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Articles 31 - 60 of 224
Full-Text Articles in Fourteenth Amendment
Because We Love You, Rosemary B. Quigley
Because We Love You, Rosemary B. Quigley
Michigan Law Review
I remember the impotence I felt on the eve of the Gulf War in January 1991. No one could have known at that moment what a brief conflict it would be. We had every reason to believe that the Middle East would be hurled into turmoil. And if protracted war ensued, a draft would surely follow. I watched my college boyfriend sink into despair, with the help of a Bob Mould CD, at the prospect of being called to give his life for his country. I remained uncharacteristically mute. In the face of this battle, our positions were too unequal …
Monuments To The Past In A Leveling Wind, Benjamin Means
Monuments To The Past In A Leveling Wind, Benjamin Means
Michigan Law Review
Early in the twentieth century, the Emperor Franz Joseph sponsored a monument to Hungary's history - a Millennium Monument containing statues of the country's heroes, as well as statues of the proud sponsor and his family (p. 5). When the communists took over in 1919, the statues of Franz Joseph and the rest of the Hapsburgs were dragged out of the Millennium Monument and replaced with more politically correct statuary (p. 8). Counterrevolutionaries, though, retook the country and reinstated the Hapsburg Statues in the Millennium Monument - until a later regime once again reshuffled the millennial display (pp. 9-10). Professor …
Race, Class, Caste…? Rethinking Affirmative Action, Clark D. Cunningham, N.R. Madhava Menon
Race, Class, Caste…? Rethinking Affirmative Action, Clark D. Cunningham, N.R. Madhava Menon
Michigan Law Review
Many who oppose affirmative action programs in the United States because they use "racial" categories such as black, African American, or Latino, claim that equally effective and more equitable programs can be developed using only class categories, such as "low income." A key test case for the "race v. class" debate is admission to law schools, made urgent by recent legal prohibitions on the use of "race" in the admission procedures to state universities in California, Washington, and Texas. An empirical study by Linda Wightman, the former director of research for the Law School Admissions Council (LSAC), has shown that …
Affirmative Action, Caste, And Cultural Comparisons, Cass R. Sunstein
Affirmative Action, Caste, And Cultural Comparisons, Cass R. Sunstein
Michigan Law Review
What is permitted, and what is prohibited, by the equality principle of a liberal democracy? Does affirmative action run afoul of that principle? And where should we look to answer these questions? Many critics of affirmative action take it as axiomatic that affirmative action violates the equality principle. But this is far from clear. Every law classifies. The current law of equality itself classifies by, for example, treating discrimination on the basis of race differently from discrimination on the basis of age. No one thinks that the law of equality is, for this reason, inconsistent with the Equal Protection Clause. …
Caste, Class, And Equal Citizenship, William E. Forbath
Caste, Class, And Equal Citizenship, William E. Forbath
Michigan Law Review
There is a familiar egalitarian constitutional tradition and another we have largely forgotten. The familiar one springs from Brown v. Board of Education; its roots lie in the Reconstruction era. Court-centered and countermajoritarian, it takes aim at caste and racial subordination. The forgotten one also originated with Reconstruction, but it was a majoritarian tradition, addressing its arguments to lawmakers and citizens, not to courts. Aimed against harsh class inequalities, it centered on decent work and livelihoods, social provision, and a measure of economic independence and democracy. Borrowing a phrase from its Progressive Era proponents, I will call it the social …
Equal Rights, Special Rights, And The Nature Of Antidiscrimination Law, Peter J. Rubin
Equal Rights, Special Rights, And The Nature Of Antidiscrimination Law, Peter J. Rubin
Michigan Law Review
Despite the continued belief held by most Americans that certain characteristics should not form the basis for adverse decisions about individuals in employment, housing, public accommodations, and the provision of a wide range of governmental and private services and opportunities, antidiscrimination laws have increasingly come under attack on the ground that they provide members of the group against whom discrimination is forbidden with "special rights." The "special rights" objection has been voiced most strongly, but not exclusively, against laws that seek to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. This line of attack has not always been effective, but …
Antidisestablishmentarianism: Why Rfra Really Was Unconstitutional, Jed Rubenfeld
Antidisestablishmentarianism: Why Rfra Really Was Unconstitutional, Jed Rubenfeld
Michigan Law Review
Two months ago, the Supreme Court struck down the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA), handing down its most important church-state decision, and one of its most important federalism decisions, in fifty years. Through RFRA, Congress had prohibited any state actor from "substantially burden[ing] a person's exercise of religion" unless imposing that burden was the "least restrictive means" of furthering "a compelling governmental interest." RFRA was a response to Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, in which the Supreme Court abandoned the very same compelling interest test that RFRA mandated. Smith, overturning decades-old precedent, held …
The Casey Standard For Evaluating Facial Attacks On Abortion Statutes, John Christopher Ford
The Casey Standard For Evaluating Facial Attacks On Abortion Statutes, John Christopher Ford
Michigan Law Review
Since the Supreme Court declared in 1973 that the Constitution grants women a limited right to an abortion, the Justices have decided abortion cases with reference to such weighty matters as religious freedom, the disadvantaged position of women in society, and the proper role of the judiciary. Understandably, the Supreme Court's writings on abortion deal extensively with these large themes. The Court, and certainly others, view abortion cases as rivaling Brown v. Board of Education in their importance to the nation. While the Court has focused on the big issues, however, it has neglected an equally important, if less emotionally …
