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Articles 31 - 60 of 70
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Differential Effects Of Bivalves On Sediment Nitrogen Cycling In A Shallow Coastal Bay, Ashley Smyth, Anna E. Murphy, Iris C. Anderson, Bk Song
Differential Effects Of Bivalves On Sediment Nitrogen Cycling In A Shallow Coastal Bay, Ashley Smyth, Anna E. Murphy, Iris C. Anderson, Bk Song
VIMS Articles
In coastal ecosystems, suspension-feeding bivalves can remove nitrogen though uptake and assimilation or enhanced denitrification. Bivalves may also retain nitrogen through increased mineralization and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). This study investigated the effects of oyster reefs and clam aquaculture on denitrification, DNRA, and nutrient fluxes (NOx, NH4 6 +, O2). Core incubations were conducted seasonally on sediments adjacent to restored oyster reefs (Crassostrea virginica), clam aquaculture beds (Mercenaria mercenaria) which contained live clams, and bare sediments from Smith Island Bay, Virginia, USA. Denitrification was significantly higher at oyster reef sediments and clam aquaculture site than bare sediment in …
The Demographic Consequences Of Growing Older And Bigger In Oyster Populations, Jl Moore, Rom Lipcius, B Puckettt, Sj Schrieber
The Demographic Consequences Of Growing Older And Bigger In Oyster Populations, Jl Moore, Rom Lipcius, B Puckettt, Sj Schrieber
VIMS Articles
Structured population models, particularly size-or age-structured, have a long history of informing conservation and natural resource management. While size is often easier to measure than age and is the focus of many management strategies, age-structure can have important effects on population dynamics that are not captured in size-only models. However, relatively few studies have included the simultaneous effects of both age-and size-structure. To better understand how population structure, particularly that of age and size, impacts restoration and management decisions, we developed and compared a size-structured integral projection model (IPM) and an age-and size-structured IPM, using a population of Crassostrea gigas …
Piecewisesem: Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling In R For Ecology, Evolution, And Systematics, Jonathan S. Lefcheck
Piecewisesem: Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling In R For Ecology, Evolution, And Systematics, Jonathan S. Lefcheck
VIMS Articles
Ecologists and evolutionary biologists rely on an increasingly sophisticated set of statistical tools to describe complex natural systems. One such tool that has gained significant traction in the biological sciences is structural equation models (SEM), a form of path analysis that resolves complex multivariate relationships among a suite of interrelated variables.
Modeling Spatial Expansion Of Invasive Alien Species: Relative Contributions Of Environmental And Anthropogenic Factors To The Spreading Of The Harlequin Ladybird In France, Sophie Veran, Sylvain Piry, Vincent Ternois, Christine N. Meynard, Benoit Facon, Arnaud Estoup
Modeling Spatial Expansion Of Invasive Alien Species: Relative Contributions Of Environmental And Anthropogenic Factors To The Spreading Of The Harlequin Ladybird In France, Sophie Veran, Sylvain Piry, Vincent Ternois, Christine N. Meynard, Benoit Facon, Arnaud Estoup
VIMS Articles
Species distribution models (SDM) have often been used to predict the potential ranges of introduced species and prioritize management strategies. However, this approach assumes equilibrium between occurrences and environmental gradients, an assumption which is violated during the invasion process, where many suitable sites are empty because the species has not yet reached them. Here we considered the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a case study to show the benefits of using a dynamic colonization–extinction model that does not assume equilibrium. We used a multi-year occupancy model incorporating environmental, anthropogenic and neighborhood effects, to identify factors that explained spreading variation of …
Social Control Of Reproduction And Breeding Monopolization In The Eusocial Snapping Shrimp Synalpheus Elizabethae, Stc Chak, Dr Rubenstein, Je Duffy
Social Control Of Reproduction And Breeding Monopolization In The Eusocial Snapping Shrimp Synalpheus Elizabethae, Stc Chak, Dr Rubenstein, Je Duffy
