By Long-Haul, High-Stress Steers During The Receiving Period, John R. Jaeger, Justin W. Waggoner, Keith R. Harmoney, Quentin Rupp

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Morbidity and mortality associated with the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex continue to be a significant challenge to the United States beef industry. Stress associ­ated with maternal separation, environment change, transportation, diet changes, and commingling are common to beef industry marketing channels and have been linked to depressed growth and health of recently weaned calves. Cattle originating from the Southeastern U.S. tend to exhibit high rates of BRD after transportation to Great Plains feedlots.

Previous research has utilized exercise one time per day or three times per week for the receiving period. In those studies, health performance of cattle was …

Influence Of Enogen Feed Corn And Conventional Yellow Dent Corn In Pelleted- Or Meal-Based Diets On Finishing Pig Performance And Carcass Characteristics, H. R. Williams, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, R. D. Goodband, J. M. Derouchey, S. S. Dritz, C. B. Paulk, H. K. Wecker, H. I. Calderón

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 288 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 117 lb) were used in a 72-d trial to evaluate the influence of Enogen Feed corn (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds, LLC; Downers Grove, IL) and conventional yellow dent corn in pelleted or meal diets on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (8 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted by weight to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 9 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of corn source (Enogen Feed …

Effects Of Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan:Lysine Ratio On Growth And Carcass Performance Of Finishing Pigs Fed Ractopamine Hcl, H. E. Williams, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, J. M. Derouchey, J. C. Woodworth, R. D. Goodband, J. A. Soto

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Recent research has reported that increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio above 20% in finishing pigs fed ractopamine HCl (RAC) resulted in improved growth and carcass performance, however, this response has been inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with RAC on growth and carcass performance. A total of 1,791 finishing pigs (PIC 1050 × 337, initially 245.1 lb BW) were used in a 27-d study to evaluate the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios on growth and carcass performance of pigs fed ractopamine HCl (RAC, Paylean, …

Influence Of Particle Size Of Enogen Feed High Amylase And Conventional Yellow Dent Corn On Nursery Pig Performance, H. R. Williams, H. R. Kerkaert, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, R. D. Goodband, J. M. Derouchey, S. S. Dritz, C. B. Paulk, H. I. Calderón

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 14.5 lb) were used in a 35-d growth trial to evaluate the influence of particle size of Enogen Feed high amylase (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) and conventional yellow dent corn on nursery pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted by weight to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 12 pens per treatment. Treat­ments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of corn source (high amylase or conventional yellow …

Effects Of Limit Feeding Cold Stressed Growing Calves In The Morning Versus The Evening, As Well As Bunk Line Sharing On Performance, C. A. Sasscer, S. P. Montgomery, C. I. Vahl, W. R. Hollenbeck, R. N. Wahl, A. J. Tarpoff, D. A. Blasi

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:To determine the response of cold stressed growing calves to being fed in the evening instead of morning hours, as well as the effect of bunk line sharing.

Study Description:Crossbred steers (n = 360) of Texas, Oklahoma, and Idaho origin were blocked by weight into four size groups and randomly assigned to pens, which were randomly allocated to one of five treatments. All steers received a diet formulated to provide 60 Mcal net energy for gain/100 lb of dry matter and were limit fed with a target of 2.0% of their body weight in dry matter …

Effects Of Interseeding Ladino Clover Into Tall Fescue Pastures Of Varying Endophyte Status On Grazing And Subsequent Finishing Performance Of Stocker Steers, L. W. Lomas, J. L. Moyer