Determining Ripeness Of Substantive Due Process Claims Brought By Landowners Against Local Governments, David S. Mendel
Determining Ripeness Of Substantive Due Process Claims Brought By Landowners Against Local Governments, David S. Mendel
Michigan Law Review
Landowners who sustain economic harm from arbitrary and capricious applications of land use regulations may sue the local government entities responsible for applying those regulations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the local government entities deprived them of substantive due process in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. A landowner who brings this claim - an "as-applied arbitrary and capricious substantive due process" claim - may in appropriate cases seek declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, and attorney's fees. Despite controversy among courts and commentators over both the definition of property interests protected by the Due Process Clause and the standard …
Attainder And Amendment 2: Romer's Rightness, Akhil Reed Amar
Attainder And Amendment 2: Romer's Rightness, Akhil Reed Amar
Michigan Law Review
Call me silly. In fact, call me terminally silly. For despite Justice Scalia's remarkably confident claim, I believe, and shall try to prove below, that the Romer Court majority opinion invalidating Colorado's Amendment 2 was right both in form and in substance, both logically and sociologically. I stress "form" and "logic" at the outset because I share Justice Scalia's belief in the importance of these things in constitutional adjudication. I also share his commitment to constitutional text, history, and structure, and his suspicion of "free-form" constitutionalism. And so I shall highlight the text, history, and spirit of a constitutional clause …
Is Amendment 2 Really A Bill Of Attainder? Some Questions About Professor Amar's Analysis Of Romer, Roderick M. Hills Jr.
Is Amendment 2 Really A Bill Of Attainder? Some Questions About Professor Amar's Analysis Of Romer, Roderick M. Hills Jr.
Michigan Law Review
As I first discovered as a law student in Professor Amar's classes on legal history and federal courts, it is generally an intellectual treat to listen to Professor Amar's legal analysis, even when he is attacking one's own arguments. So my pleasure at reading Professor Amar's analysis of the Court's decision in Romer v. Evans was only partly dampened by his disapproval of the respondents' brief that I and other plaintiffs' counsel filed with the Court. According to Amar, this respondents' brief provided the Court with "so little help" that it had to rely on an entirely different and much …
Pure Politics, Girardeau A. Spann
Pure Politics, Girardeau A. Spann
Michigan Law Review
Part I of this article considers the impact that judicial discretion has on the traditional model of judicial review, and that model's reliance on the Supreme Court as the primary guardian of minority interests. Part II argues that the interests of racial minorities can be better advanced through the ordinary political process than through the process of Supreme Court adjudication. Part Ill emphasizes that minority participation in Supreme Court proceedings cannot ultimately be avoided and, accordingly, suggests a political model of the Court that minorities can use in an effort to neutralize the Court's distortion of the political process. Part …
Equal Protection, Class Legislation, And Sex Discrimination: One Small Cheer For Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics, Mark G. Yudof
Equal Protection, Class Legislation, And Sex Discrimination: One Small Cheer For Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics, Mark G. Yudof
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine by William E. Nelson
The Virtue Of Liberality In American Communal Life, Linda R. Hirshman
The Virtue Of Liberality In American Communal Life, Linda R. Hirshman
Michigan Law Review
This article attacks the barriers to articulation of a theory of the good and advocates discussion of the substance of a good regime, specifically, a good American regime. Part I of this article addresses in some detail the civic republicans' revival of interest in the common life. I propose that it is dauntingly difficult, if not impossible, to articulate a satisfying version of a common life without a theory of the good life, an undertaking traditionally associated with authoritarianism and elitism. Rather than abandoning the enterprise, however, I propose to reopen the assumption that the association automatically rules out any …
Progressive And Conservative Constitutionalism, Robin West
Progressive And Conservative Constitutionalism, Robin West
Michigan Law Review
The article's central thesis is that the understandings of the constitutional tradition most central to both paradigms are determined by sometimes implicit, but more often explicit, political dispositions toward various forms of social and private power, and the normative authority to which social and private power gives rise. Very broadly, conservative constitutionalists view private or social normative authority as the legitimate and best source of guidance for state action; accordingly, they view both the Constitution and constitutional adjudication as means of preserving and protecting that authority and the power that undergirds it against either legislative or judicial encroachment. Progressive constitutionalists, …
No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment And The Bill Of Rights, Mark A. Grannis
No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment And The Bill Of Rights, Mark A. Grannis
Michigan Law Review
A Review of No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights by Michael Kent Curtis
Equal Protection: A Closer Look At Closer Scrutiny, Michigan Law Review
Equal Protection: A Closer Look At Closer Scrutiny, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
This Note proposes to restore means-end analysis to legal respectability through a comprehensive integrated approach to purpose, misfit, and balancing. The search for a rational basis is meaningless if there are no constraints on the kind of purpose which may justify a classification. Therefore, this Note initially explores ways in which a court can more rigorously scrutinize statutory purpose. The next significant question is how a court should evaluate the degree of coincidence between the class picked out by the law and the class which would be picked out if the law were to achieve its goals. Such "misfit" analysis …