VIMS Articles
Understanding why individuals within altruistic societies forgo reproduction to raise others' offspring has fascinated scientists since Darwin. Although worker polymorphism is thought to have evolved only in sterile workers, worker subcastes appear to be common among social invertebrates and vertebrates. We asked whether sterility accompanies eusociality and morphological differentiation in snapping shrimps (Synalpheus)-the only known marine eusocial group. We show that workers in Synalpheus elizabethae are reproductively totipotent and that female-but not male-gonadal development and mating are mediated by the presence of a queen, apparently without physical aggression. In queenless experimental colonies, a single immature female worker typically became ovigerous, …
Multitrophic Functional Diversity Predicts Ecosystem Functioning In Experimental Assemblages Of Estuarine Consumers, Js Lefcheck, Je Duffy
Multitrophic Functional Diversity Predicts Ecosystem Functioning In Experimental Assemblages Of Estuarine Consumers, Js Lefcheck, Je Duffy
VIMS Articles
The use of functional traits to explain how biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning has attracted intense interest, yet few studies have a priori altered functional diversity, especially in multitrophic communities. Here, we manipulated multivariate functional diversity of estuarine grazers and predators within multiple levels of species richness to test how species richness and functional diversity predicted ecosystem functioning in a multitrophic food web. Community functional diversity was a better predictor than species richness for the majority of ecosystem properties, based on generalized linear mixed-effects models. Combining inferences from eight traits into a single multivariate index increased prediction accuracy of these models …
Effects Of Terrestrial–Aquatic Connectivity On An Estuarine Turtle, Robert Isdell, Randolph M. Chambers, Donna M. Bilkovic, Matthias Leu
Effects Of Terrestrial–Aquatic Connectivity On An Estuarine Turtle, Robert Isdell, Randolph M. Chambers, Donna M. Bilkovic, Matthias Leu
VIMS Articles
Estuaries world-wide have been modified or fragmented due to human stressors in their terrestrial and aquatic components. Estuary fragmentation often results in reductions in species richness, diversity and connectivity. Effects of human modification on estuaries have been well studied, but less is known about how land use alters connectivity of the terrestrial–aquatic ecotone. We studied the relationship between terrestrial–aquatic connectivity and the distri- bution of an estuarine turtle, diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin).
Multiple Predator Species Alter Prey Behavior, Population Growth, And A Trophic Cascade In A Model Estuarine Food Web, Pl Reynolds, Jf Bruno
Multiple Predator Species Alter Prey Behavior, Population Growth, And A Trophic Cascade In A Model Estuarine Food Web, Pl Reynolds, Jf Bruno
VIMS Articles
Predators can influence prey population dynamics by affecting prey behaviors with strong fitness consequences, with cascading effects on lower trophic levels. Here, we demonstrate that multiple predator species can nonconsumptively influence prey population growth and the strength of a trophic cascade in a model marine community. We exposed the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana to olfactory and visual cues from three common predators (pinfish, mud crabs, brown shrimp) singly and together in a multiple-predator assemblage to quantify the nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) of predator identity and the presence of multiple predators on prey population and community-level metrics. The presence of predator cues, …
Global Patterns In The Impact Of Marine Herbivores On Benthic Primary Producers, Alistair G.B. Poore, Alexandra H. Campbell, Ross Coleman, Graham J. Edgar, Veijo Jormalainen, Pamela L. Reynolds, Erik E. Sotka, John J. Stachowicz, Richard Taylor, Mathew A. Vanderklift, J. Emmett Duffy
Global Patterns In The Impact Of Marine Herbivores On Benthic Primary Producers, Alistair G.B. Poore, Alexandra H. Campbell, Ross Coleman, Graham J. Edgar, Veijo Jormalainen, Pamela L. Reynolds, Erik E. Sotka, John J. Stachowicz, Richard Taylor, Mathew A. Vanderklift, J. Emmett Duffy
VIMS Articles
