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Articles 361 - 381 of 381
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Genetic Differentiation Of Rare And Common Varieties Of Eriogonum Shockleyi (Polygonaceae) In Idaho Using Issr Variability, James F. Smith
Genetic Differentiation Of Rare And Common Varieties Of Eriogonum Shockleyi (Polygonaceae) In Idaho Using Issr Variability, James F. Smith
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Idaho populations of Eriogonum shockleyi are divided taxonomically into 2 varieties: E. shockleyi var. packardae , which is endemic to Idaho, and the typical variety, which is widespread in the western United States. Recent morphological investigations of E. shockleyi in Idaho have identified potentially reliable morphological characters for field identification of the subspecific taxa. This paper investigates the genetic basis for the separation of the 2 varieties of E. shockleyi using inter simple-sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Although we found some morphological differences between the populations that correlated with the 2 varieties, we identified no molecular markers in this study to …
Nest-Site Characteristics Of Burrowing Owls (Athene Cunicularia) In The Snake River Birds Of Prey National Conservation Area, Idaho, And Application To Artificial Burrow Installation, James R. Belthoff, R. Andrew King
Nest-Site Characteristics Of Burrowing Owls (Athene Cunicularia) In The Snake River Birds Of Prey National Conservation Area, Idaho, And Application To Artificial Burrow Installation, James R. Belthoff, R. Andrew King
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) populations are declining in many portions of their range, and research and management efforts into stemming declines are underway. One tool with promise is the artificial burrow, which can supplement nesting opportunities and play a role in research, mitigation, translocation, and reintroduction studies. However, few studies directly assess important burrow and surrounding topographic features upon which owls choose sites and then construct and install artificial burrows accordingly. In this study we (1) measure physical, vegetative, and topographic characteristics of Burrowing Owl nest sites in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (SRBPNCA); …
Bounce And Double Trill Songs Of Male And Female Western Screech-Owls: Characterization And Usefulness For Classification Of Sex, Brian L. Herting, James R. Belthoff
Bounce And Double Trill Songs Of Male And Female Western Screech-Owls: Characterization And Usefulness For Classification Of Sex, Brian L. Herting, James R. Belthoff
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Both sexes of adult Western Screech-Owls (Otus kennicottii) sing in response to playback of conspecific song within their territories. Two primary songs are the bounce and double trill. Using sonographic analysis of tape-recorded vocalizations, our study quantified characterstics of bounce and double trill songs uttered by individuals within a population of Western Screech-Owls inhabiting riparian woodlands in southwestern Idaho. We asked if songs of males and females differed and, if so, how accurately could songs be classified by sex. On average, male bounce songs were ∼30% lower in frequency than bounce songs of females, but song duration, note duration, number …
High Species Diversity In Fleshy-Fruited Tropical Understory Plants, James F. Smith
High Species Diversity In Fleshy-Fruited Tropical Understory Plants, James F. Smith
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Key innovations may increase the number of taxa in a clade that possesses the proposed innovation in comparison to its sister group that lacks the trait through either increased speciation or reduced extinction rates. Comparing sister clades across several independent lineages provides statistical support that the trait has increased species diversity. Previous studies have indicated that there may not be a relationship between biotic dispersal and higher species diversity, but only a few of these studies specified habit, habitat, or type of disperser. No previous study has specified all of the above parameters and used a phylogenetic approach. This article …
Post-Fledging Dispersal Of Burrowing Owls In Southwestern Idaho: Characterization Of Movements And Use Of Satellite Burrows, R. Andrew King, James R. Belthoff
Post-Fledging Dispersal Of Burrowing Owls In Southwestern Idaho: Characterization Of Movements And Use Of Satellite Burrows, R. Andrew King, James R. Belthoff