Equal Protection For The Illegitimate, Harry D. Krause
Equal Protection For The Illegitimate, Harry D. Krause
Michigan Law Review
In our time the general constitutional phrase promising equal protection has become specific law. It has been used to invalidate many state statutes which discriminated on the basis of race or other arbitrary criteria. Definite rules have been developed for this process of invalidation. These rules will be applied below to state and federal legislation that favors the legitimate child and discriminates against the illegitimate in matters of inheritance rights, rights of support, rights of name and custody, and social welfare. The question that will be asked is whether state and federal legislation may constitutionally discriminate between children on the …
Unauthorized Practice Of Law-Union Program Of Hiring Attorneys Is Unauthorized Practice Of Law--Illinois State Bar Ass'n V. United Mine Workers Of America, Michigan Law Review
Unauthorized Practice Of Law-Union Program Of Hiring Attorneys Is Unauthorized Practice Of Law--Illinois State Bar Ass'n V. United Mine Workers Of America, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
District 12 of the United Mine Workers (UMW) employed an attorney on a salary basis to prosecute members' claims under the Workmen's Compensation Act. Members were free to employ other counsel, but if they sought help from the union lawyer, the union agreed not to interfere with the attorney-client relationship. The attorney prepared his case from filed reports of the accidents, and, generally, his first contact with the union member was when they appeared before the Commission. Since the attorney was compensated by the union, the entire amount received in award or settlement went to the member. The Illinois Bar …
Newman: Conviction: The Determination Of Guilt Or Innocence Without Trial, B. J. George Jr.
Newman: Conviction: The Determination Of Guilt Or Innocence Without Trial, B. J. George Jr.
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Conviction: The Determination of Guilt or Innocence Without Trial by Donald J. Newman
Constitutional Law-State Action: Significant Involvement In Ostensibly Private Discriminations-Mulkey V. Reitman, Michigan Law Review
Constitutional Law-State Action: Significant Involvement In Ostensibly Private Discriminations-Mulkey V. Reitman, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
From 1959 through 1963, the California legislature enacted a series of statutes which prohibited racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. Most important among these were the Unruh Civil Rights Act, which proscribed racial discrimination by "business establishments of every kind,'' and the Rumford Fair Housing Act, which prohibited such conduct by anyone in the sale or rental of residential housing containing more than four units. Adverse public reaction to these statutes resulted in an amendment to the California constitution15 by means of an initiative measure in the general election of 1964. This amendment, popularly known as Proposition …
Constitutional Law-Exclusion Of Negroes From Dental Society That Controls Selection Of State Dental Officials Violates The Equal Protection Clause-Hawkins V. North Carolina Dental Society, Michigan Law Review
Constitutional Law-Exclusion Of Negroes From Dental Society That Controls Selection Of State Dental Officials Violates The Equal Protection Clause-Hawkins V. North Carolina Dental Society, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff, a licensed Negro dentist, was refused admission to the North Carolina Dental Society, a voluntary professional organization that plays a significant role both in the selecting of state dental officials and in the promotion of state dental programs. At the time the plaintiff sought admission to the Society, state statutes empowered the Society to elect the six members of the North Carolina Board of Dental Examiners and to designate the dental representatives to the Medical Care Commission and the Mental Health Council. After the plaintiff brought suit to compel his admission to the Society, the Society persuaded the state …
Contempt-Injunctions-Federal Civil Contempt Decree Orders Deputy Sheriff To Resign From Office-Lance V. Plummer, Michigan Law Review
Contempt-Injunctions-Federal Civil Contempt Decree Orders Deputy Sheriff To Resign From Office-Lance V. Plummer, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
During the summer of 1964, a federal district judge issued an injunction prohibiting various St. Augustine, Florida organizations and other persons with notice of the injunction from harassing or intimidating Negroes who were seeking motel or restaurant accommodations. Appellant Lance, an unpaid volunteer deputy sheriff, was not a member of any of the enjoined organizations, but he had actual notice of the order. Nonetheless, six days after the injunction was issued, he engaged in activities designed to intimidate a Negro citizen. In a subsequent civil contempt action arising from these activities, the federal district judge, asserting jurisdiction over him because …
Attorney-Client-Client's Right To Engage Out-Of-State Attorney For Advice Concerning Federal Claim Is A Privilege And Immunity Of National Citizenship--Spanos V. Skouras Theatre Corp., Michigan Law Review
Attorney-Client-Client's Right To Engage Out-Of-State Attorney For Advice Concerning Federal Claim Is A Privilege And Immunity Of National Citizenship--Spanos V. Skouras Theatre Corp., Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The state and federal courts, existing side by side within the boundaries of each state, separately control admission to practice law before their respective bars. Although membership in a state bar is generally a prerequisite for admission to the bar of a federal court, the two systems do function under separate and distinct ground rules, and they appear to have done so with a minimum of friction. However, the principal case is indicative of the problems that may arise when state policy on the right to practice law within the state conflicts with federal policy.