Despite the importance of consumers in structuring communities, and the widespread assumption that consumption is strongest at low latitudes, empirical tests for global scale patterns in the magnitude of consumer impacts are limited. In marine systems, the long tradition of experimentally excluding herbivores in their natural environments allows consumer impacts to be quantified on global scales using consistent methodology. We present a quantitative synthesis of 613 marine herbivore exclusion experiments to test the influence of consumer traits, producer traits and the environment on the strength of herbivore impacts on benthic producers. Across the globe, marine herbivores profoundly reduced producer abundance …
The Functional Role Of Producer Diversity In Ecosystems, Bradley J. Cardinale, Kristin L. Matulich, David U. Hooper, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Emmett J. Duffy, Lars Gamfeldt, Patricia Balvanera, Mary I. O'Connor, Andrew Gonzalez
The Functional Role Of Producer Diversity In Ecosystems, Bradley J. Cardinale, Kristin L. Matulich, David U. Hooper, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Emmett J. Duffy, Lars Gamfeldt, Patricia Balvanera, Mary I. O'Connor, Andrew Gonzalez
VIMS Articles
Over the past several decades, a rapidly expanding field of research known as biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has begun to quantify how the world's biological diversity can, as an independent variable, control ecological processes that are both essential for, and fundamental to, the functioning of ecosystems. Research in this area has often been justified on grounds that (1) loss of biological diversity ranks among the most pronounced changes to the global environment and that (2) reductions in diversity, and corresponding changes in species composition, could alter important services that ecosystems provide to humanity (e.g., food production, pest/disease control, water purification). …
Oyster Reefs At Risk And Recommendations For Conservation, Restoration, And Management, Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi, Alvar Carranza, Loren D. Coen, Christine Crawford, Omar Defeo, Graham J. Edgar, Boze Handcock, Matthew C. Kay, Hunter S. Lenihan, Mark Luckenbach, Caitlyn L. Toropova, Guofan Zhang, Ximing Guo
Oyster Reefs At Risk And Recommendations For Conservation, Restoration, And Management, Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi, Alvar Carranza, Loren D. Coen, Christine Crawford, Omar Defeo, Graham J. Edgar, Boze Handcock, Matthew C. Kay, Hunter S. Lenihan, Mark Luckenbach, Caitlyn L. Toropova, Guofan Zhang, Ximing Guo
VIMS Articles
Native oyster reefs once dominated many estuaries, ecologically and economically. Centuries of resource extraction exacerbated by coastal degradation have pushed oyster reefs to the brink of functional extinction worldwide. We examined the condition of oyster reefs across 144 bays and 44 ecoregions; our comparisons of past with present abundances indicate that more than 90% of them have been lost in bays (70%) and ecoregions (63%). In many bays, more than 99% of oyster reefs have been lost and are functionally extinct. Overall, we estimate that 85% of oyster reefs have been lost globally. Most of the world's remaining wild capture …
Sponge Host Characteristics Shape The Community Structure Of Their Shrimp Associates, Kristen M. Hultgren, J. Emmett Duffy
Sponge Host Characteristics Shape The Community Structure Of Their Shrimp Associates, Kristen M. Hultgren, J. Emmett Duffy
VIMS Articles
Both body size and habitat architecture have pervasive effects on the form, function, and interactions of organisms, and can play especially important roles in structuring intimate associations between host organisms and their obligate associates. In this study, we examined how body size is related to host use in a diverse clade of closely related snapping shrimp species (Synalpheus) that live in the interior canals of sponges. Using data from an extensive survey of sponge-dwelling Synalpheus from Jamaica, we tested how sponge morphology (interior canal size and individual sponge volume) was related to the identity and diversity of Synalpheus …
Evaluating Ecosystem Response To Oyster Restoration And Nutrient Load Reduction With A Multispecies Bioenergetics Model, Rs Fulford, Dl Brietburg, Mark Luckenbach, Rie Newell
Evaluating Ecosystem Response To Oyster Restoration And Nutrient Load Reduction With A Multispecies Bioenergetics Model, Rs Fulford, Dl Brietburg, Mark Luckenbach, Rie Newell