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Using radiotelemetry, we monitored dispersing juvenile Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) within a migratory population in southwestern Idaho during 1994 and 1995. Owls remained within natal areas for an average (± SE) of 58 ± 3.4 days post-hatching before moving permanently beyond 300 m, which was our operational cutoff for dispersal from the natal area. On average, owls dispersed on 27 July (range: 15 July to 22 August), which was approximately 4 weeks after fledging. After initiating dispersal, juveniles continued moving farther away from their natal burrows and, by 61-65 days post-hatching, they had moved 0.6 ± …
The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Lembocarpus And Goyazia (Gesneriaceae) Based On NdhF Sequences, James F. Smith
The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Lembocarpus And Goyazia (Gesneriaceae) Based On NdhF Sequences, James F. Smith
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
The phylogenetic relationships of Goyazia and Lembocarpus are investigated based on cladistic analysis of ndhF sequences. Both genera are currently classified in the tribe Gloxinieae, but both are poorly known. Based on its floral morphology, the classification of Goyazia in Gloxinieae is not controversial. Lembocarpus may be placed in Gloxinieae, Episcieae, or Sinningieae. The acaulescent, tuberous nature of Lembocarpus limits the number of characters available for a morphological analysis and has made its classification and phylogenetic relationships difficult to resolve. Phylogenetic analyses of ndhF sequences place both genera in Gloxinieae. Although the affinities within the tribe are ambiguous …
Phylogenetic Resolution Within The Tribe Episcieae (Gesneriaceae): Congruence Of Its And Ndhf Sequences From Parsimony And Maximum-Likelihood Analyses, James F. Smith
James F. Smith
Generic relationships within Episcieae were assessed using ITS and ndhF sequences. Previous analyses of this tribe have focused only on ndhF data and have excluded two genera, Rhoogeton and Oerstedina, which are included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using both parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods. Results from partition homogeneity tests imply that the two data sets are significantly incongruent, but when Rhoogeton is removed from the analysis, the data sets are not significantly different. The combined data sets reveal greater strength of relationships within the tribe with the exception of the position of Rhoogeton. Poorly or unresolved relationships based exclusively …
Breeding Birds At The Idaho National Engineering And Environmental Laboratory, 1985 - 1991, James R. Belthoff, Leon R. Powers, Timothy D. Reynolds
Breeding Birds At The Idaho National Engineering And Environmental Laboratory, 1985 - 1991, James R. Belthoff, Leon R. Powers, Timothy D. Reynolds
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
During the summers of 1985-1991, bird censuses were conducted along 13 permanent routes located at the 2315-km2 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental laboratory (INEEL, formerly INEL) in southeastern Idaho. The objectives of the surveys were to (1) compare avifauna in and near facility complex sites with remote, relatively undisturbed habitats, (2) identify trends in populations of sagebrush-obligate species and other common shrug-steppe species, and (3) determine the presence, abundance, and population status of species of special concern. Five routes were official U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division 40.0-km Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes (formerly administered by the U.S. Fish …
A Cladistic Analysis Of NdhF Sequences From Representative Species Of Saintpaulia And Streptocarpus Subgenera And Streptocarpella (Gesneriaceae), James F. Smith, M. E. Kresge, M. Möller, Q. C. B. Cronk
A Cladistic Analysis Of NdhF Sequences From Representative Species Of Saintpaulia And Streptocarpus Subgenera And Streptocarpella (Gesneriaceae), James F. Smith, M. E. Kresge, M. Möller, Q. C. B. Cronk
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Two African genera of the Gesneriaceae, Saintpaulia and Streptocarpus, are similar in many respects. Both genera have blue to purple flowers, pollen of similar shape and exine sculpting, embryos with one-celled uninucleate chalazal haustoria, shared vegetative structures among some species, and are among the few genera in the Gesneriaceae which include species with chromosome count of n=15. Similarity of these features has indicated that the two genera are likely to be closely related. This study examines the sequences of the chloroplast gene ndhF among several representative Saintpaulia and representatives of Streptocarpus subgenera Streptocarpella and Streptocarpus. The …
Body Condition And The Adrenal Stress Response In Captive American Kestrel Juveniles, Julie A. Heath, Alfred M. Dufty Jr.
Body Condition And The Adrenal Stress Response In Captive American Kestrel Juveniles, Julie A. Heath, Alfred M. Dufty Jr.