The Public Housing Administration And Discrimination In Federally Assisted Low-Rent Housing, Jordan D. Luttrell
The Public Housing Administration And Discrimination In Federally Assisted Low-Rent Housing, Jordan D. Luttrell
Michigan Law Review
The Public Housing Administration is the federal agency primarily responsible for the administration of the federally assisted low-rent housing program. Since the expense of constructing low-rent housing unassisted by federal funds is prohibitive for state or local governments, this program accounts for practically all low-rent housing in the United States. Consequently, PHA has exercised, and continues to exercise, substantial influence on the development of the nation's low-rent housing.
The Equal Protection Clause And Imprisonment Of The Indigent For Nonpayment Of Fines, Michigan Law Review
The Equal Protection Clause And Imprisonment Of The Indigent For Nonpayment Of Fines, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The practice of imprisonment for failure to pay a fine levied for a criminal violation originated in twelfth-century England; its subsequent unanimous acceptance in the United States is manifested in the provisions in the statutes of every state and of the federal government authorizing imprisonment for nonpayment of fines. A few states not only commit the defendant to jail for nonpayment of the fine, but impose hard labor as well. Some states, however, have mitigated to a degree the harshness of the practice. For example, Arizona restricts the total period of confinement for the crime and the default of the …
Discrimination In The Hiring And Assignment Of Teachers In Public School Systems, Michigan Law Review
Discrimination In The Hiring And Assignment Of Teachers In Public School Systems, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
In the Brown v. Board of Education decisions of 1954 and 1955, the United States Supreme Court made it clear that separate public school facilities for pupils of different races are inherently unequal and constitute a denial of the equal protection of the laws. While it was not altogether clear from the language of the opinions whether segregated faculties in public schools are also unconstitutional, subsequent lower court decisions have held that racial discrimination in the selection and assignment of teachers is forbidden.
An Ex Parte Order May Not Serve The Function Of A Search Warrant Under The Fourth Amendment To Authorize A Physical Intrusion In Connection With A "Search" For Conversations--People V. Grossman, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
There was probable cause to believe that defendant Scandifia was implicated in a larceny of jewelry by false pretenses. Pursuant to section 813-a of the New York Code of Criminal Procedure, the Supreme Court in New York County issued an ex parte order authorizing the installation of an eavesdropping device in a service station owned by Scandifia. Shortly thereafter, police broke into the station's private office and installed a microphone. Conversations were overheard which indicated that defendant Grossman had in his possession two pistols received from Scandifia. An affidavit setting forth these conversations supplied the sole probable cause for a …
Foster Parents Versus Agencies: A Case Study In The Judicial Application Of "The Best Interests Of The Child" Doctrine, Sanford N. Katz
Foster Parents Versus Agencies: A Case Study In The Judicial Application Of "The Best Interests Of The Child" Doctrine, Sanford N. Katz
Michigan Law Review
A recurring problem which courts face is the need to resolve the conflict which arises when foster parents challenge the decision of agencies that have disqualified these persons from continuing their relationship with or adopting their foster child. This article will explore the role of courts in resolving these disputes and will suggest some criteria by which the courts may be guided in deciding such questions.
The Griswold Penumbra: Constitutional Charter For An Expanded Law Of Privacy?, Robert G. Dixon Jr.
The Griswold Penumbra: Constitutional Charter For An Expanded Law Of Privacy?, Robert G. Dixon Jr.
Michigan Law Review
The comments that follow are divided into a brief review, for purposes of perspective, of the elusive nature of "privacy" as developed in American law to date, and an attempted rigorous analysis of the privacy aspects of Griswold. A final section suggests that effectuation of the new constitutional right of marital privacy necessarily or derivatively implies a corollary right of access to birth control information and devices-a right which should have been more clearly articulated by the Court.