VIMS Articles
Many of the world's coastal ecosystems are impacted by multiple stressors each of which may be subject to different management strategies that may have overlapping or even conflicting objectives. Consequently, management results may be indirect and difficult to predict or observe. We developed a network simulation model intended specifically to examine ecosystem-level responses to management and applied this model to a comparison of nutrient load reduction and restoration of highly reduced stocks of bivalve suspension feeders (eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica) in an estuarine ecosystem (Chesapeake Bay, USA). Model results suggest that a 50% reduction in nutrient inputs from the watershed …
Accelerating Loss Of Seagrasses Across The Globe Threatens Coastal Ecosystems, Michelle Waycott, Carlos M. Duarte, Tim J. Carruthers, Robert J. Orth, Wc Dennison, Suzanne Olyarnik, Ainsley Calladine, James W. Fourqurean, Kl Heck, A. Randall Hughes, Gary A. Kendrick, W. Judson Kenworthy, Frederick T. Short, Susan L. Williams
Accelerating Loss Of Seagrasses Across The Globe Threatens Coastal Ecosystems, Michelle Waycott, Carlos M. Duarte, Tim J. Carruthers, Robert J. Orth, Wc Dennison, Suzanne Olyarnik, Ainsley Calladine, James W. Fourqurean, Kl Heck, A. Randall Hughes, Gary A. Kendrick, W. Judson Kenworthy, Frederick T. Short, Susan L. Williams
VIMS Articles
Coastal ecosystems and the services they provide are adversely affected by a wide variety of human activities. In particular, seagrass meadows are negatively affected by impacts accruing from the billion or more people who live within 50 km of them. Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services, including an estimated $1.9 trillion per year in the form of nutrient cycling; an order of magnitude enhancement of coral reef fish productivity; a habitat for thousands of fish, bird, and invertebrate species; and a major food source for endangered dugong, manatee, and green turtle. Although individual impacts from coastal development, degraded water quality, …
Diversity Has Stronger Top-Down Than Bottom-Up Effects On Decomposition, Ds Srivastava, Bj Cardinale, Al Downing, Je Duffy, Et Al
Diversity Has Stronger Top-Down Than Bottom-Up Effects On Decomposition, Ds Srivastava, Bj Cardinale, Al Downing, Je Duffy, Et Al
VIMS Articles
The flow of energy and nutrients between trophic levels is affected by both the trophic structure of food webs and the diversity of species within trophic levels. However, the combined effects of trophic structure and diversity on trophic transfer remain largely unknown. Here we ask whether changes in consumer diversity have the same effect as changes in resource diversity on rates of resource consumption. We address this question by focusing on consumer-resource dynamics for the ecologically important process of decomposition. This study compares the top-down effect of consumer (detritivore) diversity on the consumption of dead organic matter (decomposition) with the …
Why Biodiversity Is Important To The Functioning Of Real-World Ecosystems, Je Duffy
Why Biodiversity Is Important To The Functioning Of Real-World Ecosystems, Je Duffy
VIMS Articles
Controlled experiments have substantially advanced our understanding of the links between changing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) in recent years. However, controversy continues regarding the relevance of BEF experiments to the complex ecosystems and large spatial and temporal scales of interest in conservation and management. Here, I address some of the persistent criticisms regarding experimental BEF research and argue that these have been overstated. Contrary to some suggestions, many putative artifacts attributed to experiments render their conclusions about BEF links stronger, rather than weaker. Like other broad ecological concepts, BEF focuses on general patterns, rather than looking at species-level, applied …
Bacterial Vs. Zooplankton Control Of Sinking Particle Flux In The Ocean's Twilight Zone, Deborah K. Steinberg, Benjamin A.S. Van Mooy, Ken O. Buesseler, Philip W. Boyd, Toru Kobari, David M. Karl
Bacterial Vs. Zooplankton Control Of Sinking Particle Flux In The Ocean's Twilight Zone, Deborah K. Steinberg, Benjamin A.S. Van Mooy, Ken O. Buesseler, Philip W. Boyd, Toru Kobari, David M. Karl
VIMS Articles