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two hundred fifty-six yearling steers grazing tall fescue pastures were used to evaluate the effects of fescue cultivar and interseeding ladino clover on available forage, grazing gains and subsequent finishing performance in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Fescue cultivars evaluated were high-endophyte ‘Kentucky 31,’ low-endophyte Kentucky 31 ‘HM4,’ and ‘MaxQ.’ In 2016, 2018, and 2019, steers that grazed pastures of low-endophyte Kentucky 31, HM4, or MaxQ gained significantly more (P<0.05) and produced more (P<0.05) gain/a than those that grazed high-endophyte Kentucky 31 pastures. Gains of cattle that grazed low-endophyte Kentucky 31, HM4, or MaxQ were similar (P>0.05). In 2017, steer gains were similar (P>0.05) among all cultivars. High-endophyte Kentucky 31 pastures had more (P<0.05) available forage than low-endophyte Kentucky 31, HM4, or MaxQ pastures during both 2016 and 2017. Steer gains and gain/a were similar (P>0.05) between pastures fertilized with …

Effects Of Different Corn Protein Sources And Level On Nursery Pig Growth Performance And Feed Efficiency, Z. X. Rao, J. C. Woodworth, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, J. M. Derouchey, R. D. Goodband, H. I. Calderón, K. Mertz

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of 3 corn protein sources added at the expense of other specialty protein sources or corn on nursery pig growth performance and feed efficiency (F/G), and economic return. A total of 315 pigs (241 × 600; DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 12.1 lb) were used in a 35-d growth trial. There were 5 pigs per pen and 9 replicates per treatment. The treatments were struc­tured as a randomized complete block design and arranged in a 3×2+1 factorial with main effects of corn protein source (CP1, CP2, and CP3; Cargill Inc., Blair, NE) and …

The Use Of Bioelectrical Impedance To Assess Shelf-Life Of Beef Longissimus Lumborum Steaks, F. Najar-Villarreal, E. A. Boyle, T. A. Houser, C. I. Vahl, J. Wolf, J. M. Gonzalez, T. G. O'Quinn, J. Kastner, M. D. Chao

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using surface and internal bioelectrical impedance to assess beef longissimus lumborum shelf-life during 15 days of simulated retail display.

Study Description:Beef strip loins, obtained from three commercial processors (postmortem age = 27, 34, or 37 days), were fabricated into 12 1-inch thick steaks. Steaks were subdivided into six consecutively cut pairs, packaged on Styrofoam trays, overwrapped with polyvinyl chloride film, and displayed under fluorescent lighting at 32–40°F in coffin-style retail cases for 15 days. Microbiological analysis, pH, bioelectrical impedance analysis, objective color assessment, proximate composition, …

Evaluation Of Nutritional Strategies To Reduce Growth Rate Of Pigs Beyond 200 Lb Body Weight, Z. X. Rao, J. T. Gebhardt, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. Derouchey, R. D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 356 finishing pigs (DNA; 241 × 600; initially 196.3 ± 2.43 lb) were used in a44-d growth trial to evaluate nutritional strategies to reduce growth rate of pigs beyond200 lb body weight. A total of 3 diets were manufactured (control, Lys-deficient, andcorn) and arranged into 4 nutritional strategies. In stage 1 (d 0 to 28), pens received oneof two dietary treatments (control or Lys-deficient). Then on d 28, pens of pigs previouslyfed the control diet were separated into 2 groups, one fed the control diet and theother the corn diet. Pens …

Effects Of Various Grazing Systems On Grazing And Subsequent Finishing Performance, L. W. Lomas, J. L. Moyer

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 400 mixed black yearling steers were used to compare grazing and subsequent finishing performance from pastures with ‘MaxQ’ tall fescue, a wheat-bermudagrass double-crop system, or a wheat-crabgrass double-crop system in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Daily gains of steers that grazed MaxQ fescue, wheat-bermudagrass, or wheat-crabgrass were similar (P>0.05) in 2010, 2016, 2017, and 2018. Daily gains of steers that grazed wheat-bermudagrass or wheat-crabgrass were greater (P>0.05) than those that grazed MaxQ fescue in 2011, 2012, and 2019. Daily gains of steers that grazed wheat-crabgrass were greater …