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
We examined the adrenal response to handling stress of birds in different body conditions. In order to affect the birds’ body condition, young (73-d old) female American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were maintained for 6 wk on one of three diets: a control diet (fed ad lib.) and two calorically restricted diets. To invoke a stress response, we removed birds from their cages and took repeated blood samples over the course of an hour. All birds responded to handling stress with an increase in plasma corticosterone, but control birds (in good body condition) showed a more rapid increase to …
Corticosterone Levels During Nest Departure Of Juvenile American Kestrels, Julie Heath
Corticosterone Levels During Nest Departure Of Juvenile American Kestrels, Julie Heath
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Many avian behavior patterns, such as breeding, migration and territoriality, are correlated with changes in hormone levels. Elevated levels of corticosterone, an adrenal steroid hormone, are associated with increased foraging and increased activity levels in birds. Young birds about to take their first flight may benefit from elevated plasma corticosterone levels that facilitate locomotor activity and foraging behavior while they are developing flight and hunting skills. I examined the relationship between corticosterone levels and the timing of nest departure in nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius). American Kestrels are cavity nesters and typically depart from the nest between 25-30 …
Corticosterone And The Stress Response In Young Western Screech-Owls: Effects Of Captivity, Gender, And Activity Period, Alfred M. Dufty Jr., James R. Belthoff
Corticosterone And The Stress Response In Young Western Screech-Owls: Effects Of Captivity, Gender, And Activity Period, Alfred M. Dufty Jr., James R. Belthoff
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
We used a standard handling protocol to examine the stress response of captive young western screech-owls during their active (nighttime) and inactive (daytime) periods and to compare the stress responses of captive and free-living owls. Circulating corticosterone levels were significantly higher during the inactive period than in the active period in this nocturnal species. This suggests that the daily pattern of corticosterone secretion is reversed in nocturnal birds and is correlated with activity period rather than with the light/dark cycle. Young (ca. 4-5 mo old) screech-owls of both sexes showed increases in plasma corticosterone up to 30 min after capture, …
Tribal Relationships In The Gesneriaceae: Evidence From Dna Sequences Of The Chloroplast Gene NdhF, James F. Smith, J. C. Wolfram, K. D. Brown, Cynthia L. Carroll, D. S. Denton
Tribal Relationships In The Gesneriaceae: Evidence From Dna Sequences Of The Chloroplast Gene NdhF, James F. Smith, J. C. Wolfram, K. D. Brown, Cynthia L. Carroll, D. S. Denton
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
The tribal relationships of the Gesneriaceae are investigated using ndhF sequences. A full analysis of 70 taxa including 16 species from the Scrophulariaceae, Bigoniaceae, and Acanthaceae as outgroups, resulted in two most-parsimonious trees of 5610 steps each. In all trees the Gesneriaceae were a monophyletic group and Paulownia was the closest single-species outgroup for the analysis. Further analyses eliminated all but the members of the Gesneriaceae and Paulownia in order to better asses relationships within the family. The smaller analysis resulted in a single most-parsimonious tree of 4613 steps. The Klugieae are identified as the sister to the remainder …
Genetic Diversity Of The Narrow Endemic Allium Aaseae (Alliaceae), James F. Smith, T. Vuong Pham
Genetic Diversity Of The Narrow Endemic Allium Aaseae (Alliaceae), James F. Smith, T. Vuong Pham
James F. Smith
Low levels of genetic variability are common for a number of geographically restricted plants: these data are consistent with theoretical expectations that small populations should be genetically depauperate. However, in some species, high levels of variability have been found in rare species. Allium aaseae is a rare, narrow endemic in the foothills of the Boise Front of southwestern Idaho. Genetic variation in the rare endemic A. aaseae, and nearby populations of the more common species, A. simillimum, was examined with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data. Eight populations of A. aaseae and six populations of A. simillimum (three near the …
A Cladistic Analysis Of Chloroplast Dna Restriction Site Variation And Morphology For The Genera Of The Juglandaceae, James F. Smith, Jeff J. Doyle
A Cladistic Analysis Of Chloroplast Dna Restriction Site Variation And Morphology For The Genera Of The Juglandaceae, James F. Smith, Jeff J. Doyle
James F. Smith
The phylogenetic relationships of the genera of the Juglandaceae are examined with cladistic analyses of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site variation and morphology. Rates of evolution of the chloroplast genome are slower than in many other groups of plants, enabling the entire genome to be utilized at the intergeneric level. The trees resulting from the two independent analyses were completely congruent. The combined analysis of the two data sets produced a tree completely congruent with the cladogram from the two data sets analyzed independently. The cladogram is compared with previous classifications, cladistic analyses, and fossil history for the family. Although …
Plumage Variation, Plasma Steroids And Social Dominance In Male House Finches, James R. Belthoff, Alfred M. Dufty Jr., Sidney A. Gauthreaux Jr.
Plumage Variation, Plasma Steroids And Social Dominance In Male House Finches, James R. Belthoff, Alfred M. Dufty Jr., Sidney A. Gauthreaux Jr.