The downward flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) decreases significantly in the oceanÂs mesopelagic or ‘twilight’ zone due both to abiotic processes and metabolism by resident biota. Bacteria and zooplankton solubilize and consume POC to support their metabolism, but the relative importance of bacteria vs. zooplankton in the consumption of sinking particles in the twilight zone is unknown. We compared losses of sinking POC, using differences in export flux measured by neutrally buoyant sediment traps at a range of depths, with bacteria and zooplankton metabolic requirements at the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series station ALOHA in the subtropical Pacific and the Japanese …
The Charisma Of Coastal Ecosystems: Addressing The Imbalance, Carlos M. Duarte, Wc Dennison, Robert J. Orth, Tim J. Carruthers
The Charisma Of Coastal Ecosystems: Addressing The Imbalance, Carlos M. Duarte, Wc Dennison, Robert J. Orth, Tim J. Carruthers
VIMS Articles
Coastal ecosystems including coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, and salt marshes are being lost at alarming rates, and increased scientific understanding of causes has failed to stem these losses. Coastal habitats receive contrasting research effort, with 60% of all of the published research carried out on coral reefs, compared to 11–14% of the records for each of salt marshes, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows. In addition, these highly connected and interdependent coastal ecosystems receive widely contrasting media attention that is disproportional to their scientific attention. Seagrass ecosystems receive the least attention in the media (1.3% of the media reports) …
Effects Of Oyster Population Restoration Strategies On Phytoplankton Biomass In Chesapeake Bay: A Flexible Modeling Approach, Rs Fulford, Dl Brietburg, Rie Newell, Wm Kemp, Mw Luckenbach
Effects Of Oyster Population Restoration Strategies On Phytoplankton Biomass In Chesapeake Bay: A Flexible Modeling Approach, Rs Fulford, Dl Brietburg, Rie Newell, Wm Kemp, Mw Luckenbach
VIMS Articles
Cultural eutrophication in estuaries and other coastal systems has increased over the last 50 yr. Some recently proposed strategies to reverse this trend have included the restoration of bivalve suspension feeders as an ecological tool for reducing phytoplankton biomass. The ecological benefits accruing from such bivalve restoration will be dependent on the characteristics of the estuary, as well as how restoration is implemented. We developed a filtration model to estimate the effect of bivalve restoration on the rate of phytoplankton removal over a range of spatial and temporal scales and used it to compare alternate restoration strategies for the eastern …
The Functional Role Of Biodiversity In Ecosystems: Incorporating Trophic Complexity, J. Emmett Duffy, Bradley J. Cardinale, Kristin E. France, Peter B. Mcintyre, Elisa Thebault, Michel Loreau
The Functional Role Of Biodiversity In Ecosystems: Incorporating Trophic Complexity, J. Emmett Duffy, Bradley J. Cardinale, Kristin E. France, Peter B. Mcintyre, Elisa Thebault, Michel Loreau
VIMS Articles
Understanding how biodiversity affects functioning of ecosystems requires integrating diversity within trophic levels (horizontal diversity) and across trophic levels (vertical diversity, including food chain length and omnivory). We review theoretical and experimental progress toward this goal. Generally, experiments show that biomass and resource use increase similarly with horizontal diversity of either producers or consumers. Among prey, higher diversity often increases resistance to predation, due to increased probability of including inedible species and reduced efficiency of specialist predators confronted with diverse prey. Among predators, changing diversity can cascade to affect plant biomass, but the strength and sign of this effect depend …
Biodiversity, Host Specificity, And Dominance By Eusocial Species Among Sponge-Dwelling Alpheid Shrimp On The Belize Barrier Reef, Kenneth S. Macdonald Iii, Ruben Rios, J. Emmett Duffy
Biodiversity, Host Specificity, And Dominance By Eusocial Species Among Sponge-Dwelling Alpheid Shrimp On The Belize Barrier Reef, Kenneth S. Macdonald Iii, Ruben Rios, J. Emmett Duffy
VIMS Articles