Effect Of Pellet Cooling Method, Sample Preparation, Storage Condition, And Storage Time On Phytase Activity Of A Swine Diet, M. Saensukjaroenphon, C. E. Evans, C. R. Stark, C. B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Temperature and moisture content have been identified as two factors that influ­ence enzyme inactivation. Phytase may be further degraded in feed samples if there is moisture left in the sample and it is not properly stored prior to analysis. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of cooling method, sample preparation, storage condition, and storage time on phytase stability. In Exp. 1, treat­ments were arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sample preparation (none or freeze-dried) and storage condition (ambient storage or freezer storage). Diets were mixed 3 separate times to provide 3 …

Improving Performance Of Finishing Pigs With Added Valine, Isoleucine, And Tryptophan: Validating A Meta-Analysis Model, H. R. Kerkaert, H. S. Cemin, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. Derouchey, S. S. Dritz, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, K. D. Haydon, C. Hastad, Z. Post

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Based on a recent meta-analysis, we hypothesized that increased dietary Val, Ile, or Trp could correct possible amino acid interactions caused by high dietary Leu in diets containing high levels of corn protein, namely dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). A total of 1,200 pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02); initially 74.0 ± 1.38 lb) were used in a 103-d study. The 6 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal- DDGS-based diets as follows: 1) low level of Lys-HCl (HSBM), 2) high Lys-HCl and moderate Ile, Val, Trp (NC; AA above NRC4 estimates), 3) moderate Lys-HCl and high Ile, …

Smartamine M Supplementation Reduces Inflammation But Does Not Affect Performance In Receiving Beef Heifers, M. S. Grant, H. F. Speer, W. R. Hollenbeck, R. N. Wahl, N. D. Luchini, D. A. Blasi, E. C. Titgemeyer

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of supplemental methionine to improve health, inflammation status, and performance of receiving cattle.

Study Description:A group of 384 crossbred heifers (initial weight 489 lb) of Tennessee origin were used in a 45-day receiving trial with limit-feeding to evaluate the effects of supplemental methionine (Smartamine M; Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA) on health, inflammation, and performance. Cattle received either 0 (control) or 10 grams/day Smartamine M, a ruminally protected methionine product. Plasma haptoglobin levels measured on days 0, 14, and 45 were used as a biomarker of inflammation.

The BottomLine: …

Evaluation Of Cellulose In Diets With And Without Added Zno On Nursery Pig Performance, J. A. Chance, M. D. Tokach, H. I. Calderón, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. Derouchey, R. D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 1,296 pigs (L337 × 1050; PIC, Hendersonville, TN; initially 10.6 lb) were used in a 42-d study to evaluate the addition of cellulose in diets with and without the inclusion of pharmacological levels of Zn on nursery pig growth performance. Pigs were weaned at approximately 20 d of age and randomly allotted to pens in a randomized complete block design by body weight (BW). Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 27 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main …

Effects Of Timing And Amount Of Feed Prior To Farrowing On Sow And Litter Performance Under Commercial Conditions, K. M. Gourley, A. J. Swanson, R. Q. Royall, J. C. Woodworth, J. M. Derouchey, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband, H. I. Calderón, K. J. Milnes, C. W. Hastad

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 727 mixed parity (mean = 3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and size of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (d 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to 1 of 3 feeding management strategies until farrowing: 1) 6.0 lb lacta­tion diet (1.15% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 1,150 kcal/lb NE) once daily at 0700 h; 2) 4 daily meals of 1.5 lb (0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, 1900 h); 3)ad libitumlactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at …

Feces Of Finisher Pigs Have A Low Prevalence Of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli That Are Of Public Health Importance, R. G. Amachawadi, X. Shi, J. Bai, M. D. Tokach, J. C. Woodworth, S. S. Dritz, J. M. Derouchey, R. D. Goodband, T. G. Nagaraja

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) are major food pathogens that cause mild to bloody diarrhea, including complications of kidney damage and even death, particularly in children and elderly. Seven serogroups of STEC, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, called top-7 STEC, are responsible for the majority of STEC infections in the US. Shiga toxins, which are proteins secreted by the bacteria, are major virulence factors contributing to the disease. There are two Shiga toxin types, 1 and 2, encodedstx1 andstx2 gene, respectively and each type has several subtypes. Another major virulence factor, intimin, a …