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
In male House Finches (Carpodacusm exicanus), the extent and color of plumage varies depending on access to carotenoid pigments. "Colorful" males exhibit extensive red pigmentation, while less colorful (i.e., "drab") males exhibit carotenoid pigmentation over a smaller percentage of their plumage, pigmentation of a color besides red (e.g., yellow, gold, orange, or pink), or both. One explanation for maintenance of plumage variation is that it reliably reflects social status, allowing males to correctly assess their status in relation to others and avoid or minimize costly fights. Social relationships may also be related to endogenous factors, such as circulating levels of …
Thorn-Like Prickles And Heterophylly In Cyanea: Adaptations To Extinct Avian Browsers On Hawaii?, T. J. Givnish, K. J. Sytsma, James F. Smith, W. J. Hahn
Thorn-Like Prickles And Heterophylly In Cyanea: Adaptations To Extinct Avian Browsers On Hawaii?, T. J. Givnish, K. J. Sytsma, James F. Smith, W. J. Hahn
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
The evolution of thorn-like structures in plants on oceanic islands that lack mammalian and reptilian herbivores is puzzling, as is their tendency toward juvenile-adult leaf dimorphism. We propose that these traits arose in Cyanea (Campanul) on Hawaii as mechanical and visual defenses against herbivory by flightless geese and goose-like ducks that were extirpated by Polynesians within the last 1600 years. A chloroplast DNA phylogeny indicates that thorn-like prickles evolved at least four times and leaf dimorphism at least three times during the last 3.7 million years. The incidence of both traits increases from Oahu eastward toward younger islands, paralleling the …
Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Zingiberales Based On RbcL Sequences, James F. Smith, W. John Kress, Elizabeth A. Zimmer
Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Zingiberales Based On RbcL Sequences, James F. Smith, W. John Kress, Elizabeth A. Zimmer
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
Morphological data have been used previously to construct phylogenies of the eight families of the Zingiberales one of the most widely accepted monophyletic groups of flowering plants. To provide additional support for phylogenetic relationships within the order, and placement of the order among monocots, we present a parsimony analysis of DNA sequences from the chloroplast-encoded gene, rbcL, for 21 species of Zingiberales and proposed relatives. Five analyses with equal, and differential weights were performed. All analyses resulted in the same most parsimonious tree for taxa within the Zingiberales and the immediate outgroup. The closest sister group to the Zingiberales …
Phylogenetic Hypotheses For The Monocotyledons Constructed From RbcL Sequence Data, James F. Smith
Phylogenetic Hypotheses For The Monocotyledons Constructed From RbcL Sequence Data, James F. Smith
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
DNA sequences for the plastid locus that encodes the large subunit if ribulose 1.5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) were determined for 18 species of monocotyledons in 15 families. These data were analyzed together with sequences for 60 other monocot species in a total of 52 families by the maximum likelihood method producing one, presumably optimal, topology. An additional 26 species were added (104 total monocot species) and analyzed by the parsimony method with an outgroup of 18 dicot species producing 109 trees of 3,932 steps. The rbcL data show at least moderate support for seven lineages corresponding to …
Phylogenetics Of Seed Plants: An Analysis Of Nucleotide Sequences From The Plastid Gene RbcL, James F. Smith
Phylogenetics Of Seed Plants: An Analysis Of Nucleotide Sequences From The Plastid Gene RbcL, James F. Smith
Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations
We present the results of two exploratory parsimony analyses of DNA sequences from 475 and 499 species of seed plants. respectively, representing all major taxonomic groups. The data are exclusively from the chloroplast gene rbcL, which codes for the large subunit of ribulose-l .5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO or RuBPCase). We used two different state-transformation assumptions resulting in two sets of cladograms: (i) equal-weighting for the 499-taxon analysis; and (ii) a procedure that differentially weights transversions over transitions within characters and codon positions among characters for the 475-taxon analysis. The degree of congruence between these results and other molecular. as …
Dna And Morphology: Comparisons In The Onagraceae, Kenneth J. Sytsma, James F. Smith
Dna And Morphology: Comparisons In The Onagraceae, Kenneth J. Sytsma, James F. Smith
James F. Smith
Comparisons of systematic information generated from both classical systematic approaches and from DNA analysis at a number of taxonomic levels in the Onagraceae are presented. Phylogenetic results from chloroplast DNA restriction fragment analysis is in Clarkia sect. Syrnpherica (= Peripetasma) are not entirely congruent with results from morphology , but are congruent with distribution of duplications of isozyme-coding loci. Chloroplast DNA and nuclear rDNA evidence for the origin of the monotypic genus Heterogaura from within the genus Clarkia is discussed with respect to morphological divergence between the two genera. Detailed chloroplast DNA restriction site mapping within the seven diploid sections …