Alpheid shrimp represent an abundant and diverse, but poorly characterized, component of the cryptic biodiversity of coral reefs worldwide. Sponge-inhabiting alpheids provide a promising model system for exploring patterns of cryptic reef biodiversity because their habitats (hosts) are discrete and qualitatively distinct units. We tabulated data from 14 years of collections at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize to quantify patterns of diversity, host specificity, and dominance among sponge-dwelling shrimp (Synalpheus), with special attention to eusocial species. From > 600 sampled sponges of 17 species, we recognized at least 36 Synalpheus shrimp species. Of these, 15 (42%) were new to science. Species accumulation …
Evaluation Of A Lifetime‐Based Optode To Measure Oxygen In Aquatic Systems, Anders Tengberg, Jostein Hovdenes, Henrik J. Andersson, Olivier Brocandel, Robert J. Diaz, David Hebert, Tony Arnerich, Christian Huber, Arne Kortzinger, Alexis Khripounoff, Francisco Rey, Christer Ronning, Jens Schimanski, Stefan Sommer, Achim Stangelmayer
Evaluation Of A Lifetime‐Based Optode To Measure Oxygen In Aquatic Systems, Anders Tengberg, Jostein Hovdenes, Henrik J. Andersson, Olivier Brocandel, Robert J. Diaz, David Hebert, Tony Arnerich, Christian Huber, Arne Kortzinger, Alexis Khripounoff, Francisco Rey, Christer Ronning, Jens Schimanski, Stefan Sommer, Achim Stangelmayer
VIMS Articles
In this article, we evaluate the performance of a commercially available lifetime‐based optode and compare it with data obtained by other methods. We performed a set of 10 different tests, including targeted laboratory evaluations and field studies, covering a wide range of situations from shallow coastal waters and wastewater treatment plants to abyssal depths. Our principal conclusion is that, owing to high accuracy (± 2 µM), long‐term stability (more than 20 months), lack of pressure hysteresis, and limited cross‐sensitivity, this method is overall more suitable for oxygen monitoring than other methods.
Allee Effects Driven By Predation, J Gascoigne, Rom Lipcius
Allee Effects Driven By Predation, J Gascoigne, Rom Lipcius
VIMS Articles
No abstract provided.
Abundance And Distribution Of Planktonic Archaea And Bacteria In The Waters West Of The Antarctic Peninsula, Matthew Church, Edward F. Delong, Hugh Ducklow, Markus Karner, Christian Preston, David M. Karl
Abundance And Distribution Of Planktonic Archaea And Bacteria In The Waters West Of The Antarctic Peninsula, Matthew Church, Edward F. Delong, Hugh Ducklow, Markus Karner, Christian Preston, David M. Karl
VIMS Articles
Polyribonucleotide probes targeting planktonic archaeal (Group I and II) and bacterial rRNA revealed that Archaea comprised a significant fraction of total prokaryote cell abundance in the marine waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Determinations of Archaea and Bacteria cell abundances were made during two research cruises to the Palmer Long‐Term Ecological Research region during the austral winter and summer of 1999. During the austral summer, surface water abundances of Group I (GI) Archaea were generally low, averaging 4.7 x 103 cells ml−1 and accounting for 1% of the total picoplankton assemblage. The abundance of GI Archaea increased significantly with depth, …
Salinity Tolerance Of Larval Rapana Venosa: Implications For Dispersal And Establishment Of An Invading Predatory Gastropod On The North American Atlantic Coast, Roger L. Mann, Juliana M. Harding
Salinity Tolerance Of Larval Rapana Venosa: Implications For Dispersal And Establishment Of An Invading Predatory Gastropod On The North American Atlantic Coast, Roger L. Mann, Juliana M. Harding
VIMS Articles
The lack of quantitative data on the environmental tolerances of the early life-history stages of invading species hinders estimation of their dispersal rates and establishment ranges in receptor environments. We present data on salinity tolerance for all stages of the ontogenetic larval development of the invading predatory gastropod Rapana venosa, and we propose that salinity tolerance is the dominant response controlling the potential dispersal ( = invasion) range of the species into the estuaries of the Atlantic coast of the United States from the current invading epicenter in the southern Chesapeake Bay. All larval stages exhibit 48-h tolerance to salinities …
Biodiversity And Ecosystem Function: The Consumer Connection, J. Emmett Duffy
Biodiversity And Ecosystem Function: The Consumer Connection, J. Emmett Duffy
VIMS Articles
Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest and controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies have focused on grassland plants and laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence ecosystem processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition has demonstrated strong top‐down forcing in many systems, but has considered the role of diversity in these processes only tangentially. Integration of these research directions is necessary for more complete understanding in both areas. Several considerations suggest that changing diversity in multi‐level food webs can have important ecosystem …
Relative Strengths Of Competition For Space And Food In A Sessile Filter Feeder, David P. Lohse
Relative Strengths Of Competition For Space And Food In A Sessile Filter Feeder, David P. Lohse
VIMS Articles
Previous workers have demonstrated that sessile filter feeders compete for food and space, but little is known about the relative strengths of these two processes. To determine this, the density and position of barnacles (Balanus improvisus) in a unidirectional current were manipulated to alter the amount of competition for space and food, respectively. Results indicated that competition for space significantly reduced growth, and marginally reduced survivorship. Competition for food was also detected, but only among uncrowded individuals; thus, it appears to be the weaker of the two interactions. However, under crowded conditions, downstream individuals actually grew more than those upstream. …
Atmospheric Co2 Evasion, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Production, And Net Heterotrophy In The York River Estuary, Peter Raymond, James E. Bauer, Jonathan Cole
Atmospheric Co2 Evasion, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Production, And Net Heterotrophy In The York River Estuary, Peter Raymond, James E. Bauer, Jonathan Cole
VIMS Articles
Direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were made over a 2‐yr period in surface waters of the York River estuary in Virginia. The pCO2 in surface waters exceeded that in the overlying atmosphere, indicating that the estuary was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere at most times and locations. Salinity‐based DIC mixing curves indicate there was also an internal source of both DIC and alkalinity, implying net alkalinity generation within the estuary. The DIC and alkalinity source displayed seasonal patterns similar to that of pCO2 and were reproducible over a …
Actin Gene Family Evolution And The Phylogeny Of Coleoid Cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), David B. Carlini, Kimberly S. Reece, John Graves
Actin Gene Family Evolution And The Phylogeny Of Coleoid Cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), David B. Carlini, Kimberly S. Reece, John Graves
VIMS Articles
Phylogenetic analysis conducted on a 784-bp fragment of 82 actin gene sequences of 44 coleoid cephalopod taxa, along with results obtained from genomic Southern blot analysis, confirmed the presence of at least three distinct actin loci in coleoids. Actin isoforms were characteri zed through phylogenetic analysis of representative cephalopod sequences from each of the three isoforms, along with translated actin cDNA sequences from a diverse array of metazoan taxa downloaded from GenBank. One of the three isoforms found in cephalopods was closely related to actin sequences expressed in the muscular tissues of other molluscs. A second isoform was most similar …
Phenotypic Clines, Plasticity, And Morphological Trade-Offs In An Intertidal Snail, Gc Trussell
Phenotypic Clines, Plasticity, And Morphological Trade-Offs In An Intertidal Snail, Gc Trussell
VIMS Articles
Understanding the genetic and environmental bases of phenotypic variation and how they covary on local and broad geographic scales is an important goal of evolutionary ecology. Such information can shed light on how organisms adapt to different and changing environments and how life‐history trade‐offs arise. Surveys of phenotypic variation in 25 Littorina obtusata populations across an approximately 400‐km latitudinal gradient in the Gulf of Maine revealed pronounced clines. The shells of snails from northern habitats weighed less and were thinner and weaker in compression than those of conspecifics from southern habitats. In contrast, body size (as measured by soft tissue …